Victory weather in Zhushan

The Great Wall is a miracle created by working people in ancient China. Building the Great Wall has been a big project since the Warring States Period. According to records, Qin Shihuang used nearly one million laborers to build the Great Wall, accounting for 1/20 of the national population! At that time, there was no machinery, and all labor depended on manpower. The working environment was steep mountains and deep cliffs. It is conceivable that this huge project could not be completed without a large number of people working hard.

"Because of the terrain, traffic is blocked by danger" is an important experience in building the Great Wall, which was affirmed by Qin Shihuang and recorded by Sima Qian in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle. All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons or at the bend of the river. Or places that will pass by, in order to control the danger, save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers is also an option in Four Essentials. As for building a city wall, it is to make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan and Badaling Great Wall are built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are very steep from the outside of the wall, but they are very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack". In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall of Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty was called the Mountain Dangerous Wall and the Split Gable, which was made by slightly splitting the steep cliff. Some places completely use cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers, which can be said to be wonderful. As a great project, the Great Wall has become a precious heritage of the Chinese nation.

On June 25th, 20001year, the Great Wall, as an ancient building from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. The total length of the Great Wall is about 12600 Li.

[Name of Special Pass]

There are many passes on the Great Wall of Wan Li. These places are mostly named after "Guan" and "Kou". In Zhangjiakou Great Wall, it is named after the "gate" and is called "Dajingmen".

In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to the "outer" Great Wall, the "inner" Great Wall and the "inner three passes" Great Wall were also built. The "Neiguan" Great Wall, based on the Northern Qi Dynasty, starts from Pianguan at the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi in the west, Yanmenguan and Pingxingguan in the east, enters Hebei, then turns to the northeast, passes through Yuanyuan, Fangshan and Changping counties, reaches Juyongguan directly, and then reaches Huairou Siguan from north to east, and is connected with the "Outer" Great Wall, with Zijingguan as the center, showing a general north-south trend. The "Neisanguan" Great Wall is parallel to the "Inner" Great Wall in many places. In some places, the two cities are only tens of miles apart. In addition, a large number of "heavy cities" have been built. There are 24 "heavy cities" in Yanmenguan area!

The location of the Great Wall The Great Wall criss-crosses the east, west, north and south, stretching and undulating on the vast land of our great motherland. It is like a dragon, crossing towering mountains, vast grasslands, vast deserts and heading for the vast sea. According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in past dynasties, it is about 10 Wan Li. The length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties exceeded 1 Wan Li. At present, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces, cities and autonomous regions have the remains of the ancient Great Wall and beacon towers. Among them, the Great Wall of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone reaches 3 Vandory. The Great Wall lies in the north of China. It starts from Shanhaiguan in Hebei Province in Bohai Bay in the east and Jiayuguan in Gansu Province in the inland area in the west. It spans seven provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Hebei, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers, about13,300 kilometers, and is known as the "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the world.

Great Wall Pass Jiayuguan, Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan, Yumenguan, Jingxingguan, Niangziguan, Yanmenguan, Piantouguan, Pingxingguan, Gubeikou, xifengkou, Yulin, Huangyaguan, Waqiaoguan, Hushan Great Wall, Raven Pass, Niuzhuang City, fenshuiguan, Ningyuan City, Yangguan and Pingding. Dushikou, Zhangjiakou, Mashikou, Yangfangbaoguan, Shuikouguan, Zijingguan, Xuanhua City, Santunying, Sandaoguan, damao mountain, Yiyuankou, Jielingkou, Chongyukou, Xuliukou, Lengkouguan, Baiyangyuguan, Qingshan Pass, tiemenguan, Panjiakou, Longjingguan, Hongshankou, Shangguan and Changyukou. Lupiguan, Hefanggou, Lianhuachiguan, Huanghua Chengguan, Qiaodaokou, Jiukonglou, Sihai Estuary, Juyansai Old Town, Gill Sai, Gaoquesai, Datong, Shahukou, Weilubaokou, Jinsuokou, Huangzeguan, Huangyuguan, Beiloukou, Ning Wuguan, Limibaokou, Shengshengkou, Zhenhongbaokou and Pingping. Refuse to be a wall fort, refuse to be a door fort, Fuma Fort, Broken Road Fort, Security Fort, Luning Fort, Broken Tiger Fort, Residual Tiger Fort, Ma Bao Fort, Marble Fort, Shaojia Fort, Dahe Fort, Defeated Tiger Fort, Ying 'en Fort, Blocked Tiger Fort, General Huibao, Yajiao Mountain, Laoying Fort, Hongmenkou Fort and Tiger Fort.

