Document request: 1998-2000 How dry is the Yellow River?

The uneven distribution of rainfall over the years is prone to drought and flood disasters. In the 1990s, drought and flood coexisted and appeared alternately. 1991-In 2000, there were 15 long-term droughts in 7 years, including 6 large-scale droughts. 194 The area of spring drought was 250,000 mu. From 1994 to 65438+February to 1995, the Yellow River cannot take water in the dry season. The county was affected by 370,000 mu, with a severe disaster of120,000 mu. The affected areas of Sanguanmiao, Feng Tang and other towns and villages accounted for 86.8%, accounting for one third of the severe disasters. 1995165438+10 to1996 in March, 270,000 mu was affected. 1997 The worst drought occurred from June to September since meteorological records began, exceeding 1942. The county was affected by 400,000 mu, with severe disaster150,000 mu, and the water wells were partially cut off. 1September, 1998 to1February, 1999, only12.9mm precipitation occurred, and the county was affected by 770,000 mu, with 470,000 mu of severe disaster, which was the most extensive, largest area ratio and longest duration drought in 10 years. 2000 is the year with the least rainfall in the same period since the meteorological record in zhongmou county, with scattered rainfall. There was basically no effective rainfall in the first half of the year. During this period, dry hot wind 15 days, sand blowing for 9 days and floating dust for 7 days. According to the soil sampling survey, the water content of 0-50 cm topsoil is below 7.5%, and the county is affected by 740,000 mu, with a severe disaster of126,000 mu.

Drought-resistant documentary

In the dry years, 1994 winter solstice 1995 spring, 1998 autumn solstice 1999 spring, and the first half of 2000 have the greatest impact. Their * * * feature is that there was a drought in the previous year or stage, and moderate rain only eased part of the drought, followed by continuous rainless weather.

From the winter solstice of 1994 to the spring of 0995, the county government sent 400 cadres to Baocun to organize drought relief. The county invested more than 4.5 million yuan, drilled 8,680 electric wells, invested 8,900 sets of machinery, dispatched 80,000 laborers, watered 497,000 mu of wheat and garlic, and recovered losses of more than 78 million yuan. The Water Conservancy Bureau invested 300,000 yuan in drought relief, repaired more than 800 machine wells 1.800, and newly drilled 23 wells 1, and equipped the drought relief service team with 4 mobile sprinkler irrigation machines, increasing the daily irrigation amount1mu.

From autumn of 1998 to spring of 1999, it didn't rain for more than 70 days, and the water output of motor wells dropped sharply, and there was no water to draw from the Yellow River, making it difficult for people and animals to draft. After the Spring Festival, the first meeting held by the county government was the drought relief work conference. In the meantime, the county organized four drought-resistant climaxes, invested more than 27 million yuan, dispatched 6.5438+0.8 million laborers and irrigated 2.8 million mu.

In the first half of 2000, due to abundant precipitation in 1999 in winter, good soil moisture, paralysis of people in the early stage of drought, and frequent dry and hot winds in the later stage, wheat was premature and production was reduced, and autumn crops could not be sown in time. In order to ensure a bumper harvest and scramble for seeds, the county government organized excavation to lead Huang Qu, and dispatched more than 400 cadres to organize drought relief. The county * * * dispatched labor force 1 10000 people, and irrigated 639,500 mu of land to fight drought.

Drinking water project for people and livestock

1992 Start the drinking water project for people and livestock. 1992- 1995, the project is built in the form of work-for-relief, with financial support from cities and counties, and some funds are raised by the village. The main forms of the project are drilling deep wells, installing pressure tanks and centralized water supply; During the period, * * * used special funds of 560,000 yuan to build a drinking water project for people and livestock 17, drill deep wells 18, install pressure vessels 17, and solve the problems in Feng Tang, Diaojia, Sanguanmiao and Huangdian villages 17. 1996- 1998, the project payment was changed to the municipal financial input, the county financial support, and the beneficiary villages raised some funds themselves. During this period, the municipal finance * * * invested 600,000 yuan to build five drinking water projects for people and animals, drill five new wells and install five sets of pressure vessels, thus solving 6,450 problems in three villages, namely Sanguanmiao, Diaojia and Dameng.

prevent flooding

The precipitation in zhongmou county varies greatly from year to year and from season to season, and most of the precipitation is concentrated in summer. Because of some uneven terrain and poor drainage, it is easy to cause waterlogging, and the influence of the Yellow River and Jia Luhe makes the flood control task even heavier. 1994, 1996, there were torrential rains in the summer of 2000.1August 1996, the flow of the Yellow River reached 7650 cubic meters per second, which caused heavy losses. In order to do a good job in flood control, the county party committee and the county government set up a flood control headquarters with the secretary of the county party committee as the political commissar and the county magistrate as the commander, and there are county flood control offices and yellow river, inland river and county flood control offices. All townships, counties and units stationed in counties have established flood control institutions, organized rescue commandos, made good preparations for flood control and rescue materials, and made good duty and rescue work in flood season.

