Changle Anding: Horse Camp of Ming Empire

This is a place suitable for Mu Zhi in the western part of the Ming Empire, but it was not called "Maying" at first, but called "Dahua Chuan", which may come from the homonym of Huachuan or be related to huajialing.

This place is under the jurisdiction of Tongwei County, Gongchangfu County, Shaanxi Province, but since September 6th, the 4th year of Yongle (1406), namely, the Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi Province was built in Changle, and it was classified as a military horse farm.

This year, in Beijing, the new capital of the empire, the Forbidden City began to be built, and the whole country took on a new look.

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More than 600 years ago, September of the lunar calendar was the late autumn in Gao Shuang, and the new institution of Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi began to operate. Officials at all levels have taken up their posts, such as the third-class Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi and the fourth-class Shao Qing, as well as the supervisor and deputy supervisor of Changle in Yuanzhou and Guyuan, and two supervisors who directly manage the ground in Andingyuan. ...

From a cold autumn and winter to the slow spring of the following year, castles and barracks were built in various places, and landmarks of various prisons and courtyards were erected. All the place names have been drawn, such as Zhongying Camp, Mud Camp, Shixia Camp, Yuanchuan Camp, Xumen Camp and Shuangjing Camp of Anding Park. The 2,965,438+03 sergeants sent by the imperial court were ordered one after another, and the offerings of horses and van people in the tea-horse trade also arrived in batches as instructed. Each team leader under the dragon manages fifty shepherds, and each shepherd manages ten horses. ...

Forty-two years after the publication of The History of Ming Dynasty, six prisons, including Changle in Ma Yuan, Shaanxi Province, and twenty-four courtyards, including Kaicheng, were located in this mansion (Pingliang mansion), Qingyang mansion and Changgong mansion. At that time, Changle and Lingwu were set up first, and each governor led four hospitals, and two houses were set up first. In the sixth year of Yongle, it was increased to six prisons and twenty-four hospitals, among which Changle prison has four hospitals: Kaicheng, Anding, Guangning and Bilong. At that time, there were 96 military horse farms in the country, and only 9 were left by the end of the Ming Dynasty. Andingyuan is only one ninth of this. "The grass grows in spring and the horse grows in the garden. The scene of "harvesting and feeding when the winter grass is dry" lasted for nearly 240 years. In the long years spanning three centuries, I don't know how many war horses rushed into the ranks of the army from here, and I don't know how many people from all over the world performed many heartbreaking stories here. ...

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Let's talk about the past When Qin Zhaoxiang was king, Qin Changcheng in central Gansu crossed this place. Later, Anding Hospital was located in central Qin Changcheng, starting from Longxi County and ending in Beidi County. Although it is cold and remote, it is a rich pasture, as in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.

"Jiajing Pingliang Mansion Records" once outlined the four sides of Anding Garden: "Suolonggou in the east, Jiangang Mountain in the south, Chanmushan and Baima Temple in the west, and Chen Jianzu Village in Tuoyu, Lizheng Mountain in the north. Eighty miles vertically and seventy miles horizontally. There are more than 52,604 hectares of wasteland and 18 monuments. "Six hundred years later, in 2004, Maying Town, Heiyan Township and Jinping Township merged into a new Maying Town. Together with huajialing Town, the geographical scope included the former Anding Garden.

This is really the heart of central Gansu. Longzhong is like a general, leaning on Longshan, which is called the middle barrier. To the east and south of Longzhong are Guanzhong, Hanzhong and Zhongshu, which are rich in products and profound in local customs. They are all key places to advance and retreat, and they are all called "land of abundance". Sharp edge reaches the prosperous Tang Dynasty in Central Asia. "From Anyuanmen to the west, 12,000 miles in the Tang Dynasty, facing Yan and Sang Maye, the world is as rich as Longyou." However, in the mid-Tang Dynasty, when the Tubo soldiers met, Longyou was lost, Chang 'an was in a mess, and the wolf smoke burned all the way to Daming Palace. The Tang Dynasty, together with the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty before it, achieved great things only with these four "China". On the other hand, no feudal dynasty in the Central Plains occupied central Gansu. A sword hangs over Guan Zhong's head, and a piece of ice is placed in the heart of the court, which inevitably makes people jump back. Just look at Shu Han and Hanzhong in Shu. In the end, they are not unable to compete with Wei. When they lamented that the strategy of "Longzhong Dui" was not defeated by the decision of "Longzhong Dui".