The length of the Great Wall

How long is the Great Wall? In the past, experts and scholars at home and abroad agreed that the length of the Great Wall exceeded10,000 Li, hence the name "Wan Li Great Wall". However, according to the research of cultural relics archaeologists and the investigation of sites in recent years, it is preliminarily estimated that the Great Wall is 10 Wan Li long. The Great Wall built in the past dynasties is distributed in Xinjiang in the west, Heilongjiang in the east and *** 16 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in the south. Among them, the Great Wall in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region alone is three times as large as that in Wan Li. The Great Wall of Hebei Province is also near Wan Li. More than twenty vassal states and dynasties built the Great Wall. The Great Wall built by Qin Shihuang has a Wan Li, the Great Wall of Han Dynasty has two Wan Li, and the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty has more than 12,700 miles.

Building structure and building materials of the Great Wall

In the long history of China, many feudal dynasties built the Great Wall many times in order to consolidate their rule. In ancient China, thousands of working people in Qian Qian contributed wisdom and blood to it, making it a wonder of the world. Both the dragon-shaped city wall and the throat artery reflected the war thought of building a city at that time, and also marked the high achievement of architectural technology at that time. For example, during the Ming Dynasty, with the high development of feudal economy, the construction industry also embodied a huge production process and a relatively scientific brick and tile firing workshop. Therefore, the output of brick products has greatly increased, and bricks are no longer precious building materials, so the inner and outer eaves of many places in the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty are built with giant bricks. Under the conditions of manual construction and manual handling of building materials at that time, it was not only convenient to build the city wall with bricks with small weight and the same size, but also improved the construction efficiency and building level. Secondly, the gates of many passes are long-span arches made of blue bricks. Some of these blue bricks have been severely weathered, but the whole gate is still magnificent, showing the superb skills of building arches at that time. Judging from the architectural decoration of the Guanta Tower, many stone carvings and brick carvings are extremely complicated and elaborate, reflecting the artistic talent of craftsmen at that time.

[Edit this paragraph] The history of the Great Wall

The Great Wall in northern China began in Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period.

The Starting Point of the Great Wall —— Why Lao Longtou, Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the North

Why did Qin Zhaoyan build the Great Wall in the north? This should start from the situation in the Warring States period. The Warring States period is a period of transition from slave society to feudal society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China. With the strengthening of political and economic ties between countries, the exchange and integration between Zhu Xia culture and Qin, Chu and Wu-Yue cultures has become increasingly strong. After the seven countries of Wei, Zhao, Han, Chu, Qi, Qin and Yan, which were carrying out feudal reforms at that time, became powerful, they waged a war of annexation and sought to unify the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River by force. At this time, the ethnic minorities in the grasslands of northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei and Inner Mongolia gradually became stronger and plundered the northern borders of Qin, Zhao and Yan. In the north of Qin, there are Yiqu and Xiongnu in the north; There are loufan in the northwest of Zhao, and Huan and Xiongnu in the north. Donghu, the northern boundary of Yan State. These northern minority regimes, apart from engaging in agriculture, make a living by nomadic and hunting. Yiqu is a powerful country on the Loess Plateau in the northwest of China. It fought with Qin for more than one hundred years from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Xiongnu, Donghu and other nomadic peoples have high military quality and strong combat capability. According to historical records? Biography of Xiongnu records that Huns live by nomadic and hunting, with horses, cattle and sheep as the most livestock, followed by camels, donkeys and mules. They "migrate by water plants and don't have to live in the city to farm." However, there are also points. "Men learned to ride horses and shoot at an early age." Children can ride sheep and shoot birds and mice with bows; If it grows less, it will shoot foxes and rabbits; Use it to make food. Therefore, once you are an adult, you will become a "rider". "During the Warring States period, the Huns had entered the slave society and had state power institutions. The king is called Khan, and there are left and right sages, left and right kings, left and right generals, left and right commanders, left and right leaders, and left and right leaders. Except for the right and left ministers, all the other ministers are hereditary. Donghu, Hu Lin, Huaneng and Loufan are basically the same as Xiongnu.

