Can you grow the Dutch potatoes you eat?

It was introduced from Holland by the Seed Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Potato plants are erect, with a plant height of 60cm and blue-purple flowers. Yellow skin and flesh, flat oval tuber, few and shallow bud eyes. The growth days are about 60 days, the starch content 12.00- 13.8%, the reducing sugar content is 0.03%, the plants are resistant to Y virus, and the tubers are more resistant to mosaic virus. There are about 4000-4200 seedlings per mu. The yield is 3000 kg -4000 kg/mu, which is suitable for planting in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Anhui and the Central Plains.

1. Seed treatment: select the tuber with neat shape and tender skin as seed potato. The disinfection method is to mix 40‰ formalin 1 part with 200 parts of water, spray the potato pile or seed potato for 5 minutes, cover the film and steam for 2 hours, then spread it into a thin layer and dry it. Knives should also be disinfected. Whole potato planting Choose robust whole potato planting, which has a good effect of preventing disease infection, giving full play to the top advantage and ensuring the whole seedling to be robust. In order to preserve the seeds and break the dormancy period, it is sometimes imperative to cut into pieces. Cut into pieces weighing more than 25g, with 1 ~ 2 bud holes, and seed dressing with plant ash after cutting. Germination is carried out indoors. Spread the potato pieces with a thickness of about 30 cm, cover them with wet soil, and keep the temperature at 10℃ ~ 15℃ until the buds grow out (about 0.5 ~ 1.0 cm), or treat them with 0.5 ~ 1.0 unit gibberellin for 5 ~/kl. After the wound loses water, spread the cut potato pieces in the natural environment for 2-3 days. Stack the potato pieces together, cover them with plastic sheets and keep warm. When the buds grow to about 2mm, they can be planted. Soak new potato seeds with gibberellin (920) to accelerate germination, that is, cut and wash off starch, and add 500-200kg of water to 2-5ppm, that is, 9201g. Stack potato pieces together, pad the bottom with straw or grass, cover with plastic sheets for heat preservation, and sow when the buds grow to about 2 mm.

2. Soil selection: loose sandy soil with convenient transportation and medium fertility at an altitude of 1600 meters is selected, and the land in front will be used as non-flue-cured tobacco and solanaceae crops to ensure the purity of seed potatoes.

3. Planting density: double-row single plant planting mode is adopted, with large row spacing 1m, small row spacing of 0.4m, plant spacing of 0.2-0.3m, and 5000-5500 plants per mu.

4. Method of cutting the seed potato: cut the top of the seed potato longitudinally with a non-greasy and salt-free knife, break the terminal bud, and then leave 1-2 buds per block according to the distribution of bud eyes, with the potato weighing 25-30g, and sow after the wound is dry.

5. Base fertilizer: apply decomposed farmyard manure 1.000 kg, calcium superphosphate 50 kg, urea 20 kg and potassium sulfate 1.5 kg per mu.

6. Field management: After 30 days, the seedlings are basically completed, and weeding can be carried out for the first time in combination with small soil cultivation. 10 days later, the soil can be ridged and weeded for the second time to ensure smooth drainage. According to the growth of potato seedlings, a certain amount of urea or topdressing outside the roots can be applied appropriately.

The seedling stage of potato generally refers to the period from the emergence of seedlings to the spread of 6-8 leaves, with the seedling height 15-20cm and the early-maturing varieties 15 days later. Some people call this period the pre-seedling stage, and call it the late seedling stage when the trees sprout to bud. The management of potato seedling growth characteristics is introduced as follows:

1. Ventilation Recently, the temperature has gradually increased, so the potatoes in the shed should be ventilated and deflated. Every morning at 8- 10, when the temperature in the shed is above 18℃, open the vent to keep the temperature in the shed within 25℃; Plastic film potatoes have begun to emerge, and the whole field should be inspected before 9 am every day to break the film in time to prevent the seedlings from baking after they are unearthed.

2. Pay attention to the lack of soil moisture when watering and sowing, and observe the soil moisture under the film. If the humidity is insufficient and the topsoil is dry, the seedlings may be burned before they are unearthed. It is suggested to replenish water in time to facilitate the emergence of seedlings.

3. The growth of potato stems and leaves at seedling stage is not large, but the leaf spreading speed is very fast. After clustered trees, the growth of stems and leaves soared and began to form lateral branches. In order to meet the large demand for nutrients and water in the growth period of trees, water and topdressing should be done before the trees are overgrown. Generally, 50- 100 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 20-30 kg of urea should be applied topdressing per mu. Seedling stage is a period centered on stem and leaf growth, and it is also a period to lay the foundation for tuber formation and starch accumulation. The suitable temperature for seedling growth is 265438 0℃, which requires sufficient light, suitable water and sufficient nitrogen supply.