In the Ming dynasty, in addition to the masonry Great Wall across the north, the emperor also hoped that the imperial cavalry could become a reliable Great Wall and be invincible. Because Kansai Six Guards defended Jiayuguan, Shaanxi Hangdusi defended Hexi Corridor, and Shaanxi Dusi defended Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Longzhong area, which was the support line and deep zone in the northwest of the empire, was one of the rare places for Malaysian politicians, bearing the hope of the empire's powerful national defense armament, and was paid attention to many times in the national defense strategy of Emperor Yongle.

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Throughout the cold weapon era, the war horse is tied to the prosperous dream of the feudal dynasty in the Central Plains, which is armament, combat power and national prestige. "History of the Ming Dynasty" recorded 68 years: "Taizu set out from Jiangzuo at the beginning, only rushed to the horse, and repeatedly sent the city around." As early as four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (137 1), Emperor Hongwu set up a herd supervisor in Ansha Shiliying, and transferred it to Chuzhou in the sixth year. For example, today's famous Mao Tan factory in Lu 'an, Anhui Province is Mao Tan Fangmachang.

Yang Tinghe, a famous minister in the Ming Dynasty, believed that "the task of defending the border in the northwest is the heaviest, with Shaanxi accounting for half, benefiting from three sides and horses accounting for half." However, after the change of the Civil Fort in the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), all the horse administrations that have been on the job for less than 50 years have shown the fatigue of "officials not supervising", and the northwest horse administration is no exception. Especially, the Ma Yuan Temple in Gansu, which was established on the same day as Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi, was cut down as early as ten years ago, making a mess and handed over to the newly established Changle Sword Black Water Garden in Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi.

When it comes to the northwest administration of the Ming Dynasty, there was a man, Yang Yiqing, a veteran of the Four Dynasties and an important minister in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. When he was appointed as the assistant envoy of Shaanxi Inspection Department and Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, it was already the 15th year of Hongzhi in 64 years after the change of Minbao (1502). Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi belongs to only four gardens, namely Kaicheng, Anding, Guangning, Heishui, Qingping and Wan 'an, and is supervised by Changle. The most extensive of these six gardens is Anding Garden, but the overall situation is extremely poor.

At that time, the Imperial Ministry of War received a report from Yang Yiqing, "Shaanxi imperial court lacked castles, officials had no apartments, and soldiers had no camps. Ma Mu vilen has done his best. " With hongzhi emperor's permission, Yang Yiqing's new official took office with three fires and began to add Ma Yingbao to the prefect. Indeed, if it hadn't been for Yang Yiqing's hands-on, the two remaining prisons, such as Anding Court, and six courts, would have been abolished and removed without a trace.

In the 18th year of Hongzhi (1505), Wu 'an Garden of Lingwu Prison was added in Yang Yiqing. This year is the year of Zheng Deyuan, and the face of Shaanxi Ma Zheng has been as brand-new as Chaozhou Opera. The pasture for grazing horses has increased from 66,880 hectares to126,473 hectares, the number of horses has increased from 2,280 to 1 1 horse, the number of grazing troops has increased from 745 to 3,088, and the horse camp and castle have also been renovated. There are more than 465,438+000 yamen, warehouses, stables and houses ... These data are all recorded by Yang Yiqing himself in "The Politics of Repairing Horses", and he also wrote smugly, "Today's grass fields are complex, the number of grazing troops is increasing, the castles are facing each other, and the stables are listed. Mu Zhi's rules and test methods are all ready. Although I dare not look forward to the prosperity of clouds and brocade in the future, it will not help me on three sides of Shaanxi. "

? Yang Yiqing was in charge of Shaanxi Mazheng for eight years, bold and orderly. He carefully selected officials of the Qing Dynasty, restored the horse ranch, increased the number of horse-herding soldiers, increased the number of stallions in Si Yuan Temple, increased the number of horse-training officials, added the Maying Castle, restored the old system of tea and horses, and reorganized the Lingzhou salt class, which contributed to the revival of horses in the northwest of Ming Dynasty. At that time, Anjingyuan became the upper garden of "twenty-year-old and twenty thousand horses".

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Now, from the northwest to the whole country, many places are called "Horse Camp" or have the words "Horse Camp" in their names. What I want to say is that this building was built in the seventeenth year of Hongzhi (1504), which is the origin of Maying City. History: "Andingyuan, * * * has six battalions, including Zhongying, Yuanchuan, Chongni River, Yamen, Shixiakou and Shuangjing. There is an old castle in China and Britain, but it has been damaged for a long time and its foundation is narrow. It extends 35 feet south of the city, and there are mountains in the north. Cut the walls and repair the rest. 200 steps from east to west, 270 steps from north to south, and two miles, six minutes and four minutes in circumference. The four camps of Yuanchuan, Nihe, Yamen and Shixiakou have been damaged for a long time and have been repaired. There is no castle in Shuangjing, so a small castle was built in this camp. " At that time, the engineering requirements were that after the castle was completed, one or two gates were built according to its size, battlements were paved, moats were dug at the gates, and barracks and stables were built in the city, ranging from hundreds to hundreds. When I was in primary and secondary schools, some students lived in the "moat". This "moat" has long been filled up, but the terrain is still very low.