Since the mid-Warring States period, they have been plundering Qin, Zhao and Yan in the northern region. Because they are good at riding and shooting, are good at fighting, take sudden attacks, come and go freely, haunt, and show strong combat effectiveness. In the mid-Warring States period, the combat troops of Qin, Zhao and Yan were mainly infantry and chariots, wearing big sleeves that took off their coats and moving slowly for 30 to 50 miles a day. Naturally, they could not stop the Huns and Donghu people from attacking and plundering. This not only seriously threatened the lives and property of the people in the northern part of the three countries, but also seriously damaged their production and greatly affected the cause of reunification of the three countries. In response to this passive situation, the three countries successively carried out military reforms and built the Great Wall in the north.

Starting from Shang Yang, the State of Qin began to reform and promote Qiang Bing to become a rich country. The army gradually changed into infantry and cavalry, and was rewarded and promoted with military merit, so the combat effectiveness of the army increased and it was invincible. In six years (the first 332 years) and ten years, King Huiwen defeated Wei and seized Weixi County (now Luohe Valley in Shaanxi Province) and Shangjun County (now northeast Shaanxi Province). In order to prevent the Huns from plundering the south, Zhao Haoqi ordered the Great Wall to be built on the northern border of Longxi, Beidi and Shang Jun, and sent troops to station it.

In the 19th year of Zhao Wuling (307 BC), he began to reform the military system and carried out riding and shooting. Since then, the troops have become more powerful. In twenty years, King Wuling traveled west to the lakeside and arrived in Yuzhong. King Hu Lin surrendered his horse before returning home. In the twenty-sixth year (the first three hundred years), Zhongshan was broken, and the prosperous place reached Yan and Dai in the north (now northwest of Shanxi), and then extended to Yunzhong and Jiuyuan in the northwest (now from Helinger County to Wujiahe in Inner Mongolia). So he ordered the construction of the Great Wall, merged with Yinshan Mountain (now Daqing Mountain and Wulate Mountain in Inner Mongolia), and went west to reach the Dahe River (now Wujiahe River in Inner Mongolia). At the same time, Daijun County, Yanmen County and Yunzhong County were set up to prevent the Huns from plundering south. In order to specialize in Northwest China, the following year, he gave way to his son, Wang Huiwen He, who was named the main father. In the second year of King Huiwen (297 BC), his father went to Xihe (the Yellow River between Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), and the ruined building angered the king and sent troops.

Yan State is the weakest country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, bordering Qiangqi and the newly established Zhao State in the south and East Lake in the north. It was not until he ascended the throne (the first 3 1 1) that Yan became strong, recruited talents and carried out reforms. At that time, Donghu was powerful and often plundered the northern part of Yan. In order to maintain the peace in the north, the Yan army was forced to make peace with King Donghu and held the general hostage. Zhao Shi was born in East Lake. He is clever and brave, and King Donghu trusts him very much. Therefore, he is free to move, and he can understand the dangers and obstacles, protection and laws of military activities in the south of East Lake. After returning home, he led an army to attack East Lake, which was broken, but East Lake was thousands of miles away. And "crossing Liaodong to attack Korea" was extended to Tanshui (now Qingchuan River in North Korea). So, "Yan also built the Great Wall to make Yang (now kangbao county, Hebei, Taibus Banner, Inner Mongolia) go to Xiangping; Put it in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong counties to refuse Hu. "

To sum up, the reason why Qin, Zhao and Yan built the Great Wall in the north during the Warring States Period was to defend against Xiongnu and Donghu from the south.

The Great Wall developed from cities and castles. As a military defense project, cities and fortresses began as early as the end of the primitive commune. Because it can play an effective defensive role, it has developed in general since it entered the class society. The Great Wall first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, such as Fangcheng of Chu State (in the present Nanyang area of Henan Province). During the Warring States Period, there were the Great Wall of Weixi County, the Great Wall of Zhangzhao Water, the Great Wall of Zhongshan West, the Great Wall of Yanyi Water and the Great Wall of Taishan Mountain. These Great Walls once played a great role in the war. The swift cavalry of nomadic people in the north is unpredictable, and no country can stop their attack and plunder, whether it is infantry or cavalry. Only by building the Great Wall and garrison defense can they be prevented from plundering south. Only by building the Great Wall in the north can we deploy the main forces in the annexation and defense war between countries and complete the great cause of reunification.

Second, the value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan

What role did the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan play in the war as a military defense project? There are few records about its function, especially Qin Changcheng and Yan Changcheng, and even fewer records about Zhao Changcheng. Does this mean that they have no effect? No, on the contrary, it just shows that after the Three Kingdoms built the Great Wall, Xiongnu and Donghu did not cross the Great Wall and swept the south. The Great Wall played an important role in military defense.

As we all know, the Wang Zhao period was one of the fastest periods for the territory expansion of Qin State. If the Great Wall had not been built in the north, Qin would have sent troops to guard the important passages and passes in the north to prevent the powerful Xiongnu from plundering the south. How can we deploy an army to constantly defeat the allied forces of the six countries and occupy a large area of land in the six countries? Visible, after the completion of Qin Changcheng, only need a small number of troops stationed, can stop the huns south. If the Xiongnu army goes south, it will not be easy to break for a while because of the Great Wall defense; Xianyang and Qin Dou are not far from here, and they can be rescued in one day and one night or two or three days and three nights. Therefore, the Huns dared not go south and failed to recruit themselves. In a word, since King Qin Zhao built the Great Wall, the Huns have never plundered south again, which just shows the military defense function of the Great Wall.

As for Zhao Great Wall, it was built at the foot of Yinshan Mountain (now southeast of Daqingshan and Wulashan), with poor quality and close to Xiongnu, so it was often attacked by Xiongnu troops at first. Although Zhao sent troops to defend and took the initiative to go out of the city to fight, he was defeated repeatedly. During the reign of Zhao Daoxiang (224-236 BC), Zhao's frontier defense was defeated by Xiongnu, and the north was tight, so he sent general Li Mu to the Great Wall to lead the army to defend it. The loss of Wang Xiang gave Li Mu the privilege of cheap appointment and dismissal of subordinate officials, and handed over the business tax and land tax in Yunzhong, Yanmen and northern Dai Jun to Li Mu for military expenditure. Li Mu headquarters is located under the North Great Wall in Yanmen County, so as to give consideration to both things. He is very kind to soldiers, killing a few cows every day to improve food; He ordered the army: "When the Huns came to plunder, all soldiers immediately entered the Great Wall with cattle, horses and sheep, and whoever dared to catch them would be beheaded!" Every time the Huns invaded, because of the tight firepower and knowing the news in advance, the soldiers and civilians of Zhao took livestock into the Great Wall. Xiongnu plundered people, livestock and wealth and had to retreat. A few years later, although the Huns were not defeated, Zhao Jun was not defeated. The Xiongnu and the border people of Zhao thought Li Mu was timid, and the prince of Zhao also blamed Li Mu. And Li Mu remains the same. The king of Zhao was angry and recalled the shepherd to North Korea and replaced him with another general. The new strategy will be to meet the challenge; Every time the Huns came, he led the army to attack and lost several times. For more than a year, soldiers suffered many casualties and could not graze in the north. The prince of Zhao had no choice but to ask Li Mu to defend the Great Wall again. Li Mu goldbrick, overseers, refused to life. Zhao Wang is a strong shepherd. Let the shepherd guard the north. Li Mu said to the prince of Zhao, "Wang Yi wants to use me. I still use the previous strategy. I dare to be ordered only if you agree. " Zhao Wang had to agree. Li Mu arrived at the Great Wall, as before. After several years, the Huns got nothing. In the end, however, I was afraid of Li Mu. Zhao Shoubian's soldiers "are willing to fight every day if they are rewarded or not." Therefore, Li Mu chose 1, 300 chariots, 1, 300 horses, 50,000 soldiers who could defeat the enemy and capture generals, and 1, 000,000 sharpshooters to train and fight. After practice, I will do a lot of animal husbandry. North of the Great Wall, there are people and animals everywhere. When the Huns heard about it, they came to plunder it. Small entry, grazing will fail, and people and animals will be responsible. Khan was overjoyed, so he led his troops south. Li Mu set an ambush in advance, and under the attack of Zhang's left and right wings, he defeated more than 65,438+10,000 people in tarkan. Khan was defeated and fled to the north. After 10 years, the Huns dared not go near the Zhao Great Wall. Zhao defeated the enemy, destroyed East Lake and surrendered. In this way, the northern part of Zhao is very calm and the people live and work in peace and contentment. From here, we can clearly see the great role of Zhao Great Wall in military defense.

