Every war (reward 5)

I'm glad that so many friends who love military are studying together now. Let me introduce you to the famous battles, including the Pacific Ocean-Midway Naval Battle-Stalingrad Battle on the Eastern Front-Ma Qinuo Defence War on the Western Front and the British Air War, as well as the Yellow Sea Naval Battle between China and Germany in jutland. They are all world-famous examples, which will help you understand the world war.

Battle of the Yellow Sea > The first large-scale decisive battle of armored cruisers in the world.

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea is a battle-scale naval battle between the two navies in the northern part of the Yellow Sea during the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Also known as the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Dadonggou naval battle. The defeat of Beiyang Navy retreated to Ahava, which made the control of the Yellow Sea fall into the hands of the Japanese joint fleet and decided the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War.

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea lasted more than five hours. Beiyang Navy lost five warships, Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia, and was seriously injured in Laiyuan, killing more than a thousand officers and men. Japanese fleets Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru were seriously injured, and more than 600 officers and men were killed.

After the Yellow Sea naval battle, Beiyang Navy returned to Lushun and Weihai, and "avoiding the war and protecting the ship" no longer went out. The Japanese navy has mastered the sea power of the Yellow Sea.

The Battle of jutland-the only battle in this war in which the warring sides fully deployed their main fleets, with more than 200 main ships on both sides.

Battle of jutland (Battle of jutland; The German name is the Battle of Skagerrakschlacht); In the Geraker Strait; 1 916 May 31-June1) was a naval battle between Britain and Germany in the North Sea near jutland, Denmark. This is the largest naval battle in the First World War, and it is also the only decisive battle of the main fleets of the two warring parties in this war. The first and third battleships of the German fleet on the high seas fired a total of large-caliber shells 1904 rounds, with an average of 1 19 rounds per ship and 10.9 rounds per gun (carrying 80-90 rounds); Combat cruisers * * * fired large-caliber shells 1670 rounds, with an average of 334 rounds per ship and 37.95 rounds per gun (carrying 80-90 rounds). * * * 3,597 large-caliber artillery shells, 3,952 medium-caliber artillery shells, 5,300 small-caliber artillery shells, large-caliber artillery shells 120, with an average hit rate of 3.33%, medium-caliber and small-caliber artillery shells 107, with an average hit rate of1.16%.

British battleships fired 4,598 large-caliber artillery shells, including 1.239 1.5 inch guns, with an average hit rate of 2. 1.7%.

According to Professor Arthur J. Mulder's From Fearless to Scappa (Oxford University Press, 1978 edition, Volume 3, page 199), nearly a quarter of the large-caliber hit bombs of German warships are concentrated on three British armored cruisers, including Samurai (15 rounds) and Defender. The first two are only 7000 yards, and the latter is only 1000 yards. When Germany counted the British records, it did not count the number of times Wiesbaden was hit. According to British data, at least 200 bullets were fired. So if you look at the hit rates of both sides, you can think that they are roughly equal.

The number of bullets in all sunken ships is approximate statistics, especially the number of hits in the melee at night.

The German high seas fleet has about 45,000 officers and men, with a casualty rate of 6.79%, including 89 officers, 25 reserve officers, 5 engineers 14, 5 non-combatants such as cooks, 89 military doctors 1 person, 89 warrant officers, 572 non-commissioned officers and 2,253 ordinary sailors.

The total number of officers and men in the British ocean fleet is about 60,000, and the casualty ratio is 1 1.59%. (The official figures released by Britain are that 6,097 people were killed, 5 10 were injured and 77 were captured, totaling 6,784 people, accounting for 8.84% of the total number of people who participated in the war).

After the naval battle, both sides claimed to be winners, so that how to judge it became a famous case in the history of world naval battles. As far as tactics are concerned, the Germans are indeed the winners of this naval battle. The ocean fleet launched a fierce challenge to the powerful British main fleet, and the hippel fleet hit the bertil fleet hard. Scheer's accurate judgment and excellent navigation technology made him get rid of Jellicoe's pursuit and occupied a great advantage.

