Common sense of secondary disasters

Natural disasters/natural hazards "natural disasters" are abnormal phenomena in nature on which human beings depend, and the harm caused by natural disasters to human society is often shocking.

Among them are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mudslides, tsunamis, typhoons, floods and other sudden disasters; There are also gradual disasters, such as land subsidence, land desertification, drought, coastline changes, etc., which can only gradually appear in a long time; There are also environmental disasters caused by human activities such as ozone layer change, water pollution, soil erosion and acid rain. There is a complex relationship between these natural disasters and environmental damage.

It has become the common theme of the international community to scientifically understand the occurrence and development of these disasters and minimize their harm. Natural variations on the earth, including those induced by human activities, occur all the time. When this mutation brings harm to human society, it constitutes a natural disaster.

Because it has brought different degrees of damage to human production and life, including the relationship between man and nature through labor and the interpersonal relationship related to it. Disasters are negative or destructive.

Therefore, natural disasters are a manifestation of the contradiction between man and nature, with the dual attributes of nature and society, and are one of the most severe challenges faced by mankind in the past, present and future. The main sudden natural disasters in the world are: drought, flood, typhoon, storm surge, freezing injury, hail, tsunami, earthquake, volcano, landslide, debris flow, forest fire, agricultural and forestry diseases and insect pests, etc.

There are many kinds of natural disasters in China. Earthquake, typhoon, rainstorm, flood, waterlogging, high temperature, lightning, fog, haze, debris flow, landslide, tsunami, road icing, tornado, hail, snowstorm, collapse, land subsidence, sandstorm, etc. It occurs in all parts of the country and local areas every year, causing extensive damage or devastating blows in local areas.

China is the country with the largest variety of natural disasters in the world, among which there are seven natural disasters that have the greatest impact on China. 1, meteorological disasters There are more than 20 kinds of meteorological disasters, mainly including the following: (1) rainstorm: mountain torrents, river floods and urban water accumulation; (2) Rain and waterlogging: waterlogging; (3) Drought: drought in agriculture, forestry and grassland, and water shortage in industry, cities and rural areas; (4) Dry-hot wind: dry-hot wind and foehn wind; (5) High temperature heat wave: extreme heat and high temperature, human diseases, burns, and crop ripening; (6) Tropical cyclones: gale, rainstorm and flood; (7) Cold damage: crops, livestock and fruit trees are harmed by strong cooling and low temperature; (8) Freezing injury: frost, crop and livestock freezing injury, water pipes and oil pipes freezing injury; (9) Freezing rain: wires, branches and roads are frozen; (10) Freezing: rivers, lakes and seas freeze, and roads freeze after rain and snow; (1 1) Snow damage: snowstorm, snow; (12) Hail disaster: destroying crops and houses; (13) Wind disaster: falling trees, reversing houses, reversing cars and reversing boats; (14) Tornado: local destructive disaster; (15) Lightning: lightning casualties; (16) Continuous rain (lewd rain): it is not conducive to crop growth and development, grain mildew, etc. (17) dense fog: human diseases and traffic jams; (18) low-altitude windshear: aviation accident; (19) acid rain: crops are harmed.

2. Marine disasters Marine disasters mainly include the following types: (1) storm surge: including typhoon storm surge and temperate storm surge; (2) Tsunami: There are two types: long-range tsunami and local tsunami; (3) Waves: including wind waves, swells and nearshore waves, which are divided into typhoon waves and cyclone waves; (4) seawater; (5) red tide; (6) Coastal disasters: such as coastal erosion, landslides, land salinization and seawater pollution. (7) the harm of El Nino. 3. Flood disaster (1) rainstorm disaster; (2) mountain torrents; (3) snowmelt flood; (4) ice flood; (5) dam-break flood; (6) Debris flow and cement flood.

4. Earthquake disaster (1) tectonic earthquake; (2) Collapse earthquake; (3) mine earthquake; (4) Reservoir earthquake, etc. 5. Crop biological disasters (1) Crop diseases: there are mainly more than 240 kinds of rice diseases, 50 kinds of wheat diseases, 40 kinds of corn diseases, 40 kinds of cotton diseases and many diseases such as soybeans, peanuts and hemp; (2) crop pests; There are mainly 252 kinds of rice pests, more than 0/00 kinds of water wheat pests, 52 kinds of corn pests, more than 300 kinds of cotton pests and various other crop pests. (3) Crop weeds: about 8,000 species; (4) Rat damage. 6. Forest biological disasters (1) Forest diseases: 29 18 species; (2) Forest pests: 5020 species; (3) Forest rodents: 160 species.

