What are the types and characteristics of seats?

According to their functions, Ming and Qing furniture can be divided into six categories: bedding (bed), seating (chair and stool), household utensils (console table), storage utensils (cabinet), shielding utensils (screen) and hanging utensils (bench). 1. There are three kinds of beds in Ming Dynasty: frame bed, treadmill bed and arhat bed. Frame bed: named after the top frame on the bed surface, four corners are generally installed, and fences are installed on both sides and behind the bed surface. The upper end is equipped with a cross beam plate on all sides, and the top is covered, commonly known as "Chen Cheng". Fences are often spliced into various geometric patterns with small pieces of wood as tenons. Some also install two more columns at the front edge of the bed and a square fence on each side, which is called "door fence". Right in the middle is the door to the bed. More skillful hands put small pieces of wood on the front to form a four-in-one structure, with a cross in the middle to form a large-area sub-board, with an oval moon hole in the middle, and the same is done on both sides, back and lintel. The bed drawer is divided into two layers, which are woven from brown rope and rattan skin. There are brown drawers on the lower floor and rattan mats on the upper floor. The brown drawer plays the role of protecting the rattan mat and assisting the rattan mat to bear the load. Rattan mats are woven into the shape of pepper eyes. Four-sided bed teeth embossed glass tiger dragon and other patterns. The method of high waist is adopted above the dental plate, and the short column is divided into several grids, with brocade ring plates, embossed birds and animals, flowers and other decorations embedded in the middle. And there is no difference between each block and each block. It serves to show the essence of workmanship. This frame bed also has a separate brown drawer. The method is to drill holes along the grooves on the four major surfaces, insert the ends of the brown ropes on the four sides of the drawer into the eyes with bamboo wedges, and then cover the side grooves with wooden strips. This kind of bed drawer is more comfortable to use because of its elasticity. Until now, it is still very popular in all parts of southern China. Because of the climatic conditions in the north, we like to use thick and soft bedding. Most bed drawers are made of boards and rattan mats. Treadmill: It is a kind of bed with peculiar shape. It seems that the frame bed is placed on a wooden platform, and the front edge of the platform grows two or three feet from the front edge of the bed. The four corner posts of the platform are inlaid with wooden fences. Others put windows on both sides to form a porch in front of the bed. Small furniture such as tables and stools can also be placed on both sides of the bed to place sundries. This kind of bed with a top shelf is mostly used in the south, which is warm and there are many mosquitoes and flies. The function of bedstead is to hang bills. It is cold in the north, and people usually sleep on the warm kang. That is to say, in order to make the room spacious and bright, it is only necessary to install short bed enclosures on the left, right and back. Lohan bed: It's what we usually call a sofa. He gradually evolved from the couch of the Han Dynasty. The couch, originally a special kind of furniture, developed from small to large after five dynasties, Song and Yuan dynasties, and became a big couch where several people sat together. It already has two functions: sitting and lying. Later, a fence was added to the sitting surface, which became the arhat bed. Lohan bed is a kind of bed with fences on the left and right sides. Fences are usually made of small pieces of wood spliced into various geometric patterns. The most elegant one is a three-piece board with a slightly higher back, stepped curved edges at both ends and soft corners at the corners. Elegant and simple. This kind of bed has different shapes, usually the larger one is called "Lohan bed", the smaller one is called "couch", and it is also called "Maitreya couch". This kind of arhat bed can be used not only as bedding, but also as a seat. Generally, a kang is placed in the middle, with cushions and hidden pillows on both sides, and it is placed in the hall to entertain guests, which is equivalent to a modern sofa. The kang cover of arhat bed is equivalent to the coffee table between two modern sofas. This kind of kang can be used on the arhat bed, which can be used as a reference and an artifact of Chen Fang. It can be said that arhat bed is a kind of furniture for sitting and lying. In other words, it is called "bed" in the dormitory and "couch" in the hall. According to its mainstream, it is mostly used to entertain guests in the hall, which is a very exquisite furniture. There is also a smaller bed, which is no different from the big bed in shape and structure except for its larger size. Can only be used to sit, not to lie down. Commonly known as "bed chair". It was called the "throne" in Ming and Qing palaces. This kind of throne is displayed in the halls of the royal family and courtiers. These thrones are arranged separately, rarely in pairs, and they are all placed in important positions in the temple. Most palaces are placed in the center of the main hall, and the combination of screens, incense sticks, palace hills, incense sticks and pith ends is extremely solemn. 