The comparison of naval battle results shows that Britain and Germany have different design philosophies. British-built ships emphasize speed and firepower at the expense of armored protection. German warships emphasize better protection on the basis of reducing speed and armament. The technical proficiency of Germany is obviously superior to that of Britain. Their armor-piercing projectiles with timed fuses blew through the British hull, which was extremely destructive. British shells often explode when they touch armor. There are also problems with the gunpowder used in Britain, which is more flammable and explosive. It is also a fatal mistake for the Royal Navy not to close the ammunition door when transporting ammunition. In the vital fire protection system, the German navy is much superior. After the First World War in Shazhou, Dogel, the Germans noticed that the ammunition storage room and ammunition conveyor of the ammunition depot might also cause fire, and immediately closed and modified these two parts. In the naval battle, the shell exploded in the German turret, which will not cause further damage. The well-protected vertical passage prevented the fire from spreading to the ammunition depot. However, the Royal Navy did not notice this problem. At least three British battle cruiser ships burst when shells exploded in turrets, causing a series of explosives to explode down to the gunpowder deck. No German ship has been lost due to such defects. Similarly, the containers used by the two sides to transport propellant charges are also different. The Germans transport and launch medical metal containers in a closed way, while the British only wrap them in silk bags. The upper deck of German ships provided better protection in the long-range artillery battle, and the torpedo exploded on its reinforced side, causing less damage. Moreover, Germany has surpassed the British main fleet in signal technology, ranging and night fighting equipment. British naval designers focused on speed and large caliber guns, ignoring other necessary improvements. This defect of the Royal Navy is obvious in this battle. 19 18 At the beginning of this year, Betty said at a meeting of the Admiralty, "Now we must think that the German battle cruiser Squadron is indeed superior to ours."

The tonnage loss of British domestic fleet is more than that of German high seas fleet. However, according to the statistics at 18 on June 2nd after the war, there are still 27 battleships in the domestic fleet and battle cruiser's capital ship ready to fight, and only 10 capital ship in the high seas fleet can be ready to respond. Therefore, it can be considered that the high seas fleet has not broken the quantitative advantage of the domestic fleet in the North Sea.

The result of this campaign is quite special: on the one hand, the German high seas fleet led by Admiral Schell sank more British ships with relatively little tonnage loss, thus achieving tactical victory; On the other hand, the local fleet of the Royal Navy commanded by Admiral Jellicoe successfully blocked the German Navy in German Ports, making it almost useless in the later period of the war, thus achieving a strategic victory.

The Battle of Midway

The Battle of Midway is a famous example of the US Navy winning more with less.

The naval battle of Midway Island began on June 4th, 1942/kloc-0, which was an important battle in the Second World War. In this battle, the US Navy not only successfully repelled the Japanese navy's attack on midway atoll, but also gained the initiative in the Pacific theater, so this battle can be said to be a turning point in the Pacific theater.

In the battle of midway, the US military lost only one aircraft carrier, 1 destroyer and 147 aircraft, and 307 people were killed. However, Japan lost four large aircraft carriers, 1 cruiser, 330 planes, hundreds of experienced pilots and 3,700 crew members. The Japanese navy has since failed. In order to cover up his fiasco and avoid damaging the morale of the troops, on June 10, Japan Radio broadcasted a resounding naval song, claiming that Japan had "become the most powerful country in the Pacific". When the fiasco fleet returned to the station exhausted, Tokyo held a lantern parade to celebrate the victory. The U.S. Navy commented after taking charge of personnel: "The Battle of Midway was the first decisive failure of the Japanese Navy in 350 years. It ended Japan's long-term offensive and restored the balance of naval power in the Pacific. " At the same time, this war has also caused irreparable trauma to Japanese high-level. This painful memory lingered until the end of World War II, making it impossible for them to make a clear judgment on the war situation.

Samuel e Morrison, a famous American naval historian, called the victory of the American navy in the naval battle of midway "the victory of intelligence". The US Navy discovered earlier that the Japanese Navy's plan was the single most important reason for the Japanese Navy's failure. However, many military strategists believe that the Japanese navy's insistence on taking battleships as the decisive force and aircraft carriers as the auxiliary force, ignoring the role of aviation, is the ultimate result of failure.

The most obvious mistake in the Japanese naval plan is the scattered deployment of troops. The troops of the joint fleet fought alone at a long distance, while the US Navy concentrated its deployment to the maximum extent. The advantage of the joint fleet has been weakened. Another mistake in the Japanese plan is that the attack on Midway Island should have induced the enemy fleet to fight a decisive battle, but it gave the aircraft carrier the task of supporting the occupation of Midway Island, wishful thinking that the enemy fleet would not leave the base until Midway Island was captured. The Japanese reconnaissance and search plan is also unfavorable. Finally, Nan Yun was in a dilemma, reloading torpedoes and bombs back and forth.

The battle of midway changed the strength comparison of Japanese and American aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean. The Japanese army has only two large aircraft carriers and four light aircraft carriers. From then on, Japan began to lose its strategic initiative in the Pacific battlefield, and the war turned to favor the allies. This naval battle is characterized by the fact that the maritime combat formations of both sides are out of the range of naval guns and carry out surprise attacks with carrier-based aviation. The reason why the Japanese army failed was that it overestimated the combat effectiveness of its aircraft carrier, fought in two operational directions at the same time, and its forces were scattered; The situation is misjudged, and it is considered that the US aircraft carrier has no time to assemble in the theater; Backward communication technology, lack of careful maritime reconnaissance, until the critical moment did not find out the location of the American aircraft carrier; Improper battlefield command and changeable decisions. The reason why the American army won was because it mastered the Japanese attack attempt and assembled its troops in time to stand by; In the case of losing most of the torpedo planes, the bombers continued to dive and bomb, which led to the explosion of the Japanese torpedo planes and the complete destruction of the aircraft carrier.

British air combat

In World War II, because the Germans were preparing to invade Britain and carry out large-scale air strikes against Britain, they fought an air war.

After Nazi Germany occupied France, Hitler began to deal with Britain in northern Europe. Failing to induce Britain to compromise, Hitler released the "Sea Lion Plan" for an all-round invasion of Britain in July 1940. This battle needs to destroy the British air power first to ensure the smooth progress of the landing operation. In order to seize the air superiority, the dominant British navy was driven out of the English Channel, clearing the way for the invasion and forcing Britain to yield.

The German Air Force was ordered to annihilate the British Air Force and carry out large-scale continuous air strikes on the British mainland. The bombing began in July 10. The earliest date of this operation was set by the German Supreme Commander as August 5, and the code name was "Eagle Strike". On August 6th, Goering officially set the attack date as August 12 and named it "Eagle Day". However, due to the unstable weather in southern England, the German Air Force launched an air strike against Britain on August 13. At first, the main targets of the German army were British warships, naval bases, airports and radar stations.

On August 13, the German Air Force began to raid the English Channel and the British mainland, and planned to annihilate the British Air Force base and radar station, as well as the main force of the British Air Force. However, under the influence of bad weather in southern England and the use of newly developed radar in Britain, the German Air Force was defeated on this day. Since then, the British and German air forces have been engaged in air combat in Britain, with heavy casualties on both sides. On the evening of August 28, Germany bombed the British city of Liverpool, causing a large number of civilian casualties in Britain. The Royal Air Force began to counterattack Germany and bombed the German capital Berlin in late August. In order to resist the night attack of the Royal Air Force, Germany turned to bomb important cities such as London on September 7 in an attempt to destroy the resistance will of British soldiers and civilians.

The Germans used about 2,000 planes, flew more than 46,000 sorties and dropped 60,000 tons of bombs, which caused great losses to Britain. The capital, London, was badly damaged and the situation was grim. Under the leadership of Churchill's government, British soldiers and civilians United and struggled to resist. The Royal Air Force, with only 1000-odd aircraft, made full use of the advantages of local air combat and used the newly invented radar early warning. At the cost of 9 1.5 aircraft, Germany lost 1.733 aircraft and 6000 pilots, and made a limited counterattack against Germany.