7. Forest Fire The Natural Disaster Comprehensive Research Group of the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Planning Commission and the State Economic and Trade Commission divides natural disasters into seven categories: meteorological disasters, marine disasters, flood disasters, geological disasters, earthquake disasters, crop biological disasters, forest biological disasters and forest fires. However, disasters closely related to our daily life mainly include: 1. Natural variation of geological disasters and human activities may lead to changes in geological environment or geological body. When this change reaches a certain level, landslides, mudslides, land subsidence, ground collapse, rock swelling, sand liquefaction, land freezing and thawing, soil salinization, land desertification, earthquakes, volcanoes, geothermal disasters and other consequences will do harm to human beings and society.

This phenomenon is called geological disaster. Geological disasters also include derivative disasters.

(1) Debris flow. Debris flow is a special torrent containing a lot of sediment and stones in the valley under the stimulation of heavy rain and melting of snow and ice.

The formation of debris flow: the following three conditions must be met at the same time: steep terrain is convenient for water collection and water collection; Abundant loose matter; There is a lot of water in a short time. The material composition of debris flow can be divided into three categories: debris flow consists of a large number of cohesive soil, sand particles and stones with different particle sizes; Mainly cohesive soil, containing a small amount of clay particles and stones, with high viscosity, which is called debris flow when it becomes thick mud; Water-rock flow consists of water, sand and stones of different sizes.

Hazard of debris flow: hazard to residential areas; Harm to roads and railways; Harm to water conservancy and hydropower projects; Damage to mines; (2) landslides. The rocky mountain on the landslide softens under the action of gravity for various reasons.

2. Five disaster self-help tips

1 Self-help and mutual rescue in typhoon. What preparations should be made when the typhoon comes? (1) Modern science and technology can predict the arrival of typhoons, listen to the weather forecast in time and prepare for defense.

(2) Evacuate from coastal areas and low-lying areas, as long as the ship enters the harbor to avoid the wind. (3) Check whether the house is solid and safe. If it is a dangerous old building, leave immediately to avoid danger.

④ Fix objects that may be blown off by the wind, such as flowerpots, guardrails, awnings, clothes drying poles, outdoor antennas, etc. ⑤ Prepare proper amount of water, food, fruits and vegetables to ensure that the food in the refrigerator is fresh.

6. Prepare candles and flashlights in case of power failure in the wind. ⑦ Check the gas path and pay attention to the fire source.

⑧ Tape the door and window glass, and prepare plywood, plastic plates, blankets, etc. Reinforce the windows. Pet-name ruby in the evacuation of residents at the same time, * * * departments to establish emergency shelters for refugees to live temporarily.

2. The typhoon is coming. What should you pay attention to when walking in the street? Try to wear a raincoat when you go out, and don't bring an umbrella. ② Try to stay away from tall trees, sheds, shelves and overhead wires.

(3) Don't walk under high walls, billboards and residential buildings, so as to avoid unexpected events such as tilting of heavy objects or falling objects. (4) Avoid high-rise construction sites and stay away from tower cranes or site fences.

(5) pay attention to the street water, don't walk on the edge of the road or vortex, so as not to fall into the CMC. ⑥ When walking is difficult due to strong wind, you can take refuge in public places such as shops and restaurants nearby.

⑦ When you see inclined or fallen telephone poles and other transmission facilities, you should stay away from them to avoid electric shock. 3. What should I do if I accidentally get involved in the sea during the typhoon? Keeping calm is the most important thing.

Grab any floating wood, furniture and other items around you desperately. Take a deep breath before falling into the water, bite the bullet when sinking, and let the natural buoyancy make you float to the surface. Then, with the help of the impulse of the waves, keep kicking, try to float forward on the waves, and try to swim to the shore.

(3) When the waves come, straighten your body, raise your head, keep your chin straight, make sure your mouth is exposed on the water, put your arms forward or backward, and keep your body surfing; After the wave, swim forward while treading water and observe the movement of the next wave. (4) When a big wave approaches, you can bend down and dive into the bottom of the sea, put your hands in the sand to stabilize your body, and then surface after the waves are rough.

4. What should I do if I am forced to transfer in the water before being trapped on a cliff? (1) Before launching, try to find the nearest next shelter, and don't act in a hurry. ② Keep a set of dry clothes and a pair of shoes for replacement after landing.

