Earthquake protection in extreme earthquake areas

For the first time, China independently obtained the strong earthquake record of the main earthquake in the extreme earthquake area.

When a moderate earthquake occurred in Shidian County, Yunnan Province in April 2008, Chinese seismologists independently obtained the first main earthquake record in China. Huang Fugang, director of the Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province, disclosed this information when introducing the earthquake work in this province here today. In mid-April of 20001year, earthquakes of magnitude 5.2 and 5.9 occurred in Shidian County, Yunnan Province. The Seismological Bureau of Yunnan Province made relatively accurate long-term, medium-term, short-term and imminent earthquake predictions, and placed seismic observation instruments in the polar earthquake area, that is, the most destructive area before the earthquake, and obtained relatively complete records of strong earthquakes for the first time. According to seismologists, the most direct significance of obtaining strong earthquake records lies in the seismic fortification of engineering construction. China's previous seismic intensity zoning imported strong earthquake data from the United States. At the same time, because it is necessary to place relevant observation instruments in the epicenter before the earthquake to obtain strong earthquake records, it has also become a symbol to measure the level of earthquake prediction. Strong earthquake observation has always been a relatively weak link in earthquake monitoring and prediction in China, and the observation results of strong earthquakes are very important for earthquake research. Experts here believe that the main earthquake records obtained by China for the first time in extreme earthquake areas are undoubtedly a major breakthrough in the field of strong earthquake observation in China, and will play an active role in earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and earthquake science research. Restricted by many factors, the density of China seismic observation network is seriously insufficient, which leads to the lag of strong earthquake observation. Tang Quan, deputy director of the Seismological Bureau of China, said earlier that in the next five years, that is, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China will strengthen the construction of the national strong earthquake monitoring network, so as to obtain more data of strong ground motion during earthquakes and better serve earthquake monitoring and prediction and earthquake prevention and disaster reduction.

10 earthquake notes

1. For the personal safety of yourself and your family, please hide under solid furniture such as tables. The lottery time is about 1 minute.

2. Turn off the fire immediately when shaking.

Don't panic and run outside.

4. Open the door and ensure the exit.

5. In outdoor situations, protect your head and avoid dangerous places.

6. In department stores and theaters, follow the instructions of the staff.

7. The car is parked on the side of the road, and driving is prohibited in the controlled area.

8. Be sure to pay attention to landslides, falling rocks or tsunamis.

9. Walk when taking refuge, and take as few personal belongings as possible.

10. Don't listen to rumors. Don't act rashly. If you are buried under the ruins during the earthquake, it is dark and there is only a very small space. Don't panic, be calm, build up confidence in survival, and believe that someone will come to save you and do everything possible to protect yourself.

After an earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, and the situation may continue to deteriorate. In order to avoid new injuries, we should try our best to improve our environment. At this time, if the emergency bag is around, it will play a great role in getting out of danger. In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, we should protect the smooth breathing, remove the debris from the head and chest, and cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes when you smell gas and toxic gases; Avoid weak collapsed objects and other falling objects above the body; Expand the stable living space and support the ruins with bricks and sticks to prevent the environment from further deterioration after aftershocks. Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, save your strength as much as possible, and beat something that can make a sound with a stone to send out a distress signal. Don't cry, don't be impatient, don't act blindly, it will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and wait for rescuers to arrive. If you are injured, try to dress it to avoid excessive bleeding.

Sustain life. If you have been buried under the rubble for a long time, rescuers have not arrived, or you have not heard the distress signal, you must find ways to maintain your life. Water and food in the earthquake-proof bag must be stored, and ways should be found to find food and drinking water. Your urine can also quench your thirst if necessary.