Yellow river flood control

The defensive front of the Yellow River levee in Zhongmu section is long and there are many dangerous points. It is one of the weakest levee sections in the downstream flood control project and belongs to the national flood control guarantee levee section. In the history of Zhongmou section of the Yellow River, there have been 25 breaches, each of which has brought heavy disasters. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, although dikes and flood control facilities have been reinforced many times, due to the wide, shallow, scattered and chaotic rivers in this section, the mainstream is vacillating, and the "second-class suspended river" situation of high troughs, low beaches and dikes is becoming more and more serious, and the flood control situation is grim. In the 1990s, a lot of manpower and material resources were invested to reinforce dikes, repair dangerous works, reinforce dikes by silting back, and strictly implement the responsibility system for flood control, so as to ensure that when the Huayuankou Station has a flood of 22,000m3/s, the riverbanks in China will not burst, and there are preparations and countermeasures to deal with the over-standard flood, so as to control the losses to a minimum.

Flood prevention preparation: make preparations for fighting floods and grabbing major risks throughout the year, and make serious preparations and implement them before flood season every year.

Ideological implementation: widely publicize the flood control law, implement the policy of "safety first, constant vigilance, prevention first and all-out rescue", improve the people's sense of urgency and responsibility for flood control in the Yellow River, and consciously devote themselves to flood control, flood fighting and disaster relief.

Organization and implementation: organize a five-level flood control team. In 2000, 339 employees of the River Affairs Bureau formed a professional team, which was divided into mobile rescue teams, agency rescue teams, material supply teams, logistics support teams, group defense teams, technical guidance personnel and communication support personnel. Three townships along the Yellow River and Dameng, Liuji Township 1.9 million are the first-line group defense backbone teams, and 28,000 other townships are the second-line. Group defense teams include flood prevention and rescue backbone teams, dike patrol defense teams, transport teams, gate guards, flood control lighting teams, and Qian 'an rescue teams. There are 2,700 flood control teams at county level and county level, which are responsible for dike inspection, transportation, public security prevention, communication and power supply, logistics support, etc. There are 800 flood control troops in the garrison, of which1991-kloc-0/998 is mainly a garrison and three armed police detachments, and 1999-2000 is mainly a garrison and Zhengzhou Armed Police Command School.

Technical implementation: organize technical training every year, and the technical personnel of the River Bureau are responsible for teaching and operation training to improve emergency operation ability and enhance combat effectiveness. 10 was mainly conducted by holding classes, distributing materials and organizing drills.

Implementation of tools and materials: professional preparation, social preparation and mass preparation. In 2000, the County River Bureau reserved professional materials, including 90,000 cubic meters of stone, 44 tons of iron wire, 23 tons of hemp, 4,000 wooden stakes, 20,000 woven bags, 3 assault boats, generators 123 kW, and other professional tools and materials. Social materials are reserved by county material companies, supply and marketing cooperatives and other units, mainly including hemp 10 tons, lead wire 50 tons, woven bags 100, oil 200 tons, striped cloth10.5 million meters, 200 transport vehicles, shovels, rain gear and so on. A large number of materials are stored by towns and villages, including 654.38+0.5 million kilograms of willow stalks, 25,000 bags, wooden stakes, shovels and motor vehicles. Principle of using tool materials: prepare materials professionally, manage materials well and use them at any time; Social materials are prepared to find out the source of materials, keep them separately and call them uniformly; The masses prepare materials instead of collecting them, and pay after use.

Implementation of the responsibility system: establish the "three-long responsibility system" for counties, townships (towns) and villages, strengthen the flood control responsibility system with the head responsibility system as the core, clarify the work responsibilities, and sign defense responsibility letters at different levels, so as to make the responsibilities clear and people responsible.