Early-maturing potato in arch shed has entered bud stage to flowering stage. This period is not only the period when potatoes are most sensitive to water demand, but also has strict requirements on temperature. If the temperature in the shed is too high, it is not conducive to tuber and tuber expansion. In order to control the temperature of arched shed in the most suitable temperature for potato growth, cooling in the field management of arched shed potato is the most important. The specific method is: for the arched shed with film pressing line, the film pressed on the ground is rolled up on both sides of the arched shed to form a ventilation area, and the height of the ventilation area depends on the temperature change. The temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 16- 18℃, and the soil temperature is controlled at 18-2 1℃, which is most conducive to the formation and expansion of tubers. If the temperature exceeds 2 1℃, the growth of potato will be inhibited and the growth rate will decrease obviously. When the soil temperature exceeds 25℃, the tuber basically stops growing. Besides ventilation management, water and fertilizer management should also be done well. Foliage fertilizer can be sprayed with 0. 1-0.3% borax or 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution, and the third irrigation can be carried out.

Late spring cold will make the yield loss of spring potato reach more than 20%, and the time to market will be delayed by more than 10 days. According to the disaster situation, the author puts forward the following management opinions: 1, and the fragments emerge in time. With the temperature rising and the rainy climate, potatoes have entered the peak period of emergence. To accelerate germination, the membrane should be broken in time to prevent the seedlings from being damaged by high temperature, prevent the frozen stems and leaves from rotting and affect the growth of new buds. 2, ditch cleaning and drainage. At present, the underground water level in many potato fields is high, and depressions and ditches are blocked, which is very unfavorable for the growth of potato seedlings. We should pay close attention to ditch cleaning and dredging, so as to achieve the effect that the main ditch is 30 cm deep and the side ditch is 20 cm deep, and the rain stops the fields from drying. 3. Use topdressing carefully. Due to freezing injury, some farmers are afraid of insufficient potato fertilizer and are prepared to apply fertilizer after emergence. This practice is unacceptable. Because at present, there is no shortage of fertilizer in potato fields, and topdressing is harmful. In addition, topdressing can only be carried out when there are symptoms of fertilizer deficiency in stem and leaf growth. 4, to prevent "cold" frostbite again. Before the end of March, there may be another "cold spring". If there is serious freezing injury, the consequences will exceed this freezing injury. Potato growers should take preventive measures. Yesterday's weather forecast predicted that in the afternoon before arrival, it could be covered with straw, covered with low-bow film, and sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2-3 days before low temperature to enhance the cold resistance of plants. Potato is a solanaceae crop, which is sensitive to broad-leaved weed herbicides. In the selection and use of herbicides, priority should be given to safety to prevent phytotoxicity and yield reduction caused by improper selection of herbicides. Broadleaf weeds are mainly treated with soil after sowing and before sowing.

(1) soil treatment

Mu was treated with 72% dur14o-2oml and 30 kg soil mixed with water. It can control annual gramineous weeds and broadleaf weeds.

(2) chemical removal after seedling

Post-seedling treatment is mainly aimed at gramineous weeds, and annual gramineous weeds can be used at 2-5 leaf stage;

1, 12.5% chlorhexidine 100 ml per mu, spraying 30-40 kg of water;

2. per mu 10.8% high-efficiency gaicaoneng EC 40-50ml, sprayed with water for 30-4kg;

3. Use 15% emulsifiable concentrate of 50-60ml per mu and spray water of 30-40kg;

4. The herbicide EC 10% per mu150-250ml is mixed with water and sprayed for 30-40kg;

5. Use 20% naproxine1oo-15oml per mu, and add 30-4okg of water for mixed spraying.

The principles of fertilization for high yield and high quality potatoes are: adequate base fertilizer, frequent topdressing, reasonable nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and magnesium fertilizer is essential. The specific method is as follows:

Apply organic fertilizer as the main base fertilizer, and apply sufficient bio-organic fertilizer, that is, on the basis of applying 2500~3000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, apply 45~50 kilograms of bio-organic fertilizer per mu. When digging the planting hole, the base fertilizer and the soil in the planting hole are fully and evenly mixed, and then the planting can be carried out.

When the base fertilizer is insufficient as appropriate or it is too late to topdressing before ploughing, 15~20 kg special compound fertilizer is often applied as seed fertilizer when sowing. The application of seed fertilizer is mainly ditch application or hole application, but the fertilizer should not be in direct contact with the seed potato to avoid burning the seed potato.

It is best to skillfully apply topdressing to seedlings, which is generally carried out twice. For the first time, when the seedlings are completely cultivated, 500~700 kilograms of decomposed human feces are poured with water. For the second time, at the budding stage, black and white biological fertilizer or special compound fertilizer 10~ 15 kg can be applied per mu.