On August 1937 and 1 day, two strong earthquakes occurred in Heze, Shandong Province, which brought extremely serious losses to the local people. At that time, it was in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Japanese soldiers were under siege, and people in Peiping, Hebei and Shandong were in panic. For the people of Heze at this time, this catastrophe from the sky is undoubtedly worse. Unforgettable Memories —— Memories of Heze 1937 M 7.0 Earthquake in the polar region. At 4: 35am on August 1 73 years ago, a strong earthquake occurred in Heze, with a magnitude of 7.0 measured by instruments. Epicenter location: latitude 3512', longitude11518', focal depth 17 km, and epicenter split degree 9. The macro epicenter was in Jieyuanji Village and Muli Village, Malinggang Town, Mudan District, west of the city. According to historical records, this earthquake was the first catastrophic earthquake in the southern part of North China Plain. Ground fissures, water spraying, sand discharge and ground collapse are common in earthquake areas. More than ten miles west of Heze City, the flat ground is cracked, black water and quicksand are all over the ground, with potholes as deep as one or two feet, and the black sand and sulfur-containing substances discharged are as high as one foot or several feet. Ground cracks are several centimeters to dozens of centimeters wide, and the widest is about 1 meter. The ground fissures in the north and northeast of Xieyuanji Village are one meter wide and more than 500 meters long. A farmer in the village, together with livestock, house and mill, fell into the pit and was washed away by the water (1993 edition of Heze city chronicle). Cao (a native of Heze), a librarian of the Central Museum of Literature and History, wrote a description of the earthquake in southern Cao, saying that the earthquake actually originated in the northwest, followed by the southeast and northeast. If the whole town collapses, nine times out of ten people will die, the house will be gone, and the land will become muddy, and no one can go. Trap anywhere, or for single field, or for drilling, or blowing sand, or pouring black water, ten steps into a pit, five steps into a ridge, and a few steps into a honeycomb vortex. This disaster is unprecedented ... 73 years have passed in an instant. Speaking of the earthquake in Jieyuanji village in the earthquake zone, some old people in the village still remember it vividly. The earthquake is a memory they will never forget. Chang Baoshan, an 89-year-old man from Xie Yuanji Village, was one of the witnesses of the earthquake that year. The old man Chang Baoshan said that I was 16 years old in the year of the earthquake. That night, the weather was unusually hot. Most people sleep outdoors at midnight. At midnight, it began to rain lightly, and all the people who enjoyed the cool outside moved back into the house. Unfortunately, in the early morning, a big earthquake happened. I didn't know what happened at that time, just ran outside with the adults. At dawn, almost all the houses in the village collapsed and the whole village was in ruins. According to the statistics at that time, there were 123 deaths and hundreds of injuries in Xie Yuanji village. Dai Xiao is everywhere in the village, and every household is crying. What's more, after the earthquake, heavy rain continued. The water depth of the apartment is several feet, and crops have invaded the water, making it a problem to bury people. Speaking of the government's disaster relief in those days, the old man simply said that it was different then from now. In case of natural disasters, the government will send people to help. After the earthquake, no one took care of disaster relief. No matter who is in trouble, he must rely on the help of all ages in the village. Not only people in the village were killed by the earthquake, but also some people died of hunger and cold. At that time, there were no waterproof materials such as plastic sheets. When it rains heavily, it can only be covered with crop straws such as cloth pieces and straw mats. Therefore, the role of rain protection is not great. Many people, adults and children, are soaked in rain day and night, that is, they are hungry and cold, and the scene is very miserable. Later, it is said that foreigners who came to deliver relief supplies were also intercepted by Han Fuju, then chairman of the Shandong provincial government. When it comes to the earthquake that year, Chang Desheng, a revolutionary veteran of Xie Yuanji Village who participated in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, is still concerned. The old man said that I was only 7 years old in the year of the earthquake. What I remember most is that I crawled out of an extremely narrow gap crying. The adults shouted to dig people, and the whole village was in a mess. Aftershocks occur from time to time, even the trees shake from side to side, and the branches are close to the ground. The scene was very scary. The 89-year-old Chang is very lucky. The old man said, I am sleeping at the door. When the earthquake came, I was swept out of the house at once, and then the tiles on the roof fell like rain. Fortunately, I ran fast, otherwise I wouldn't