(3) Find a rope, or make a rope with a torn towel, shirt or belt, so that it has enough length to swim back and forth between rocks. (4) People with good water quality get into the water first. When they get into the water, they should tie the rope around their waist and tie a knot. The person who puts the rope should stand on a fixed rock in case it is taken away by the person who goes into the water in case of an accident.

When the diver arrives at a safe place, he will fix himself somewhere and give the rope to the next person. ⑥ If you are forced to dive, keep your body vertical, put your feet together, stretch your back, and protect your crotch with your hands.

Immediately after entering the water, slide back and forth with open arms and legs to reduce the speed of surfacing. Self-help and mutual rescue in flood 1. What are the temporary life-saving items when the flood comes? ① First, select large containers, such as oil drums and water storage buckets.

After pouring out the stock solution quickly, re-cover the lid. ② Empty beverage bottles, wooden wine barrels or plastic barrels all have a certain floating force, which can be tied together for emergency.

Football, basketball and volleyball have good buoyancy. ④ Trees, tables, chairs, stools, boxes and other wooden furniture have buoyancy.

2. What materials should be prepared when the flood comes? ① Prepare a radio to listen to and understand all kinds of relevant information at any time. (2) Prepare enough drinking water, canned fruit juice and foods with long shelf life, and bind and seal them to prevent mildew and deterioration.

③ Prepare warm clothes and medicines for treating colds, dysentery and skin infections. ④ Prepare articles that can be used for communication, such as flashlights, candles and lighters. And prepare brightly colored clothes, flags, whistles, etc. Used as a signal when necessary.

⑤ Fill up the car and make sure it can be started at any time. 3. What are the daily preventive measures for residents vulnerable to floods? ① Pay attention to learning more knowledge about disaster prevention and mitigation at ordinary times, form a scientific living habit of paying attention to weather forecast in flood season, keep abreast of weather changes, make good preparations for family protection, and ensure safety.

② Pay close attention to flood information in flood season, obey the unified arrangement of flood control headquarters, and take refuge in time. (3) residents in low-lying areas should prepare sandbags, water retaining boards and other items, or build waterproof thresholds and set up retaining dams to prevent floods from entering the house.

④ Keep safe boats, wooden valves, life jackets and other items at home, and check whether they can be used at any time before the flood season. 4. How to prevent floods from flooding indoors? (1) The threshold of the house, the window is the water inlet.

Use sandbags and soil bags to build a line of defense at the threshold and window. (2) all the gaps between doors and windows are sealed with tape paper, and several more layers can be sealed.

③ Rat holes, drainage holes and other places where water may enter should be blocked. A truly sealed building will not be flooded.

5. How to make a raft to escape? ① Wooden pots, wooden furniture, wooden blocks and floating objects can be collected, tied together with ropes and processed into life-saving equipment for emergency use. (2) There are no ready-made ropes, sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. You can tear it into strips.

Sweet potato vines and vines can make ropes. (3) Floating rafts with smaller areas such as foam boards and wooden boards can be tied with backpacks to increase buoyancy.

(4) Scattered straws, branches, bamboo poles, wooden poles, etc. You can connect them in series to make a raft by weaving seats. 6. What if the flood strikes and it is too late to move? (1) move to a high place.

For example, build a temporary tent on a roof with a solid foundation. (2) In dangerous houses, evacuate quickly and find a safe and solid place to avoid falling into the water.

(3) Unless the water is forced to evacuate when the building may be washed away or the water surface does not pass the roof, it will remain still until the water stops rising. (4) Making life rafts and other escape articles.

Use communication facilities to contact rescue. Glasses and mirrors can be used to reflect sunlight and send out distress signals.

⑤ Use flashlights and firelight to send out distress signals at night. ⑥ When rescuers are found, they should wave bright clothes, red scarves and other items in time and send out rescue signals.

7. What should I do if someone falls into the water? In case of falling into the water, hold your breath and hold your nose to avoid choking, and try to stand up. (2) If the water is too deep to stand.

3. Common sense of disaster escape

Hello, the summary is as follows for your reference: 1. What do you know about lightning protection? Indoor lightning protection measures: 1. Close the doors and windows when it thunders to prevent lightning from hitting the room directly or spherical lightning from floating into the room.

2. When there is a thunderstorm, the power supply of household appliances should be cut off to avoid damaging the appliances. People should not stand under the light bulb in case it bursts and hurts people.