Foliar topdressing starts from the spreading of potato seedlings, and is carried out once every 7~ 10 days, and the mixed solution of 0. 1% magnesium sulfate, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1000 times triacontanol is sprayed continuously for 3~5 times, so that the foliage is wetted evenly. During the rapid expansion period of underground tubers of potatoes supplemented with magnesium fertilizer, 50-60g of magnesium sulfate is applied to each plant, and clear water or decomposed manure water is sprayed, or shallow ditches are dug around the plants to promote the rapid expansion of underground tubers.

Potato Planting, Management and Harvest Techniques

(1) site selection and fertilization

Choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose and fertile soil, turn over and break the soil, and then cultivate it after leveling. Potatoes need a lot of fertilizer in the early and middle stages of growth. In order to ensure normal growth and development, it is necessary to reapply base fertilizer. Generally, 2500 ~ 3000 kg of farm manure, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0/5 kg of potash fertilizer/kloc-(or 0/00 ~ 200 kg of plant ash/kloc-) are applied per mu, and then they are fully mixed and applied in the nest or ditch during transplanting.

(2) sowing

1. Selection of improved varieties: varieties with high yield, high quality and strong disease resistance, especially virus-free potatoes, should be selected.

2. Sow in time: Sow in spring, usually about one month before late frost, and the outside temperature is stable above 5℃. Taking planting commercial potatoes as the destination and taking the principle of not being harmed by late frost as the principle, we will strive for early sowing and early listing at the right time. The specific sowing date should be determined according to the local microclimate conditions.

3. Seed potato treatment: To prevent seed potatoes from being infected with bacteria, it is best to soak them in 0.3 ~ 0.5% formalin for 20 ~ 30 minutes before sowing, and then seal them in plastic bags or closed containers for about 6 hours after taking them out, or soak them in 0.5% copper sulfate solution for 2 hours for disinfection. When sowing, in order to prevent the seed potato from appearing late because of the dormant period, it can be soaked in gibberellin solution of 2 ~ 3 ppm for 5 ~ 10 minute, or soaked in lime water of 0.5% for 1 ~ 2 hours to break the dormancy.

4. Sowing density and depth: Most potatoes and corn are planted in two sets in two areas. Generally, it is appropriate to sow 3000 ~ 3200 plants per mu, with row spacing 1 ~ 1.2 feet and hole spacing of 7 ~ 8 inches. It is best to choose small whole potatoes of 20 ~ 25g for sowing. If the seed potato is too big, it should be cut into pieces and planted. The size of the incision is controlled at 20 ~ 25g, the incision is disinfected, and the sowing amount is kept at 60 ~ 80kg. In pure tillage, the planting density is maintained at 3600 ~ 4200 plants per mu, and the sowing amount is about 100 kg. The suitable sowing depth is 10 ~ 15cm, which can prevent potato from frostbite or sunburn, increase potato nodulation level and improve yield and quality.

(3) Site management

1, intertillage: While clearing weeds in the field, it can thicken the soil layer, raise the soil temperature, increase the soil range for tuber growth and increase underground rhizomes, which plays an important role in improving yield. Generally, intertillage should be carried out in the middle and late April and from May to early June. Tillering and cultivating soil in the early stage of potato growth can increase soil temperature and promote germination and growth; Intermediate tillage in the middle and late stage can enhance soil permeability and is beneficial to tuber expansion.

2. Rational topdressing: Potatoes grow faster. In addition to applying sufficient fertilizer, we should also pay attention to topdressing to promote healthy growth. Generally, topdressing twice, combined with intertillage and soil cultivation. For the first time, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and urea 10 kg is applied per mu, or about 25 loads of human excrement can be used per mu, and urea 100 g is applied per load. In the second time, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly used, with 20 ~ 25 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and 5 ~ 10 kg of potassium fertilizer per mu (or plant ash Middle School 100 kg).

3. flowering and pruning: potatoes have many branches. If planting is too dense or applying too much nitrogen fertilizer, it will grow too vigorously and the density will be too high, which will affect the development of underground parts. Therefore, pruning should be done in time to remove diseased branches and weak branches, enhance ventilation and light transmission, and reduce diseases. In the bud formation period, buds should be removed in time to avoid nutrient consumption, promote the centralized supply of nutrients to tubers and improve yield.

4. Pest control: The serious pests and diseases that harm potatoes mainly include late blight, virus disease, tuber moth, aphid and so on. Adhere to the policy of putting prevention first and actively carry out comprehensive prevention and control, such as selecting disease-resistant varieties and rational drug use. About 20 days after transplanting, spray manure water with urea 15 ~ 20 kg per mu; In bud stage, urea 10 ~ 15 kg and potassium chloride 5 ~ 10 kg were applied per mu, and holes were punched with a rice transplanter. Spraying 45-60kg of water on the leaves at the initial and full flowering stages, and adding 0.5- 1 kg of urea, 0.5-0.2kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5-0.2kg of borax.