At the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty, Xiongnu crossed the Great Wall built by Qin and Meng Tian in the Central Plains War and was bounded by the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period. Due to the disrepair of the Great Wall and the scarcity of defenders in the north, the powerful Xiongnu continued to plunder the Great Wall and went deep into Daigu, Taiyuan, Xihe, Shang Jun and Beidi counties. Emperor Gaozu, Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi were forced to adopt a pro-Xiongnu policy. Marry a princess to be E Shi (queen) for Khan and give him a lot of wealth. However, even this dilapidated Great Wall has played a role in military defense to a certain extent. If it weren't for the Xiongnu army, it would be impossible to enter the Great Wall and plunder. Secondly, if the defenders are effective, even with the Xiongnu army, they can't enter the Great Wall. Like Li Guang, Cheng Wu is also a famous Great Wall Guardian. He was very strict in running the army and was always on guard against the Huns' surprise attack, which also showed that the Great Wall of the Warring States period played a certain role. Later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, GongSunHe, Gong and others attacked the Huns, all of which were based on Zhao and Qin Changcheng. This shows that until the early Western Han Dynasty, the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period was still playing a military defense role, although its defense ability was much worse than that in the Warring States period. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty drove the Huns to Mobei, restored the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian and built the Outer Great Wall that the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States was abandoned and the military defense function ended.

Third, the historical and practical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.

The Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period has important historical value. First of all, it shows that only by building the Great Wall and increasing a certain number of troops can the lightning attack of nomadic cavalry in the north be prevented. Without the Great Wall, even with a large number of infantry and cavalry, it is still impossible to defend. The historical facts of the Warring States period proved this point. Because the Great Wall was an effective military defense project, it was later adopted by Qin Shihuang. After Qin Shihuang expelled Xiongnu to Mobei, he ordered Meng Tian to build a new Great Wall immediately.

Secondly, the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period is quite scientific. It was basically built by taking advantage of the dangerous situation of mountains and rivers. Build tall and thick walls in mountain passes and plains to cut off the entrance and exit of Xiongnu and East Lake cavalry. In addition to the Great Wall, beacon towers have been built at the commanding heights inside and outside, which are used to detect the enemy's situation, deliver news and prepare the defenders on the Great Wall. Barricades will be built at traffic intersections and valleys, and the garrison will strengthen the defense capability of the Great Wall. Within the Great Wall, large cities with garrisons will be built at regular intervals, and communication networks will be set up to deliver news quickly, and unified command and mutual support will be carried out. The Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms and its supporting buildings, such as beacon towers, barriers and city walls, constitute a complete military defense system. This military defense system is scientific and effective. It provides a model for later military defense projects. Although the Qin Changcheng built by Meng Tian is newly built, it is obvious that he designed it on the basis of referring to the Great Wall buildings of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States period, and at the same time, he learned from each other's strong points. For example, he uses mountains and rivers to build cities and obstacles because they are dangerous. He built the Great Wall on a high mountain, making use of ridges and peaks as much as possible, making it impossible for tarquin to cross it. Try to use the river as a barrier, and try to build the Great Wall to the north of the river so that the enemy can't get water. On the hills and plains, build tall city walls, or build them with earth and stone clips or rammed with earth. The sections of the Great Wall are connected into a magnificent dragon to separate the north from the south. Compared with the Great Wall of the Three Kingdoms, the beacon tower in Qin Changcheng has been improved. They are all built on the open hills outside the Great Wall. According to the terrain, there is one in every 10, 20 and 30 miles. The barrier city has also been improved, and two barrier cities, north and south, have been built at traffic intersections or taniguchi. The cities where large troops are stationed are all built to the south of the Great Wall and are closely connected with it. It can be said that Qin Changcheng's highly scientific architectural system is the inheritance and development of the Great Wall architectural system of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States Period.