3. In thunderstorm weather, try not to dial, answer the phone or use the mobile phone to surf the Internet. Unplug the power supply, telephone lines, closed TV lines and other metal wires that may introduce lightning into the room. 4, indoor, should also be left with the driver's metal pipes and sewer pipes connected to the roof.

Don't pull the wires used to dry clothes and bedding to the window or door, lest the wires cause death. Precautions for outdoor lightning protection: 1. In thunderstorm weather, don't answer and call the mobile phone outdoors, because the electromagnetic wave of the mobile phone can also cause lightning.

Under normal circumstances, people will not be struck by lightning when riding a car, but never stick your head and hands out of the window when being struck by lightning when riding a car. 3. In case of sudden thunderstorm, when the hair is difficult to stand up, you should kneel down immediately, reduce the height, and put your feet together at the same time to reduce the damage caused by stepping voltage.

Don't take shelter from the rain under the big tree. It is best to stay 5 meters away from the tree when it thunders.

5. It is best to wear rubber shoes when going out in thunderstorm weather, which can play an insulating role. 6. When it thunders, stay away from wires and electrical equipment.

2. How to save yourself when an earthquake is buried? After the earthquake, aftershocks will continue to occur and the environment may deteriorate further. Buried people should try their best to improve the environment, stabilize the environment, create conditions to eliminate dangerous situations in time, save lives, wait for rescue and try to get out of danger. 1. If you are buried under the ruins during the earthquake, it is dark and there is only a small space. Don't panic, be calm, have the confidence to live, believe that someone will come to save you, and do everything possible to protect yourself.

2. Ensure smooth breathing. Try to pull your hand out of the collapsed object, remove the debris on your head and chest and the dust near your nose and mouth, and remove the larger debris around you to avoid being injured again and being suffocated by the dust of the collapsed building; Cover your nose and mouth with wet clothes when you smell gas or toxic gas.

3. Avoid unstable collapsed objects and other falling objects; Expand and stabilize the living space, and support the ruins with bricks and wooden sticks to prevent the environment from further deterioration after aftershocks. 4. Don't use indoor facilities casually, including power supply and water supply, and don't use naked flame.

5. Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your strength, hit something that can make a sound with a stone and send out a distress signal. Don't cry, don't be impatient, don't act blindly, it will consume a lot of energy and physical strength. Try to control your emotions or close your eyes and wait for rescuers to arrive.

If you are injured, try to dress it to avoid excessive bleeding. 6. Maintain life.

If you are buried under the rubble for a long time and rescuers have not arrived, you should try your best to maintain your life, try to find food and drinking water, and urine can quench your thirst if necessary. Emergency shock absorption measures.

It takes about ten seconds from when people feel the earthquake to when the house collapses. These include the time from weak to strong earthquake waves and the time from earthquake to house collapse.

Residents living in buildings should choose indoor places to hide, and residents living in bungalows can decide whether to hide or leave on the spot according to the situation. The continuous vibration time of a major earthquake is very short, and people are unstable because of severe ground bumps. At this time, it is best to find a safe corner nearby, such as under the bed, under the table or in a house with a small span, grab a pillow or cushion to protect your head, lie prone on the ground, curl up as much as possible, lower your body center of gravity, grab firm objects such as table feet, and protect your head and neck, eyes, mouth and nose.

When avoiding, pay attention to stay away from big mirrors, glass windows and hanging objects that are easy to fall. Never go near the window or go to the balcony. After the earthquake, you should quickly evacuate to an open and safe place outside, and choose to squat or get down in the open place, don't run around, and don't go back indoors casually; Avoid crowded places, tall buildings such as buildings, tall chimneys and water towers, overpasses and other structures with complex structures, towering dangerous objects or hanging objects such as transformers, telephone poles, street lamps, billboards and cranes, and narrow streets, dangerous houses and dangerous walls.

Don't light an open flame casually, because there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air. 3. Common sense of mountain flood disaster prevention and control.

1. How to avoid debris flow when flash floods occur? When it is known that debris flow will occur in a certain area within a certain period of time, emergency evacuation and protective measures should be taken to forcibly transfer people to a safe place, and temporary shelters should be established on the hillside near the village or on the terraced fields in a higher position. Don't run upstream or downstream along the debris flow ditch, run to the slopes on both sides of the ditch bank, and don't stay on the concave slopes.