The Germans could not achieve their campaign goals, and Hitler's attention turned to the east to attack the Soviet Union, so the implementation of the "Sea Lion Plan" was postponed indefinitely. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, the German air force turned to night attack, and the British air combat was coming to an end.

This air battle was the largest and longest in the Second World War. Britain won the war of self-defense, and Hitler's military adventure was seriously frustrated, which effectively inspired the anti-fascist struggle of people all over the world.

Battle of Maqnuo

After World War I, the French military began to study how to defend against the invasion of Germany and Italy. 1930, French defense minister Machnow, who just came to power, submitted the national defense plan that his predecessors, French marshals Fauci, Petain and Shoffler, argued for many years to parliament for discussion, and it was passed by more than 90% of the votes. In the following ten years, he built a series of fortifications on the border between France, Germany and Italy, which is the world-famous "maginot line".

Maqnuo's defense project starts from the French-Italian border along the Mediterranean coast in the south and ends at the Fabian border in the North Sea in the north, with a total length of about 700 kilometers, and consists of groups of independent fortifications. Each group of fortifications includes a main fortification and some observation posts, which are connected with each other by telephone. The main fortifications are generally 30 meters above the ground, including headquarters, turrets, power generation equipment, repair equipment, hospitals, canteens, dormitories and other facilities. The fortifications are densely covered with metal columns and barbed wire, which is said to be impregnable. The grain and fuel stored in the fortifications can generally last for three months. In order to reflect the defensive nature of this fortification, the range of artillery in the fortification is generally not more than 10 km, that is, to ensure that artillery shells do not fall into the territory of other countries outside the border. If there is a war, the observation post can observe the enemy's situation with periscope and report the situation to the headquarters by telephone at any time, while the artillery in the turret fires according to the command of the headquarters in a three-meter-thick cement fortification. 344 guns, 152 turrets and 1533 bunkers were deployed along the whole of maginot line. Total length of underground tunnel100km, and total length of highway and railway is 450km. The earthwork volume of the defense line reached 6.5438+0.2 million cubic meters, the consumption of concrete was about 6.5438+0.5 million cubic meters, the consumption of steel was 6.5438+0.5 million tons, and the total project cost was nearly 5 billion francs (6.5438+0.940), which was equivalent to the financial budget of France at that time. Because the defense system was very strong, few soldiers died in Maqnuo's fortifications during World War II. However, this peak fortification failed to stop the armored and motorized troops of German fascists in World War II. 1940 In May, the Germans crossed the Ardennes, bypassed maginot line via Belgium, and soon occupied the whole of France. Maginot line, who believed in the myth, eventually became a useless decoration and a satire on the defeated, and became a famous French tourist attraction in the future.

Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad, also known as the Battle of Stalingrad, was the main turning point of the Soviet Union's patriotic war before the Second World War, and it was also one of the bloodiest and largest battles in human history. The main armies participating in the war were the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The fighting started on July 1942 and ended on February 2 1943, which lasted for six and a half months. Because of heavy casualties on both sides and indifference to civilian sacrifice, the battle has become a famous battle in the history of human war.

It is generally believed that this battle includes the following parts: the German army attacked the southern Soviet city of Stalingrad (formerly known as "tsaritsyn"); Now called "Volgograd"); The Germans invaded the city; Street fighting in urban areas; Soviet red army camp; Finally, the Germans and the Axis allies were wiped out. The total number of casualties in this war is estimated to be over 2 million. The Soviet government refused to provide detailed casualty data at that time because it was afraid that too many casualty statistics would affect the people. Axis lost a quarter of its troops on the eastern front in this battle, and it didn't recover until the final defeat. For the Soviet side, the victory of this battle marked the beginning of recovering occupied territory, and finally ushered in the final victory of 1945 against Nazi Germany in May.

No matter from what angle, the Battle of Stalingrad is one of the most tragic battles in the history of World War II and even human war. The whole campaign lasted 199 days. Due to the huge scale of the campaign, the number of casualties has never been accurately counted. In the final stage of the campaign, the Germans still dealt a heavy blow to the Soviets, while the Soviets almost wiped out the elite divisions of the Germans-the Sixth Army and the Fourth Armored Army. Many scholars estimate that the Axis forces suffered 600,000 casualties in this battle, including 300,000 Germans, 0.5 million Romanian troops, 70,000 Italian troops, 50,000 Hungarian troops and about 50,000 Soviet surrendered troops. The proportion of German casualties and captives is very high (about 96,000 people were captured). After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans completely lost the strategic initiative of the Soviet-German battlefield, as General Zeitzler, the German Chief of Staff, said: "We lost 250,000 officers and men in Stalingrad, which is equivalent to breaking the backbone on the entire Eastern Front battlefield." At the same time, the Soviet Union paid a heavy price. The specific casualties of the Soviet army were: 47487 1 dead, 974734 injured. During the short 1 week of the German siege, more than 40,000 Soviet citizens were killed, but the number of civilians killed in the whole campaign was not accurately counted, but it can be said that it far exceeded this figure.

To commemorate the heroic deeds in the Battle of Stalingrad, the city was named "Hero City" in 1945. In 1960s, the Soviet Union erected a 52-meter-high "Monument to Russian Mothers" on Mount Mamayev outside the city. The statue includes the ruins that were blown up in the battle. The granary and Pavlov building, which witnessed fierce fighting, still receive future generations to visit.

Battle of Moscow

After the start of the Soviet-German War, Hitler took Ukraine and Leningrad as his primary targets, so when the Central Military Group captured Smolensk and opened the door to Moscow, he temporarily gave up his attack on Moscow and dispersed the forces of the Central Military Group to support the operations against Ukraine and Leningrad. At the beginning of the battle of Kiev, Hitler suddenly changed his strategy and decided to return the center of gravity to Moscow axis after the victory of the battle of Kiev, and only besieged Leningrad. 194 1 On September 6, 1998, Hitler issued the No.35 instruction code-named "Typhoon Action", and planned to divide the Soviet troops in front of Moscow into two encirclement zones for annihilation, and then capture Moscow conveniently. The way of attack is still the same as in the early days of the war, which gives the Soviet Union a decisive blow from three directions at the same time.

The Moscow offensive was mainly carried out by Marshal Bok's central army group, and a large number of troops were also drawn from the southern army group and the northern army group. By the end of September, the Central Army Group had concentrated 74 divisions (including 14 armored division and 8 motorized divisions), 1 10,000 people,10.7 million tanks,10.4 million cannons and mortars, and10.39 million aircraft. In the middle is the 4th Army under the command of Marshal Krueger and the 4th Armored Army under the command of Hepner. Its task is to surround Viazhma, west of Moscow, from the south of Smolensk, and then advance to Moscow. North Road is the 9th Army commanded by Stowe and the 3rd Armored Army commanded by Holt. Its task is to surround Viazhma from the north of Smolensk, then to the northeast and to surround Moscow from the north. South Road is the 2nd Army under the command of Vickers and the 2nd Armored Army under the command of guderian, whose task is to attack orel and Tula south of Moscow. The 2nd Army is on the left, and the guderian Army is on the right. After the Soviet troops in Bryansk were strangled and annihilated, Moscow was surrounded by the south wing.

The Soviet army, which is responsible for the defense mission in Moscow, initially had about 800,000 men, 770 tanks, 9 150 cannons and mortars, and 545 planes. The Western Corps under the command of General konev was deployed 60 miles west of Vyazma, and its task was to stop the Germans from invading Moscow in the main direction. Behind the western front army is the reserve army under the command of Marshal Budiyouni, which is in a deep echelon configuration with the western front army. Its task is to stop the Germans from breaking through the western front; To the south of the reserve army is the Bryansk army under the command of Elemenko, whose task is to prevent the Germans from breaking through Bryansk.

1941On the morning of September 30th, the 2nd Panzer Corps in guderian, Lu Nan first started the "Typhoon" campaign. On the same day, the Soviet left-wing defense line was torn open and advanced for more than 50 miles. 10 year10.2, the main attack of the middle road and the north road was launched from the north and south sides of Smolensk at the same time, and the defense lines of the Soviet western line army and the reserve army were immediately washed away by these two torrents.