After those years' operation in Yang Yiqing, the stable courtyard is roughly a pattern of "one city and five castles". Today, overlooking the Beishan of Maying Town, the sky is vast, and the remains of this Ming city are faintly visible. Its southern Niugu River runs through the east and west, and several pale Nanshan Mountains go hand in hand, which is really a good terrain.

Without Yang Yiqing's move, the scale of place names here, together with the relevant national policy plan, would have to be put on the emperor's imperial case, and I'm afraid it would have to wait until the forty-nine years when Fu Kang 'an and Hailancha put down the Shifengbao rebellion in the Qing Dynasty (1784). Without the relocation of Yang Yiqing, Maying Town would not have so many relics of the Ming Empire today. These ancient and broken city walls are still half hidden and half exposed outside the old and new buildings, traditional houses and elms and willows in small towns. It's the back walls of some houses, or some people's backyards, but they're all tattered.

I remember that at that time, in the labor class of the senior students of Maying Primary School, one of them was to dig a wall beside the original playground and kidnap people. Years later, the fine, thick and solid wall was finally filled into the crow ditch at the gate. However, what can't be forgotten is that Liu Daxia, the minister of war of Yang Yiqing, was recommended. He hid Zheng He's nautical information in the post of assistant minister of the Ministry of War in an attempt to "protect himself behind closed doors". Or it can be said that the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, which was one of the manifestations of attaching importance to blocking and neglecting maritime affairs, and actually gave up the best opportunity for China to become a maritime power before modern times.

In the first year of Jiajing (1522), Anding Garden was upgraded to Anding Prison, which was a brilliant highlight here. At the same time, the shape of the castle has also been upgraded to "one city and two countries", that is, the big cities we have known since childhood, Dongguan and Xiguan. This is the second "stability prison". The first is the Anding Prison in Ma Yuan Temple in Gulang County, Gansu Province, which has existed for 30 years and has become a thing of the past in a blink of an eye. As for the "three cities and four castles", it was in the early Qing Dynasty, and the disaster site of the "county of thousands of castles" was even later.

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There is a word called "support", and people, horses and even countries have waists. The emperors and ministers of the Ming Empire believed that "the country is bigger than capacity, and the military and political affairs should not be rushed to the horse", so they urgently needed northwest support for the severe northwest border defense situation. The zigzag of the Yellow River is northward, while the vast deserts in the west and north of the Yellow River are almost southward. For example, the Badain Jaran Desert has invaded too much and squeezed deeply, which is roughly the weakest node of China's "waist".

The defense of the Ming empire is to attack first, then defend, then attack and defend, then attack and defend, and then defend badly. Not only did the Seven Guards in Kansai gradually decline, but they had to close Jiayuguan, and Ejina did not get it and lost the Hetao. Then, even Minqin's oasis was not saved, leaving only a section of the north bank of the Yellow River between Lanzhou and Jingyuan, which was extremely narrow and cramped. There are 12 health guards and 4,000 hospitals in Shaanxi, and the defense pressure is great. Without the powerful presence of Hexi Corridor, the situation in the east and south of the Yellow River would be even more difficult. The cavalry of the Northern Yuan Dynasty went all the way south, and there were many times when the Yellow River drank horses. The Baiyin-Zhongwei section of the Yellow River is a gap at the confluence of Helan Mountain, Liupanshan Mountain and Wushaoling Mountain. From there, crossing the Yellow River to the south, Longzhong is directly exposed under the horseshoe. In the cold season of the Yellow River, the warning of "preparing for winter" in border towns is really urgent every year.

Obviously, once the horses' hooves and bows and arrows of nomadic people break through the defense line of the Great Wall fortress, the deep mobility still depends on cavalry, so the demand for war horses in border defense is very great. It can be seen that Ma Zheng in the northwest of the Ming Dynasty was the weight of the trilateral military and played an important role. At that time, the imperial court established a complete horse administration system, promoted military animal husbandry, civilian animal husbandry and garden animal husbandry, and also implemented trading rules such as tea horse law, salt horse law and city horse law, and established Taibu Temple, Xingtai Pusi Temple and Ma Yuan Temple, which were simply the National Army Horse Department, local Army Horse Department, Army Horse Farm, and the collection, storage and support methods of Taibu Silver, and so on. But in fact, the operation is more complicated, and it can even be said that the cloud is complicated.