2. What should I do when the landslide disaster is about to happen? At the time of landslide, first of all, keep calm and don't panic. You should look around quickly and evacuate to a safer place.

Under normal circumstances, as long as you act quickly, you may leave the dangerous area. When you leave, it is very dangerous to run in both directions as the best direction, down or up. 3. What preparations should be made before flash floods? (1) At ordinary times, you should learn the basic knowledge of mountain torrents prevention as much as possible and master the skills of self-help and escape.

(2) First, observe and be familiar with the surrounding environment, and pre-select safe routes and places to avoid disasters in case of emergency. (3) Pay more attention to the possible precursors of mountain torrents, and mobilize family members to prepare for safe transfer at any time.

(4) In case of danger, report to the competent leaders and neighbors in time, and first move the elderly, children and valuables at home to a safe place. (5) Actively participate in disaster insurance in advance to minimize disaster losses and improve post-disaster recovery capabilities.

4. How to ask for help when trapped by flood? In hilly environment, when a person or a group of people are suddenly trapped by flood in a high-rise platform or a brick-concrete residential building with a solid foundation, they can be relieved as long as they insist on orderly rescue or wait for the steep mountain torrents to subside. In case of being trapped in a low-lying embankment, embankment or wooden house due to flood, the situation is critical and communication conditions are available, and communication tools can be used to report the flood situation and the trapped situation to the local * * * and flood control departments for help; When there is no communication condition, fireworks can be made.

4. Signs of natural disasters and escape knowledge

First, do a good job in earthquake prediction.

There are omens before the earthquake. Now we know that this omen is: the groundwater becomes turbid, the flowers turn over, bubbles, and tastes bad; Chickens, ducks, pigs and sheep run around screaming; The mouse escaped and the fish jumped around on the water.

This situation indicates that the earth's crust will bend, fold and fracture, and earthquakes will occur. At present, it is difficult for any country in the world to accurately predict earthquakes, and China's earthquake prediction can be said to be in the leading position in the world.

Most earthquake predictions can show that earthquakes may occur in a certain area within a certain period of time. 1976, before the Tangshan earthquake, there was an earthquake of magnitude 6 or above in Haicheng, Liaoning Province. Before the impending earthquake, * * * repeatedly urged all indoor personnel to be placed in the earthquake shed, and repeatedly preached that only the earthquake was known, and the number of casualties was minimized.

Therefore, the key to earthquake prevention lies in timely prediction, full preparation, and mastering the knowledge of earthquake rescue. Second, make a family earthquake prevention plan.

Once an earthquake occurs, our power supply, water supply, heating system, transportation system, daily necessities supply system, information system and medical and health system may be damaged to some extent, affecting people's normal life. Therefore, it is necessary to make a good family earthquake prevention plan. First of all, it is necessary to eliminate hanging objects in high places indoors, items placed vertically on cabinets and wooden frames, and change their placement positions and ways so that they are not easily knocked down and injured.

At the same time, all inflammable and explosive articles should be removed. The bed should be removed from the glass window.

Stick a piece of shatterproof tape on the window. Shockproof equipment should be packed in a place where it is easy to grab.

In order to get out of danger, you may only have time to grab one item, and all the emergency items are in it, which will help you tide over the difficulties. These items include cash, drinking water and medicines to prevent influenza and dysentery.

Third, schools should be prepared before the earthquake. Knowledge of earthquake prevention should be popularized in primary and secondary schools, and schools in earthquake-stricken areas should have earthquake prevention training programs. If there is an earthquake in class, the teacher should immediately give students a simple and clear instruction to close their eyes and squat under the desk.

When an earthquake is likely to occur in an area within a certain period of time. Families and schools should communicate frequently.

Schools with conditions in the earthquake zone should prepare disaster relief items, such as first-aid medical supplies, cold-proof and rain-proof supplies and tools. , and distributed by class or classroom until reaching individuals. How can we protect ourselves if there is an earthquake? Once an earthquake happens, if you are outdoors, don't go near any tall buildings or trees that may collapse, such as buildings, chimneys, telephone poles, etc. It is safer to leave bridges and interchange roads and go to open fields.

Although earthquakes are natural disasters that cause casualties, they are not inevitable. If we can grasp the opportunity and use the knowledge of earthquake prevention, we can protect ourselves, such as observing the abnormal restlessness of birds and animals before the earthquake; Squatting under the table during an earthquake can reduce the damage caused by the earthquake.

It can be seen that it is very important to learn earthquake knowledge.