654381October 3, guderian's 2nd Panzer Corps captured orel, and its left-wing 47th Panzer Corps suddenly turned to the north from here, pointing to Bryansk, the stronghold of Elemenko. 10 On June 4th, Holt's 3rd Panzer Corps began to rotate to the north of Viazma, while Hepner's 4th Panzer Corps advanced to Viazma from the south. 1710.6, Goudry's 17 armored division occupied Bryansk. On October 7th, 65438/KLOC-0, two armored regiments, Holt and Hepner, joined forces in Viarima, and a considerable number of Susie troops and reserve troops were surrounded. On October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, the 2nd Army of Wedges and guderian's armored forces also surrounded the Sublensk Army. The commander of the Central Army Group immediately ordered all German troops to immediately clear the Soviet troops in these two encirclement zones and continue to March on Moscow.

It was not until late September that the Soviets realized that the German army would turn its main offensive to Moscow. Hitler's erratic strategic direction not only made German generals feel uneasy, but also made it difficult for the Soviet high command to grasp their ideological pulse. The Soviet army understood the German intention, immediately stopped all attacks and turned to full defense. 10 June 10, Stalin merged the Western Front Army and the remnants of the reserve army that rushed out of the German encirclement to form a new Western Front Army, and recalled General zhukov, who was in charge of the command of Leningrad Army, to Moscow as the commander of the Western Front Army, who was fully responsible for the command of Moscow's defensive war.

Zhukov immediately set out to build a solid defense line in Moskovski, west of the Moscow suburb. At the same time, the Soviet High Command has been dispatching much-needed reserve materials and weapons and equipment to zhukov. From June 7th, 10, 14 infantry division, 16 tank brigade, more than 40 artillery regiments and some other troops were transferred from other army and high command reserve to Moskovski for defense.

10 10 13, Hepner's 4th Panzer Corps attacked Kaluga in the southwest (0/00 mile from Moscow/kloc-0), and the Soviet defense line was broken, so zhukov was forced to give up the city. At the same time, Holt's 3rd Panzer Corps captured Kalinin in northwest Moscow (98 miles from Moscow). 14, Soviet government agencies and diplomatic missions were evacuated to kuibyshev, but Stalin and his base camp remained in Moscow to continue directing operations. On the same day, castle wolfenstein issued an order, demanding that the armies of the Central Army Group surround Moscow from the south, north and west, and refuse any conditional surrender. /kloc-on October 8th, the Germans rushed to Moskovski, only 60 miles from Moscow. 10/0/on October 20th, the Germans finished clearing the Soviet troops in the encirclement of vyazma and bryansk, and the Soviet troops captured 663,000 people and lost 1242 tanks and 54 12 artillery and mortars. The typhoon won its first battle.

Although the siege of vyazma and Bryansk destroyed a large number of Soviet effective forces, the deterioration of the weather caused the German offensive to drop sharply. When the German vanguard armored forces entered Moskovski, it began to rain and the road turned into a mud river. The tank got stuck in the mire before it went far, and it was almost impossible to move forward. The 2nd Panzer Corps in South guderian was stuck on the road between orel and Tula for several days, so all supplies had to be airlifted. The Germans were then forced to stop all fronts and wait for the earth to freeze.

The temporary suspension of the Germans gave the Soviets a precious breathing space. By the end of 10, the Soviet high command began to transfer some troops as reserves, so that they could get the necessary rest, and new reserves were coming in endlessly. At this time, sorge, an outstanding spy of the Soviet Union, sent an accurate message from Japan: the Japanese armed forces will go all out to the south and have no intention of fighting the Soviet Union. As a result, Stalin transferred the elite troops of 25 infantry divisions and 9 armored brigades deployed in Siberia to the suburbs of Moscow. Soviet troops gradually recovered from the heavy losses suffered by Vyazma and Bryansk. They not only have the ability to parry, but also begin to have the strength to fight back. Zhukov predicted that the future German attack would be attacked by powerful armored forces as before, so he took a pre-emptive approach and took the lead in attacking the German armored forces before the German offensive was launched, causing huge losses.