be alive today. In the 1937 earthquake, the rest of the peasants in Xie Yuan Town became news figures at that time. During the earthquake, people, animals and mills fell into the pit and were washed out by black water. Newspapers all over the Kuomintang government reported the incident one after another, and some even reported that a "mermaid" rushed out of the black water in the earthquake zone. The story was untrue, and it was widely rumored in many parts of the country that the "mermaid" surfaced underground during the Heze earthquake. This incident was later spread abroad. At that time, more than 60 villagers in Xie Yuanji Village worked as laborers in Long Yun Iron Mine of Malaya Riying. They read the news of the earthquake in their hometown and the appearance of "Mermaid" in the local newspaper. Workers asked about it after returning from the famous Long Yun iron mine strike, only to know that the "mermaid" in the earthquake was actually a fish in the village. For decades, this incident has been a joke handed down from generation to generation in Xie Yuanji village. Yu Ren's real name is Ren Deyun, and Yu Ren is just his nickname at home. He died in the early 1960s. My adopted son is no longer alive, and only his grandchildren still live in this land that has experienced the baptism of the earthquake. After the death of Yu people, the deep pit where Yu people were trapped, together with livestock and mills, still exists. Tall mud brick houses have been built around. Although this land was in the center of Xie Yuanji village and market, it has never been occupied by others and has been idle for decades. Therefore, the so-called deep "pit" is only because of the heightening of the surrounding courtyards, which makes this land nearly one meter lower than other places. Chang Baodi, an old village cadre who has been a village cadre for decades, said that when others were around, he often mentioned that thrilling journey. In fact, I didn't fall into the pit during the first earthquake, but after the first earthquake, the house collapsed and I ran in to lead the animals. At this time, the place where the animals were tied sank, and the rest of the people and animals fell into the pit together. Fortunately, there was another strong aftershock, and a black water hit Ren. Chatting with the old people in the earthquake zone that year, and comparing the scenes of government disaster relief after Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes on TV, the old people all felt the huge gap between the old and the new society. After the Wenchuan earthquake, villagers in Xie Yuanji Village donated nearly 10,000 yuan voluntarily. In this place that has experienced the baptism of the earthquake, the villagers deeply understand that in the face of disasters, only by joining hands can they tide over the difficulties. Precursors before the earthquake According to local historical records and memories of the elderly, the precursors before the 1937 earthquake are very obvious, mainly in the following aspects: First, meteorological anomalies. Strong winds come and go, the air is accompanied by dark red clouds, and there is a heavy rain. Before the earthquake, the weather was sultry and the walls of houses were as hot as charcoal fire. It is said that seven people were injured by heat in the epicenter area, and 13 livestock were killed by heat. The second is groundwater anomaly. Most of the well water in the earthquake area becomes turbid, discolored, blistering and bubbling, and the water level fluctuates and even overflows, as the local folk proverb says: "Well water is a treasure, and earthquakes have precursors. When it doesn't rain, the spring water is turbid, and when it dries, well water emerges. The water level rises and falls, and flowers are bubbling. Some change color, and some change taste. " It can be seen that the abnormal change of groundwater is very likely to be a precursor of the earthquake. The third is abnormal biological reaction. Two or three days before the earthquake, flocks of domestic swallows camped in the epicenter and could not be driven away; Cicadas were unearthed a month earlier than in previous years, and the number was particularly large, crawling around; Some time before the earthquake, cows did not eat grass, horses did not enter the stables, dogs barked in groups, and rats fled from the epicenter. Fourth, before the earthquake, the ground sound, ground light and ground gas were obvious. Before the coming earthquake, the sound of the ground was as dull as thunder. Many people in Heze County saw a red fireball rising outside the Dongcheng wall, which was as big as a millstone and bright and dazzling. It stayed in the air for about 2 seconds and then disappeared. Then the white light flashed, and a big earthquake came. Where the red fireball rose, a big crack appeared in the northeast after the earthquake, with a width of several tens of centimeters. The disaster caused by the earthquake occurred at 4: 35: 48 in the morning, and the epicenter was located at 35.4 north latitude and11east longitude. The magnitude is 7, and the epicenter intensity is 9. The earthquake zone is located in Jieyuanji area of Heze County. Almost all the houses in the earthquake