Let's say this horse, tea salt, including horses outside the border, tea in Hanzhong, and salt in Huamachi in Lingzhou, is very large. But in the next generation, the tea-horse trade was destroyed by the proliferation of folk tea, and the official tea became a bubble, and horses outside the border could not get in. According to the salt introduction system, the salt in Lingzhou was changed to silver to sell horses because of the inconvenience of salt, but the salt and silver were often misappropriated, so the mainland horses near the trilateral were not available. Ma Yuan Temple, the form of raising livestock in the military horse farm, is only the third way of last resort. The court has high hopes, but the effect is mediocre or even bad. In a word, Ma Zheng of the Ming Empire really had a lot of necessities, and he didn't have the strength to support himself to the waist.

The Qingfu Pasture Monument, which is now preserved in the 11th year (15 16) in Beishan Park, Maying Town, records the inspection of the ranch by officials from Tongcheng, Tongzhou, Hanzhong, and officials from Longxi, Huining, Anding and Andingyuan. At this time, it was only 14 years since the Yang Yiqing cleaning, and the demarcation of another organization can prove that the pasture was occupied and cultivated very badly at that time. Li Tang, director of Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi Province, who laid this monument with Tongzhi's adult, and Guo Feng, director of Anyuan Institute who accompanied the reconnaissance, are they sighing that the times are difficult, and even can glimpse the decline of the empire?

Anyway, after five years in Qin Long (157 1), there were less than 80,000 hectares of grassland and less than 8,000 horses in Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi. At this time, it has been 4 1 year since Yang Yiqing died. There are also surveys in the 13th year of Chongzhen (1640) in history, and there are even more surveys in Wanli (1573- 1620), the 4th year of Apocalypse (1624) and the 2nd year of Chongzhen (1629). Around this time, words such as earthquake, famine and drought appeared, and there were even records of "many people died" and "people ate people".

Another important year was the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), when Li Zicheng, a Mizhi native of Shaanxi, invaded Beijing.

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During the Ming Empire, there were basically military and political yamen with the word "Shaanxi" in the northwest, including the yamen of Shaanxi Political Department, Shaanxi Provincial Academy and Shaanxi Provincial Department, Taibu Temple, Shaanxi headquarters, which managed Ma Zheng with military and political integration, and various yamen without the word "Shaanxi", as well as some institutions belonging to Chu Wang, Su Wang and Hanwang, and so on.

For Temple in Ma Yuan, it is difficult for these government agencies and even the medical centers in border towns to serve it. Ma Yuan Temple is not a powerful unit, and its officials are not necessarily the first-line smart talents. The grazing land is drawn from human fields and uncultivated land, and the ownership is basically a confused account. Domesticated military horses must be supplied by both the government and the army, and it is impossible for those who choose horses to offend anyone. Moreover, raising horses is a technical activity, and a slight negligence will lead to a situation. Many assessment results depend on the mood of Taibu Temple officials, with complicated joints and complicated procedures.

So Yang Yiqing's dream of "clouds and brocade in groups" didn't come true in the end. "And (Yang) was removed from his official position and was not abolished." At that time, Yang Yiqing said in "No Occupation of Pastoral Land": "The prisons and gardens of Ma Yuan Temple in Shaanxi used to occupy grassland 133777 hectares. Because of Guyuan, Changgong and other students, there are thousands of households in Rong Zhen, Ganzhou, Huanxian and Guyuan, Tongwei and Anding counties. The soldiers and civilians were sitting arm in arm, with grassland people such as Chu, Su, Han Sanfu and Qian Guogong mixed in. In the meantime, the festival was dominated by officials and powerful people, and the stubborn people relied on their power to farm at will, or sold it all the year round with the grazing army. The grassland became narrower and narrower, officials and horses had nowhere to graze, and Ma Zhengchi was abandoned ... We can see that the grassland land in * * * was 66,880 hectares, and the rest. If you look at the amount of grassland land, you will know that half of it is in deficit, the land can't run away, and it may be released, but it is not up to Ma Yuan Temple to decide. There is also a saying in Gu's book "Diseases of Counties and Countries in the World", "The imperial clan is powerful, the military academy takes advantage of the situation to invade fishing, the refugees, merchants and thieves take advantage of the situation, become rich and strong, and the official laws can't be conquered, but are increasingly occupied, leaving only 23 out of ten" for your reference.

As a military horse farm managed vertically in the Ming Dynasty, 100 years was a stable garden, and 120 years was a stable prison. Now these names have disappeared in the long river of history. But at least until the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), the name of the camp remained basically unchanged. Zhongying, