Interpretation of historical geographical terms and records

1. What are the historical aspects of the interpretation of historical geographical terms in China? The battle of the Fourth Academy, the battle of water between eight ancient capitals and four famous buildings, the Zhenguan rebellion in Battle of Red Cliffs, Wang Anshi's political reform, Wang's political reform, and the fiasco of Sima Tubao.

Geographically: 1 Meiyu? A climatic feature of large-scale precipitation that often occurs in Jianghuai area in early summer. Sufficient precipitation? High relative humidity, covered with clouds, strong wind and sultry atmosphere.

2. Cold wave? Atmospheric phenomenon of large-scale cooling in winter half a year. Is the standard daily cooling higher than 10 degrees? Is the temperature anomaly higher than 10 degrees? The temperature page spacing is 5 degrees.

3. Summer drought? It happened in late July? Early August? That is, after the rainy season? Drought weather phenomenon formed under the control of subtropical high. 4. Dry and wet zonality? The distribution and contrast between land and sea form the difference between continental climate and maritime climate? What are the differences in vegetation types between the mainland and the east and west? And the difference between dry and wet landforms? This difference often changes in the direction of longitude differentiation? So it's called longitude zonality? Or dry-wet zonality.

5. The beach? The interface between land and sea? Its geomorphologic deposition is closely related to the source of soil, tide, wave and sediment.

6. Kuroshio Warm Current? Western boundary flow in the subtropical atmospheric circulation system of the North Pacific? There is a lot of traffic. Large flow? Narrow flow range? Extended tunnel? Is it characterized by high temperature and high salt? Is it dark blue because of water? See black from afar? So it's called Kuroshio.

7. Cold island effect? Shelterbelts and crops in the oasis slow down the wind speed? Strong evaporation? Use relative humidity increase? The change of underlying surface makes the temperature amplitude decrease, and the average value is lower than that of the surrounding desert. These characteristics are not only beneficial to the continuous oasis process? It also has a certain inhibitory effect on desert invasion near oasis.

8. Land resources? From the perspective of natural attributes? Refers to the natural complex composed of geology, topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation and soil? Its nature depends on the combination relationship and comprehensive characteristics of land elements. From the perspective of social attributes? It is a kind of social wealth with economic characteristics and can promote the development of agricultural production.

9. What is the law of regional differentiation? Refers to the whole landscape or geographical environment? Regular spatial differentiation occurs in a certain direction. 10. Regional culture? A geographical unit formed in a certain region? Based on a certain geographical concept, a systematic culture formed in a relatively clear geographical scope.

1 1. Traditional culture? Was it formed in the historical development of China and passed down all the way? The sum of material culture, institutional culture and spiritual culture with certain characteristics.

2. Interpretation of historical human geography terms Historical human geography is a branch of historical geography.

Study the distribution, evolution and development law of human geography phenomena in historical period. According to the research content, it is divided into: ① Historical and political geography.

Study the formation, division and change of territory and political region in historical period; Location and relocation of administrative centers at all levels. The main content of traditional evolutionary geography research in China belongs to this range; ② Historical economic geography.

It is the richest part of historical human geography, which studies the distribution, changes and laws of productive forces in a certain region (or country) in historical period. Including the regional distribution and development of agriculture, industry, handicrafts and mining; Water conservancy project construction; Changes and ups and downs of traffic routes; Utilization of natural resources; Regional economic development, etc. ③ Historical population and residential geography.

Study the distribution, changes and laws of residents in historical periods. Including the distribution and changes of population; Ethnic origin, distribution area and migration route; Immigration areas and routes, regional development and influence; The emergence, distribution, gathering and dispersion and spatial characteristics of settlements; ④ Historical military geography.

Study the distribution phenomenon and changes of military geography in historical period. Including the historical strategic significance and value of some regions and places; Research on war route; Geographical analysis of historical battles; The formation and changes of important defensive buildings such as passes, barriers, beacon towers, the Great Wall and side walls; ⑤ History, culture and geography.