Pest control measures: before seedling stage (before opening), aphids, Pieris rapae, liriomyza sativae and downy mildew are mainly controlled, downy mildew is mainly controlled in bud stage, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is mainly controlled in early flowering stage, and aphids are paid attention to in pod setting stage. Pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue should be selected when using drugs.

(4) timely harvest

About 30 days after the final flowering, two-thirds of the pods of the whole plant are yellow-green, and the pods at the base of the main inflorescence are loquat. When the seed coat is black-brown or yellow, it is suitable for harvesting, that is, "eight ripe, 100% harvested", which should be harvested in time.

In potato production, the medium-high yield level can be maintained by using organic fertilizer as the main fertilizer, adding low-concentration compound fertilizer as the base fertilizer and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the vigorous growth season. How can we get high-yield and high-quality potatoes? First of all, the nutritional characteristics of potatoes are that they grow aboveground stems and leaves in the early stage and underground tubers in the later stage. There is a great demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the supply ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.5:2.5. According to this law of nutrient demand, the soil in southern China is seriously deficient in potassium, so special attention should be paid to increasing potassium fertilizer, followed by nitrogen fertilizer to adjust the balance of nitrogen and potassium. Available potassium in northern soil is higher than that in southern soil, but many soils lack phosphorus. At present, the application of potassium fertilizer is not universal, and after years of exhaustion, soil potassium has been unable to make ends meet. Therefore, while paying attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer, we should also pay attention to the application of potassium fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer. In potato production, the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is1:0.5: 0.6 on average in northern China; The average value in southern China is 1:0.4:0.9. If the yield per mu is about 1500 kg, the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer is 10- 12 kg/mu. In the fertilization method, base fertilizer and topdressing should be used. The distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is that 50% of nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphorus fertilizer and most potassium fertilizer are used for base fertilizer. The type of fertilizer can be compound fertilizer or single fertilizer. Top dressing uses 50% nitrogen and a small amount of potassium. At the fertilization position, the base fertilizer should be applied into the ditch or hole with a depth of about 15 cm before planting. Top dressing is applied in rows, ridges or spots; The buried depth of fertilizer is 5-8 cm, and it can be covered with water after fertilization. When topdressing at one time, the time should not be too early, but should be carried out when the potato pieces enter the swelling stage. Premature topdressing, especially a large amount of topdressing, will cause the problem of small bumps in potatoes above ground.

Small whole potatoes are suitable for potato sowing.

Sowing with 20-50g small whole potato is more and more worth advocating. Compared with traditional cuttage, whole potato sowing has many advantages. First, the emergence is neat, Miao Zhuang. Sowing in blocks, such as soil moisture is too low or too high, soil moisture is too low or too high, or seed potatoes are stored for too long, and their physiological age is declining, which is easy to cause dryness or rot, and it is difficult to protect seedlings under unfavorable production conditions. However, when sowing with small whole potatoes, because there is a thick cork epidermis on the outside of the whole potatoes, it is beneficial to preserve the water and nutrients in the tubers during sowing, and it can also ensure the emergence of seedlings to the maximum extent under unfavorable conditions such as too dry and too wet soil. The emergence rate is generally 92-98%, which is higher than that of cutting seeds 18-37%. Second, you can give full play to your top advantages and get high returns. Most of the whole potato germinates from the top bud eye. Because the terminal bud is strong, the terminal bud advantage of seed potato can be fully exerted. When sowing whole potatoes, multiple main stems can be sent out from the top, each main stem can produce 3-5 tubers, and the number of main stems is increased to achieve high yield. According to the report, compared with diced potatoes, the potato yield of small whole potatoes is generally increased by 15-50%, and can be doubled at the highest. Potatoes are big and tidy, which improves the economic value and flour yield. Third, it can reduce the spread of diseases. Many viruses, such as potato X virus and spindle tuber virus, and bacterial diseases, such as ring rot, bacterial wilt and late blight, can be spread by cutting potatoes. Sowing whole potatoes can prevent these diseases. Especially autumn potatoes have high temperature and high humidity when sowing. If the seed potato is cut into pieces, if the wound can't heal quickly, the cut surface is easy to be infected with bacteria and lead to rot, and it is easy to cause a large number of rotten seeds to lead to lack of seedlings and broken strips in the field, so the whole potato must be sown. Small seed potatoes for sowing should be specially produced by close planting, late sowing and early harvest, and small whole potatoes should not be selected from ordinary seed potatoes for use. The selection criteria of small whole potato are smooth skin, bright color and deep bud eyes, which have the potato shape characteristics of this variety. Strictly eliminate small and old potatoes with rough and aging skin, dark gray color, shallow buds and deformed cracks. Small whole potatoes with black and brown navel should also be eliminated.