Explanation of terms: 1. Beijing-Kowloon Railway; 2. Yugoslavia; 3. Great geographical discovery; 4. Mediterranean climate.

The Beijing-Kowloon Railway runs north-south, starting from Beijing West Railway Station in the north and ending at Hung Hom Station (Kowloon Station) in the south. The whole line 1992 10 was started, and 1 996 September1was completed and opened to traffic, which is the longest grand railway project in China. ? [ 1-2]?

The Beijing-Kowloon Railway starts from Beijing in the north, runs through 9 provincial administrative regions such as Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Hong Kong/0/03 cities and counties, and ends in Shenzhen in the south, connecting Hong Kong Kowloon, with a total length of 2,553 kilometers, including two connecting lines from Bazhou to Tianjin and Macheng to Wuhan. The main cities along the route are: Beijing, Hengshui, Liaocheng, Heze, Shangqiu, Fuyang, Jiujiang, Nanchang, Ji 'an, Ganzhou, Heyuan, Huizhou, Dongguan, Shenzhen and Hong Kong.

The Beijing-Kowloon line is considered as one of the greatest railway projects in China in the 20th century? [2]? The fifth north-south railway trunk line in China starts from Beijing West Railway Station in the north and ends at Hung Hom Station in the south. The northern section of the line passes through a flat terrain, and the southern section is densely covered with tunnels. Wuzhishan tunnel is 4465 meters long, the longest in the whole line? [3]? At present (by the end of 2006), it is also the tunnel with the largest amount of radioactive materials excavated in China. Beijing-Kowloon Line is a double-track electrified railway, which is pulled by electric locomotives.

20121217 February, the electrification transformation of the entire Beijing-Kowloon Railway was completed, and the transformed Beijing-Kowloon Railway can meet the requirements of operating electric container trains and electric passenger trains.

2. Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (English: Yugoslavia),1929-A country established in the Balkan Peninsula of southern Europe in 2003, was once called the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the People's Republic of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. [ 1]? . On the basis of the Serbian kingdom established by the Serbs, after two Balkan wars and World War I, it annexed the small kingdom of Montenegro, a neighboring country with similar language and culture, which originally belonged to? [2]? A country formed by the kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, a weak Slavic ethnic settlement in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

After defeating Austria-Hungary in World War I,1918121,Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia jointly formed the Kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia, and 1929 was named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This is the first time in history that Yugoslavia appeared. This country is made up of many regions, and its culture, nationality and religion are extremely complicated. ? [3]? 1929, the state dissolved parliament and various political parties, the king implemented Greater Serbia, and Valdar Macedonia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a part of Serbia? [4]? Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and Montenegrins are very close. They were collectively called "Serbs-Croats" in the Yugoslav era and were invaded by Nazi Germany in 194 1. At the beginning of 1945, Germany withdrew from Yugoslavia and the country was rebuilt. 1945, the Yugoslav * * * production party under Tito established the People's Republic of Yugoslavia; 1963, the country was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 1992 Yugoslavia disintegrated and split into Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia amended its new constitution and renamed it Serbia and Montenegro. On June 3, 2006, Montenegro became independent, and Serbia lost its seaport and became a landlocked country. In 2008, Kosovo became "independent".

3. Great geographical discovery

The era of discovery, also known as the era of exploration or great navigation and the opening of new routes, is from15th century to18th century. European fleets appear in the oceans all over the world, looking for new trade routes and trading partners to develop new capitalism in Europe. [ 1]?

During these ocean expeditions, Europeans discovered many unknown countries and regions in Europe at that time. At the same time, there are many famous navigators in Europe, including Christopher Columbus, vasco da gama, Pedro lvares Cabral, Juan de la Corza, Bartolomeu Dias, Giovanni Capato, Pang Juan Sideline, Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Wesp and Juan Sebastian Elcano.

At that time, ocean voyage meant adventure: they could not accurately measure longitude, the wooden hull could not resist the erosion of ship maggots, the stored food was not suitable for long-term voyage, and the sanitary and living conditions on board were very bad. However, driven by economic and political interests, these people's exploration has greatly expanded the scope of the known world.

With the opening of new air routes, cultural and trade exchanges between the East and the West began to increase greatly, and colonialism and free trade began to appear. The rapid development of Europe during this period laid the foundation for its prosperity beyond Asia. The discovery of the new air route has also had a long-term impact on the development of all continents in the world hundreds of years later. For countries and nations other than Europe, the influence of geographical discovery is complex and contradictory. In addition to the exchange of materials, it often brought death and occupation to indigenous people, which can be said to be a history of great aggression.

4. Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean climate, also known as subtropical summer arid climate, is a subtropical and temperate climate type, which is formed by alternating control of westerly belt and subtropical high belt. It is distributed on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 north latitude, including the Mediterranean coast, the Black Sea coast, California, Perth in southwestern Australia and Adelaide in the south, southwestern South Africa and central Chile. It is named after the most typical Mediterranean coast. In the Mediterranean region, summer is controlled by the subtropical high, and the water temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that on land, resulting in high pressure, which increases the influence of the subtropical high. In winter, the water temperature in the Mediterranean Sea is high, forming a low pressure, attracting the west wind, which greatly strengthens the influence of the west wind.