Study the origin, distribution, spread and change of cultural phenomena in historical period. Spiritual elements include language, writing, religious beliefs, social customs, art, ideas and so on. Material elements include historical and cultural relics, buildings and settlement patterns.

The research object of historical human geography belongs to social and economic phenomena, which is closely related to history, economic history, archaeology and other disciplines. It is not only a marginal science between history and geography, but also a marginal science between natural science and social science.

3. What does the noun explanation of China's historical geography, geographical time and mountain classics mean? Mountain Classic is an ancient book of China in the pre-Qin period. Generally speaking, it mainly describes ancient myths, geography, products, witchcraft, religion, ancient history, medicine, folk customs, nationalities and so on. Some scholars believe that Shan Hai Jing is not only a myth, but also an ancient geography, including some overseas mountains, rivers, birds and animals. There are eighteen volumes of Shan Hai Jing, including five volumes of Shan Hai Jing, eight volumes of Hai Jing, four volumes of Huang Da Jing and one volume of Hai Nei Jing, with about 365,438+0,000 words. Recorded 100 information about geography, customs, products and other countries, 550 mountains, 300 waterways, and the scenery of various countries. Among them, Mountain Classic contains most reconnaissance records of wizards, alchemists and temple officials in past dynasties. After a long period of biography, it will be exaggerated, but it still has high reference value.

The Shanjing River was considered as the mouth of the Yellow River in the early Warring States period. The ancient Yellow River downstream "the mountain passes through the big river" seen in the pre-Qin literature is ignored by the world because there is no record of river runoff in the Mountain Classic. In recent years, Tan Qixiang found that after the Gong Yu River reached Shenxian County, Hebei Province, the "mountains and rivers" branched off and flowed northward, then merged with Tuotuo River, and then flowed northward to the south of Lixian County.

Geographical time: Due to the rotation of the earth from west to east, different regions in the same latitude see the sunrise early and late, and the eastern time is earlier than the western time. This different time due to different latitudes is local time. Every eastward 15 degrees, the time is early 1 hour, and every westward 15 degrees, the time is late 1 hour.

4. Interpretation of historical human geography terms Historical human geography is a branch of historical geography.

Study the distribution, evolution and development law of human geography phenomena in historical period. According to the research content, it is divided into: ① Historical and political geography.

Study the formation, division and change of territory and political region in historical period; Location and relocation of administrative centers at all levels. The main content of traditional evolutionary geography research in China belongs to this range; ② Historical economic geography.

It is the richest part of historical human geography, which studies the distribution, changes and laws of productive forces in a certain region (or country) in historical period. Including the regional distribution and development of agriculture, industry, handicrafts and mining; Water conservancy project construction; Changes and ups and downs of traffic routes; Utilization of natural resources; Regional economic development, etc. ③ Historical population and residential geography.

Study the distribution, changes and laws of residents in historical periods. Including the distribution and changes of population; Ethnic origin, distribution area and migration route; Immigration areas and routes, regional development and influence; The emergence, distribution, gathering and dispersion and spatial characteristics of settlements; ④ Historical military geography.

Study the distribution phenomenon and changes of military geography in historical period. Including the historical strategic significance and value of some regions and places; Research on war route; Geographical analysis of historical battles; The formation and changes of important defensive buildings such as passes, barriers, beacon towers, the Great Wall and side walls; ⑤ History, culture and geography.

Study the origin, distribution, spread and change of cultural phenomena in historical period. Spiritual elements include language, writing, religious beliefs, social customs, art, ideas and so on. Material elements include historical and cultural relics, buildings and settlement patterns.

The research object of historical human geography belongs to social and economic phenomena, which is closely related to history, economic history, archaeology and other disciplines. It is not only a marginal science between history and geography, but also a marginal science between natural science and social science.

5. Interpretation of historical geographical terms in China (1). Supervise the army. Biography of Sima Yi in Historical Records: "I am willing to be your favorite, national respect and military commander." "Biography of eunuch Gao Lishi in the Old Tang Dynasty": "The overseers have the right to celebrate the holidays, and they are listed in the county." "Biography of Chen Xinjia in Ming Dynasty": "If Qi escapes from the sea, the official will plead guilty. Xinjia defended him and made him go out to supervise the army. " Guo Moruo's "Hai Ji Tao Tu Jia Bu": "According to the official system, the party representatives are in parallel with the commander-in-chief, and they have the responsibility of supervising the army."

(2). Official name. An official who supervises the army.

Chinese name

Supervisory army

spell

Jiān Jin

Note sound

ㄐㄧㄢ ㄐㄩㄣ

tidy

Historical Records Biography of Sima Rang

The development of history

In ancient times, the prison army was temporarily dispatched to serve as military assistant and chief inspector on behalf of the imperial court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed a special envoy to supervise the army. Whether in the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the provinces were called military supervisors, also known as military supervisors. There are also military sub-zones, which are also the duties of the army. At the end of sui dynasty, the imperial censor supervised the army, and Tang Xuanzong began to supervise the army with officials. After the middle Tang Dynasty, he was released from prison and contended with the commander-in-chief. In the Ming Dynasty, censors or eunuchs were the supervisors, specializing in judging crimes, rewarding and punishing. Clean up the waste.

6. Ask for help: What is historical geography? What exactly is it about? Some people think that history plus geography is of course incorrect. In fact, historical geography is a subject that studies the changes and laws of geographical environment (including nature and humanity) in historical periods. Its research object is no different from modern geography, but individual elements cannot be studied because of insufficient data. The main difference between them is the time difference. Modern geography studies current environmental changes, while historical geography studies historical periods.

So, how to divide the historical period? We believe that history is about human activities, and the historical period of historical geography is the beginning of human influence on geographical environment in history. The greatest influence of human beings on the natural environment begins with human agriculture, and too primitive people have little or no influence on the geographical environment. There are many opinions about when agriculture originated, but in the Neolithic age, agricultural development did reach a certain level. Rice remains found at Hemudu site in Yuyao. According to textual research, it is human rather than wild, obviously not primitive agriculture. So the upper limit of the historical period is basically 10 thousand years ago. It is difficult to determine the lower limit, which is roughly based on the change of geographical environment until it is exactly the same as the present situation, and then it is the task of modern geography rather than the category of historical geography.

Like modern geography, historical geography is divided into two branches: physical geography and human geography. Physical geography mainly studies natural environments such as rivers, lakes and deserts, while human geography mainly studies population, economy, cities, customs and culture. The former belongs to natural science, while the latter belongs to social science. Evolutionary geography has existed in the traditional history of China for more than two thousand years.

7. The explanation of world geographical terms has finally been summed up!

Anglo-Saxon America—

North America, in economic and political geography, refers to America north of the southern border of the United States, which is also commonly known as Anglo-Saxon America. The United States and Canada occupy most of North America, and these two countries are greatly influenced by British colonization (Anglo-Saxon). The main language is English, which is significantly different from Latin America, which is mainly influenced by western and Portuguese cultures.

Chinnock wind—

At the turn of spring and summer, in the great plain area north of 40 north latitude and east of the Rocky Mountains, the westerly wind crosses the Rocky Mountains and sinks, and the burning wind formed at the eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains is called Chinnock wind. (Burning wind is called Blah wind in Europe)

Sunshine zone—

The "sunshine zone" in the United States is a concept that appeared in the 1970s. Generally speaking, it refers to the area south of 37 north latitude. The general scope is: California on the Pacific coast in the west, North Carolina on the Atlantic coast in the east, the middle reaches of the Mississippi River in the north and the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The sunshine zone means that the south is "a zone with abundant sunshine and mild climate, which is suitable for human habitation", and it also means that all walks of life in this zone are thriving and the economy is booming. This area, once famous for poverty, racial discrimination and population outflow, attracted a large number of people to move in because of its low housing prices. With the migration of population and rich local energy and agricultural resources, the layout of emerging industries in the southern United States has been attracted, thus forming the Southern Industrial Zone, one of the three major industrial zones in the United States. We call it America's "sunshine zone".

Pleria community—

It is a plant community in the temperate steppe of North America. Mainly distributed in the eastern Rocky Mountains and the western Mississippi River. The grass cover is composed of Gramineae plants, and its height is 1.5 meters. The soil is fertile, rich in humus and full of flowers in spring. Suitable for developing animal husbandry.

Hillea community—

The tropical evergreen rainforest in South America is often called Hillea community. The composition of plant species is extremely rich and mixed with each other, and few pure forests are formed, many of which are endemic to South America. The height of the tree can reach 80- 100 m, and some tree species have slab roots at the bottom of the trunk.

Shabala community—

In the subtropical summer dry climate, plants generally have the ecological characteristics of evergreen, hard and smooth leaves, mostly deciduous shrubs higher than 2 meters. These plants are typically distributed in the Pacific coast of South America at 40-30 N, extending from British Columbia to Baja California, and are called zabala Community (called Markey Community in Europe), and the supporting soil is brown soil.

Camp community—

Under the influence of tropical dry and wet seasons, the savanna distributed on the Brazilian plateau between the Amazon River and parana river in Brazil is called Kemp Community. Because of good drainage, it is prone to drought. Gramineae and dicotyledonous herbs are dominant in Leguminosae and Compositae.

Riano community—

Under the influence of tropical dry and wet seasons, savanna distributed in Orinoco River Plain is called Riano Community, and its appearance and species composition are different from Kemp Community. Because of the low terrain, the rainy season is often hit by floods, the soil moisture is sufficient, and the grass cover grows very luxuriantly, mostly tall grass over 2m, mainly Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Compositae.

Pampas grassland community—

It occupies the east coast of the mainland south of 30 S, including the southern edge of the Brazilian Plateau, the southern region between Uruguay and Argentina, and the eastern part of the Pambas grassland. The subtropical humid climate with low annual temperature and relatively uniform seasonal distribution of precipitation should be suitable for forest development, but in fact, except for the corridor forest on the river bank, it is basically a forestless grassland, commonly known as Pampas community. Among Gramineae, Gramineae is dominant, and there are various dicotyledons, especially Compositae. Lack of leguminous plants is a major feature of this community. In addition, due to the short history of vegetation development, endemic species are relatively poor.

Cities in valleys and waterfalls.

In the southwest of Appalachian Mountains, several geomorphic units such as foothill platform, blue ridge, ridge valley and Appalachian plateau are automatically arranged westward. The piedmont and Blue Ridge are ancient lithology, which are connected with steep cliffs along the coast. The river drops sharply here, forming a famous waterfall route, in which many cities are distributed. Blue ridge is a rugged mountain. The sedimentary rocks of Upper Paleozoic in Linggu area are mainly composed of a series of parallel folds and thrust faults, and the topography is characterized by alternating ridges and valleys and criss-crossing water systems. Appalachian Plateau, including Allegheny Plateau and Cumberland Plateau, is relatively flat.

Tonato wind

Due to the rapid warming of the great plains in spring, a high temperature and low pressure center is formed, which leads to land tornadoes. East of the American Rocky Mountains and south of the Great Lakes occur in spring and summer, with the most in spring.

Latin America

Refers to the American region south of the United States, located between 32 42' north latitude and 56 54' south latitude, including Mexico, Central America, West Indies and South America. For a long time, Spain and Portugal are both colonies of Latin Group, and most of the languages spoken in the existing countries belong to Latin Group, so they are called Latin America.

Sanbaoren

Black and Indian hybrids are called Sambo people.

Isthmus of China and America

That is, Central America is located in the narrow strip of Central America south of Mexico and north of Colombia, bordering the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Including seven countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama and Belize.