Yellow river emergency rescue

199 1 year, influenced by Tongzhai water diversion project, the main stream of the Yellow River moved northward after entering yangqiao, and after leaving Zhaokou dangerous project, a north-south oblique river was formed at the dam of Jiubao water diversion project 134 ~1year, and the large sliding roof rushed to the lower end of the project. From March 26th to June 60th, five dams below 1 134 were out of danger continuously, and in late September, 139 and 140 dams were out of danger continuously. In the year of Jiubao's control and guidance, 6 projects were out of danger 5 1 time, and 6390 cubic meters of emergency stone were put into use.

1992 * * Dam-break accident 17 times, including 7900 cubic meters of earth and stone, 265438 cubic meters of stone, 2900 kilograms of lead wire, 65438 kilograms of hemp and 65438 kilograms of willow straw. The largest flood peak since 1982 appeared in early August, with the maximum sediment concentration of 535 kg/m3, and only 546 kg/m3 after 1977. The water level is high. At the maximum flood peak, the water level in yangqiao is 90.55 meters and the water level in Jiubao is 87.9 meters, which are the highest water levels since 1949. The operation is slow. The first flood peak entered yangqiao at 8: 00 on August 14, and passed the lower bound on August 17 13. August 4 18, 18, Jiubao control guide 140 dam bend; At 8: 00 on June 5th, 65438, the river channel rose to 3440 m3/s, and all the dams were near the river channel. At 8 o'clock on June 6, 65438+6, it rose to 6260 cubic meters per second, and the water level in Jiubao was 87.9 meters high, exceeding the fortification standard; At 4: 09 on June 5438+07, all the control forts were flooded, and the water level at the top of the dam was 0.3 meters higher on average. 16, 18, organized 5000 migrant workers and 400 people from county-level units and the third detachment of the armed police to raise the weir body of Nanren Village overnight. The height of the 4800-meter weir is increased 1 meter in 24 hours, and the top width is 2 meters. More than 8000 cubic meters of earthwork, 654.38+million woven bags and 30 tons of diesel oil have been completed. 17 At 4 o'clock on June, all groins in Jiubao overflowed, even the dikes between 124 ~ 125, 136 ~ 138 overflowed, and most molecules leaked. The 500 workers and the group defense team of the River Affairs Bureau, regardless of the fatigue for several days in a row, continued to fight, and at 4-7 o'clock, they were more vigilant. 14-2 1 emergency rescue, * * invested 2,635 workers and 93,900 yuan to complete 6,030 cubic meters of earthwork, using straw bags19,420, 665 woven bags, 50 sacks and 80,436 kilograms of willow straw.

1from the beginning of July, 1994 to 17/0/0, there were 67 dam-break accidents in Zhongmou section, including 568,600kg of willow straw, 7,377.6m3 of stone, 7,977.4kg of lead wire and 5/kloc-0 of flax.

From early July to mid-August, heavy rain fell in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. The measured flow at Huayuankou of the first flood peak is 4650 cubic meters per second. On July 65, 438+00, it arrived at yangqiao 265, 438+0, on June 65, 438+03, and Jiubao controlled and guided 65, 438+037 dam and 65, 438+03 dam. At the beginning of August, the water level in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River soared. At 8: 20 on August 8, the measured flow at Huayuankou was 6260 cubic meters per second. On August 8th, 12 arrived in yangqiao, and Jiubao was in charge of a large flow. 14 1 Dam was in danger. On August 17, the main stream moved outward from below Zhaokou sluice, forming a north river regime, and forming a north-south syncline river above Jiubao Control Guide 136 dam. The main sliding roof project is the first, and it rises and falls between the dams of 136 ~ 14 1, and the backwashing is serious, 65438. At 24: 30 on the 20th, the 138 dam collapsed more than 60 meters in front of the water, with a width of 8.6 meters. At 9: 30 on 2 1 day, the 8-meter-long dome of 137 dam collapsed, and the 138 dam and 139 dam were in great danger one after another. On the morning of September 2, at 1, Jiubao successively controlled the pilot dam 134 and 135, and 200 employees of the River Bureau fought for 26 hours before being controlled. From September 30th to June 30th, 65438+1 October1year, the dam of Jiubao Control Guide 124 ~ 126 was in danger one after another, and the staff of the River Affairs Bureau rushed to guard it day and night.

1995 emergency rescue has two characteristics: first, there are many emergency rescues in non-flood season. From late February to mid-March, the main sliding roof rushed to Jiubao for control and guidance, and 125, 134, 14 1 dam was out of danger many times. From July 17 to July 181October 27 * * Four dams were out of danger 15 times, and the rescue investment was 376,000 yuan. Second, the flow is not large, but the water level is high and there are many floodplains. On July 20th, 2 1, the flow rate was 3 160m3/s, and the water level of Yangqiao was 89.91m. Some dangerous workers in yangqiao depend on water, and all the dangerous workers in Bay Beach, Zhaokou and Jiubao flooded the beach. The water depth of the beach is above 1m, and all the crops in the dangerous section are flooded, resulting in an economic loss of 8 million yuan.

1996, riprap is 9 100 cubic meters, embankment and wave nest are backfilled with 58,760 cubic meters of earthwork, dams, piles, revetment and flat stone cushion are repaired 167.3 cubic meters, and landslide prevention stones are arranged with 8,600 cubic meters; Repair the fence for 350 meters. The total investment for flood control is 7,753,700 yuan.

1July, 99816th13rd, the measured flow at Zhengzhou Huayuankou was 4,700 cubic meters per second, with the highest water level of 94.38 meters and the over-warning water level of 0.08 meters. Jiubao controlled and guided 138 ~ 14 1 dam landslide along the river, and the county flooded 29,000 mu of cultivated land. During the whole flood season, there were 42 accidents of 6 dams, including 6,229.7 cubic meters of stone, 416,000 kilograms of willow straw, 0.3 1 ton of hemp, 904.2 cubic meters of earth and stone, 3,269 rescue workers, and the investment was1046,200 yuan.

2000 was an extremely rare dry year, and there was no flood above1000 m3/s. Only the newly-built Zhaokou No.7 and No.8 dams were out of danger for 37 times, with 4,578 m3 of emergency riprap, 6866kg of wicker grass 1000kg of lead wire and 21rescue personnel.

"96? 8 "Flood fighting and emergency rescue"

On August 2nd 1996, there was a flood peak of 5000 m3/s, and the three-day discharge reached 7650 m3/s, which was the largest flood peak of the Yellow River after 1982. On the 4th, Kang Peiyuan, commander of the county flood control headquarters, led the rescue team to the beach area and built a flood control weir with a length of 7,500 meters, a top width of 1.5 meters and a height of 2.5 meters in Sunbazhuang-Donglangchenggang, a first-line village threatened by floods. On the evening of 4th, the joint dam below Jiubao Control Guide Dam 122 drilled holes along the dam, thus avoiding the danger of flood along the dam. On 5th 14, the water level at Huayuankou reached 95.33 meters, and all four dangerous workers in Zhongmou section ran into the river, some of them were on the Daliu River, and the No.74 dam of Zhaokou Dangerous Workers was hit by the Daliu River. The water level of Jiubao Water Diversion Project exceeds the height of dam crest by 0.3m, and the water depth of cultivated land in the beach area is more than 2m. The flood rushes eastward along the low-lying areas along the river, and Gong Ping levee and eight villages in the beach area are in danger. On 6th 10, the flood overflowed the beach area and rushed eastward to 59+000 along the low-lying area along the Pirano River. The levee is 50+000, resulting in a depth of more than 2 meters in the 9 km flat section, hollowing out the lower part of the intersection between Dong Zhang and Shangdi, causing traffic disruption and cutting off the way out for 8 villages19,000 people in the beach area. At 6 o'clock on June 2, 65438, eight natural villages in the beach area were safely transferred outside the dike, which was the first large-scale safe transfer of people in the beach area after the 1950s. * * * 4,700 motor vehicles were dispatched, people were transferred 1.5 million, large livestock 1.5 million, and grain was 9.9 million Jin.

During the flood, more than 300 employees of the River Affairs Bureau patrolled the dike to check the water day and night in the rain, and the first-line township emergency rescue team stationed 200 people per kilometer in the dike section. In this rescue, county-level units and county-level responsible units dispatched a total of 5,000 rescue teams, 650 armed police officers and soldiers, and rural people10.5 million; Input oil 150 tons, motor vehicles 1200 vehicles, 200,000 woven bags and 200,000 cubic meters of earthwork, with an investment of 3 million yuan.

Inland river flood control

Before the flood season every year, the county flood control headquarters holds a special meeting, and the inland river flood control office (referred to as the internal defense office) formulates a detailed flood control plan to ensure that "the flood within the standard is safe and the flood beyond the standard has countermeasures". Every year, dragnet inspection is carried out in rivers, reservoirs and flood detention areas in Jia Luhe and counties to remove buildings and trees that affect flood discharge and repair dangerous projects. Every year during the flood season, the Internal Defense Office will open a dedicated telephone and be on duty 24 hours a day to keep abreast of the rain, water and work conditions. In case of distress, it will report to the county flood control headquarters in time and organize personnel to rescue. In case of serious danger or river burst, the county flood control headquarters will organize forces to rescue. Inland river flood control materials shall be quantitatively reserved by units designated by the county flood control headquarters, and flood control reserve materials shall not be sold before the end of the flood season. Flood control projects that need to be repaired shall be repaired in time. 1995, protecting 420 meters of bend in the west of Jia Luhe and completing 634 cubic meters of masonry; 1996, protect the bend in the east of Jia Luhe by 300m, and complete the earthwork by 21600m3.

Inland River Rescue1994 In late June, a sudden rainstorm caused the water level in Jia Luhe to skyrocket, and a breach was formed on the right bank downstream of the Middle East Highway Bridge on July 3. More than 200 armed police officers and soldiers, more than 400 government cadres and workers, and farmers rescued and blocked the mouth. Due to the fierce water potential and large flow, the breach was not blocked, which flooded 800 mu of farmland and directly lost more than 400 thousand yuan.

On the morning of August 4th, 1996 South Jia Luhe levee (built by county forest farm) in Dahengzhuang village, Dameng Township burst because its height and width were not up to standard. Armed police officers and soldiers, government employees, farmers, etc. 1 10,000 people rescued and blocked the breach, and dispatched sandbags10.2 million. That night 18 blocked the breach and preserved 6000 mu of state-owned forest (including 2000 mu of experimental forest for controlling stem borers set up by the Ministry of Forestry).

From 20: 00 on July 5 to 8: 00 on July 6, 2000, there was a general rainstorm (for details, see "Documentary Report on the Extraordinary Flood in 2000" 19). At 8 o'clock on the 6th, an emergency joint meeting of the leaders of the four major teams in the county was held, announcing that the county was in a state of emergency for flood control and flood fighting, and requiring all cadres and workers in all townships and counties directly under the county to invest in flood fighting and disaster relief work, focusing on the relocation, resettlement and rescue of the besieged people and ensuring their lives. More than 200 cadres and workers, 1 0,000 police officers, 1 0,50 armed police officers and soldiers moved more than 6,000 people from 2 1 000 households trapped by floods in Dongzhang Township 15 villages in the hardest hit area overnight, and the relocation was completed on17 morning. By the evening of the 7th, the county had transferred and resettled the victims10.5 million, with no casualties.

In 2000, there were 50,000 logs (timber companies), 7,500 meters of striped cloth, 65,438 kilograms of hemp rope, 5,000 bamboo poles, 20,000 shovels (county supply and marketing cooperatives), 4,000 kilograms of iron wire (county supply and marketing cooperatives, commercial corporations and material companies) and 300,000 woven bags (fertilizer plants). Truck 1200 (commercial corporation, material company and grain bureau), 2,000 sets of lighting appliances (commercial corporation and electric power bureau), 50,000m of cable (electric power bureau), 0/00t of diesel oil/kloc, 80t of gasoline (oil company), 5,000 sets of rain gear (commercial corporation) and cement.

County flood control

The ground elevation of Zhongmu County is 76 ~ 80m, and the sewage is mainly discharged to Jia Luhe, but the elevation of the sewage outlet is only slightly higher than the normal water level in Jia Luhe. Once there is heavy precipitation and standard flood (water level 78.74 ~ 79.54m) in Jia Luhe, the river will flow backward to the county seat. Before the flood season every year, organize personnel to conduct comprehensive dredging of county sewers and regularly check and clean them up; Chengguan Town, Fertilizer Plant, Police Academy, Paper Mill and Construction Bureau dispatched 500 people to form a rescue team for flood control drills. During the flood season, chemical fertilizer plants and paper mills are responsible for retaining the water of all drains in Jia Luhe, the Construction Bureau is responsible for removing the accumulated water in the main streets of the county, and other units in the county are responsible for the flood control work of their own units, and a 24-hour flood control duty system is implemented. After the flood season in 2000, a flood gate was built at the outlet of Jia Luhe, so as to reduce the water retaining of the gate when the water in Jia Luhe rose to prevent backward flow.