Finally, the historical value of the Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan in the Warring States not only shows the great spirit of the Chinese nation more than 2,200 years ago, but also shows the high wisdom, superb military scientific level and high scientific culture of the people of China at that time.

[Edit this paragraph] The defense engineering system of the Great Wall

The Great Wall, which stretches across Wan Li, is not only a single wall, but a complete defense engineering system composed of various fortifications such as the wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo and Zhencheng beacon tower. This national defense engineering system is commanded and controlled by military command systems at all levels. Taking the Ming Great Wall as an example, nine military jurisdictions, Liaodong, Yuji, Fu Xuan, Datong, Shaanxi, Yulin, Ningxia, Guyuan and Gansu, were set up on the defense line of the Great Wall in Wan Li, and the Great Wall with a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers was defended and restored, starting from Yalu River in the east and reaching Jiayuguan in the west. It is called the "Nine Borders Town", and each town has a company commander as the military chief of this section of the Great Wall, under the command of the Ministry of War. The defensive forces along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty were about 1 10,000 people. The company commanders are generally stationed in the town, while other officials at all levels are stationed in health centers, city camps, Guancheng and enemy towers and piers on the city walls.

[Edit this paragraph] National defense engineering building of the Great Wall

The defense engineering building of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than two thousand years. First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the experience of "blocking roads because of dangerous terrain". This principle has been followed for more than two thousand years and has become an important basis for military deployment. Based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", many structural methods have been created. There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also used, which is called "ingenuity". In today's Yumenguan, Yangguan, Xinjiang and other places in Gansu Province, this section of the Great Wall remains in the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago.

● The wall of the Great Wall

It is the main part of this defense project. It is built on steep mountains or plains, and it is built according to the needs of topography and defense function. The places built in plains or passes are very tall and strong, while in steep mountainous areas, they are relatively low and narrow, in order to save manpower and cost. Even some of them can't be built in the steepest place, and the methods of "cliff" and "chopping gable" are conveniently adopted. The walls of Juyongguan, Badaling and the Great Wall in Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and other areas have a building wall on the top of the wall, which is more than one meter high to prevent patrol soldiers from falling. Outside is the crib wall, about 2 meters high. The upper part of the stack wall is provided with a lookout, and the lower part is provided with a shooting hole and a rolling stone hole, which are used for observing the enemy situation and shooting rolling stones. On the top of some important city walls, there are also layers of barriers to resist the enemies who boarded the city walls, just in case. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, when the famous anti-Japanese star Qi Jiguang was transferred to Yuji Town as the company commander, the fortifications of the Great Wall were greatly improved, and enemy towers or platforms were set at the top of the wall to accommodate patrol soldiers and store weapons, food and socks, which greatly strengthened the defensive function of the Great Wall.

● Guancheng

It is the most concentrated defensive stronghold on the defense line of Wan Li Great Wall. The position of Guancheng is very important, because it is chosen on a favorable defensive terrain, and it receives the effect of resisting powerful invaders with very few troops. In ancient times, it was called "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it", which vividly explained the importance of Guancheng. Guancheng along the Great Wall is large and small, with a large number. As far as the Guancheng of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty is concerned, there are nearly 1,000 Shanhaiguan, Huangyaguan, Juyongguan, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, Pingxingguan, Yanmenguan, Pianguan, Jiayuguan, Yangguan and Yumenguan in the Han Dynasty. There are many small passes near some Daguancheng. For example, there are more than a dozen Xiaoguancheng near Shanhaiguan, which together constitute the defense engineering architecture system of the Great Wall of Wan Li. Some important passes have several lines of defense, such as Juyongguan, Nanguan, Beiguan and Shangguan. Badaling, the north entrance, is the most important outpost of Juyongguan.