zone have been destroyed, and ground fissures are common, with the width up to one meter. Countless people and animals fell, and black water and quicksand poured in. The second earthquake occurred at 6: 041:5 that night, with the epicenter at 35.3 north latitude and 1 15.2 east longitude, with a magnitude of 6.3. The earthquake zone is located in the area of Beiwuyoufang, Zhulou, Damazhuang and Tang Wang in Heze County, with the epicenter intensity of 8 degrees. During the earthquake in this area, more than half of the houses collapsed and the ground cracked, and the affected area was mixed with the first main earthquake. According to the article Summary of Heze Earthquake, Volume 5, No.5 of Geological Review of the Republic of China, "After Heze earthquake, another violent earthquake occurred at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, and its intensity was second only to the previous one. Since then, minor earthquakes have been very frequent, with more than 40 times as of September 10. The people affected by the disaster all slept in the fields and made mats as sheds to avoid the wind and rain. According to the report of Heze county, after the earthquake, it rained continuously, and the water depth of the flat was several feet, flooding the Tianhe River, and the victims stood in the water, which was terrible. The situation in Dongming County is everywhere, and countless Jing Quan have fallen, and there are many black waters. " Heze county, the epicenter of the earthquake, suffered the most. According to incomplete statistics, * * * killed 3,252 people, injured 1, 270 1, 2,765,438 livestock died, and 320,000 houses collapsed. Between the county walls collapsed, the battlements in the north and south collapsed, and Kannonji in the city collapsed. At that time, most villages in Heze lived in adobe houses, and most villages collapsed, leaving little. Ground fissures are serious, and sand spraying, water gushing and collapse are common. Some people and livestock fell into the pit and were later ejected by water. After the earthquake, heavy rain poured down, autumn crops were flooded and traffic was blocked. The whole earthquake-stricken area became Zeguo, and the victims slept on the streets without clothes and food. The Heze earthquake spread widely, from Beijing in the north, Zhenjiang in the south, Luoyang in the west, and the coast of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in the east, with varying degrees of earthquake sensation. Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces adjacent to Heze were also damaged by the earthquake. According to the survey data of Central South Institute of Geotectonics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units, houses in hua county in the south, middle and east of Tangyin collapsed, cracks appeared in some buildings (brick-wood houses), and there were casualties in some places; The south gate tower of tangyin county collapsed, and the spire of Pei Village in Neihuang County shook; In Linxian and Anyang, there were obvious cracks in houses, roofs and female walls fell off, and the hanging objects shook strongly during the earthquake. The inscription on the rebuilt Three Masters Temple, located in Jizhen Village, Linxian County, northern Henan Province (in the 31st year of the Republic of China), records: "At dawn on June 25th (that is, Gregorian calendar 1 year), the earth shook and the basin was overturned by heavy rain the next day, which lasted for seven days." More than 50 old houses collapsed in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, killing more than 20 people, and a few houses collapsed in Fengxian and Peixian counties. A few houses collapsed in Feixiang and daming county. Three or five huts were destroyed in Dangshan, Anhui Province, and several other counties also felt the earthquake. At that time, the media reported that after the earthquake, major domestic media reported in detail the loss of people and property in the earthquake area and called on all sectors of society to donate money and materials to help the victims. The first response was Nanjing's Central Daily, which reported the earthquake in time on August 5: "On the first day of this month, the reports of earthquakes in Shandong counties were mostly brief, but the sources were unknown ... We didn't know the outline until the next day. There were several earthquakes in the county during the day, and houses collapsed, especially in the afternoon. It is like a boat in the sea, stormy and gloomy. So the houses in the county collapsed, the traffic organs were completely destroyed, and women and children stood upright in the streets in the rain, crying loudly and disorderly. The government and the people are busy with disaster relief, and the news can't spread. " Subsequently, Jinan Daily, Ta Kung Pao, Shenbao and other newspapers reported the earthquake one after another. Regarding the tragic situation after the earthquake, Ta Kung Pao vividly said: "Those who are not dead sleep in the street yard, and those who have sheds have no clothes or food. They all froze. After the summer rainstorm, the water depth of the flat land was several feet, and the Tianhe River was submerged in the water, stinking and plaguing.