2. Chairs and stools There are many forms and names of chairs and stools in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Such as: treasure chair, top chair, round-backed chair, official hat chair, armchair, rose chair, etc. There are square lamps, small square benches, long benches, rectangular lamps, round lamps, pentagonal, hexagonal, plum blossom and begonia equations; There are also various forms of xiudun. A treasure chair is a big chair. Known as the "throne" in the court. Many of them are displayed in the main hall of each palace for the use of emperors and queens. Sometimes it is also placed in the annex hall or living room, usually in the central or conspicuous position. This kind of big chairs are rarely paired, and they are all placed separately. Ming Dynasty's "Eight Diagrams of Respect for Life" said: "Sit quietly and concentrate, and use a chair. Relaxation can make you lean back, relax your muscles and bones, and make your blood flourish." This is a kind of chair. The Chronicle of History said: "Chairs are the most widely made. I have seen a chair in Yuanluo Store, which can seat two people. They are the oldest and ebony inlaid with marble is the most valuable. But do it according to the ancient style. In short, it should be wide and not narrow. " Also refers to this kind of chair. There is no difference in the shape and structure between the throne and the arhat bed, but the shape is smaller than the arhat bed. Some people say that it evolved from a bed, and it does have some truth. Chair: the structure of the chair is that the front and rear legs cross, and the intersection point is the axis. The upper beam passes through the rope instead of sitting and can be folded. Put a hoop on it. Because of its crossed legs, it is called the "top spot". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, those with round-backed chairs were usually called seats, and those without round-backed chairs were called "crossings". Also known as "horse brake". They can be used not only indoors, but also outdoors. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, royal nobles or officials and gentry all sat in this chair when they went out for cruising and hunting. For example, this kind of chair is depicted in the music diagram of Xuanzong in Ming Dynasty. It provides us with a reliable basis. Round-backed chair: Round-backed chair evolved from top chair. The round-backed chair of the top chair descends smoothly with the armrest. When sitting, elbows and arms are supported together, which is very comfortable and popular with people. Gradually developed into an indoor special round-backed chair. The difference between it and the top chair is that it doesn't need to cross legs, but uses four feet and wooden boards as the surface, which is not much different from the chassis of ordinary chairs. Only the upper part of the chair surface still retains the shape of the vertex. Most of these chairs are placed in pairs, and few of them are used alone. The round chair is fox-shaped, so the round material is more harmonious. Round-backed armchairs mostly use light elements, and only a group of simple ornamentation is embossed in the middle of the back plate. But it's all superficial. The backboard is made into an "S" curve and designed according to the natural curve of the human back. It is a typical example of the scientific nature of Ming furniture. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, some chair rings kept a piece of wood that should have been removed outside the cirrus pattern at the end of the armrest, and carved a group of grass patterns through it. It not only beautifies the furniture, but also plays a special reinforcement role. In the Ming Dynasty, this style of training chair was highly respected, so people called it "Taishi Chair" at that time. There is also a round-backed chair, the backrest is higher than the chair ring and slightly rolled back, which can be used to strengthen the brain. There are also round-backed chairs, whose seats extend from both sides of the backboard through the side posts, but do not extend downward. This makes it a semi-circular chair without armrests. Unique shape, can be described as fresh and chic. Official Hat Chair: The official hat chair is named after its appearance resembling the hats of ancient officials. It is also divided into south official hat chair and four-year-old official hat chair. The modeling feature of the southern official hat chair is to make soft rounded corners at the joint between the upright post of the chair back and the thigh. The practice is to make the joint surface of the column tenon and the brain tenon into a nest, commonly known as "digging a smoke pot." Press the brain over the post. The armrest on both sides of the chair surface also adopts the same method. The backboard in the middle is made of thick material and is S-shaped, which is designed according to the natural curve of human spine. This kind of chair is widely used in the south, generally made of rosewood, and mostly made of logs, giving people a round and beautiful feeling. Four-headed official hat chair: the corner of the back of the chair is not a soft fillet, but the back of the chair and the armrest continue to lean forward after passing through the column, and the two ends are slightly curled outward and polished into a smooth round head. Other than that, everything else is the same as Nanya's hat chair.

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