165438+1first frost for the first time on October 3-4. Although the sudden temperature hardened the muddy road and facilitated the German army's maneuver, at the same time, the Germans who were still wearing light clothes were caught in the cold. Without winter clothes, Germans began to suffer from severe frostbite. However, the German high command, far from the front, began to plan a new offensive.

165438+1October 7th, although Enemy at the Gates's Germans and Stalin still held the traditional October Revolution Day celebration meeting and military parade in Moscow's Red Square, the heavily armed Soviet troops solemnly passed by the reviewing stand and then went directly to the front with high morale.

165438+ 10/3, German Chief of Staff Hadl held a meeting of chiefs of staff of all regiments at the headquarters of the Central Army Group and issued "194 1 autumn attack order". The Central Army Group concentrated 5 1 division for this purpose. As a frontal attack task is Kruger's fourth army; On the left are Hult's 3rd Panzer Corps and Hepner's 4th Panzer Corps, whose task is to surround Moscow from the north and west respectively. On the right, guderian's 2nd Panzer Corps surrounded Moscow from the south.

165438+ 10/6, the "autumn offensive" started, and Holt's 3rd Panzer Corps slowly advanced to the northwest of Moscow. On 23rd, it occupied Kling, and on 28th, it broke through the Moscow-Volga Canal and reached the town of Istrad, which is only 24 kilometers away from Moscow. Holt can already see the dome of the Kremlin from his telescope. On the right side of Hult Corps, Hepner's 4th Panzer Corps entered Qi Vitkova, west of Moscow. At the same time, guderian's 2nd Panzer Corps in the south surrounded Tula in the southeast of Moscow.

But Kruger's fourth army, which was a frontal attack, met with strong resistance from the Soviet Union. Because zhukov used all the elite troops in this direction, the 4th Army's assault made no progress from the beginning. On the 22nd, Marshal Bao Ke, commander of the Central Army Group, personally went into battle to command the Fourth Army. He put all the troops he could mobilize into battle. According to him, "when the last battalion puts in, it may decide the outcome." But when Bauk thought that the Soviet divisions had been destroyed by him and the Soviet reserves had been used up, more and more Soviet Siberian elite divisions appeared in front of him. Although Burke put all his eggs in one basket, every step forward of the Fourth Army was extremely difficult. Bao Ke has always been afraid that this battle will become the second "Battle of Verdun", that is, a fierce war of attrition.

On February 5, 65438, Stalin ordered the Soviet army to carry out the first large-scale counterattack after the war. The Kalinin Army under the command of konev took the lead in launching a counterattack against the Germans on the North Road, and recovered Kling two days later. On the 6th, zhukov commanded the western armies to launch a powerful counterattack against the Germans in the middle and south roads. By 12, the German fronts were quickly broken by the Soviets. On June 5438+05, Soviet government agencies moved back to Moscow.

19 February 19, Hitler was relieved of his post as commander-in-chief of the army, brauchitsch, and he himself served as commander-in-chief of the army. He issued an order saying, "Everyone should stand in his present position and fight back. When there is no established position in the rear, it is absolutely not allowed to retreat. " Although the German generals repeatedly demanded to retreat, guderian and Hepner were both dismissed for withdrawing without authorization, but Hitler thought that they could never retreat, otherwise they would make the same mistakes as Napoleon. Although it was because of his stubbornness that this campaign came to the brink of fiasco, it was also because of his stubbornness that he did not jump into this abyss. Undoubtedly, because he refused to withdraw from the Soviet Union or the area east of Smolensk, his army avoided a catastrophe more terrible than 18 12. Hitler's plan is different from Napoleon's. Instead of retreating all the way, he moved to the rear and turned the original supply line into a resistance stronghold.

By the end of February, 65438+, in the southwest of Moscow, Soviet troops had recovered Kaluga. In the northwest, Kalinin was also recovered by the Soviets. In the southeast, Soviet troops solved the German siege of Tula. After the battle of Moscow, the Soviet army won its first great victory since the outbreak of the Soviet-German war. The Germans lost more than 500,000 men, 1, 300 tanks and 2,500 guns. The Germans had to turn Blitzkrieg into a protracted war.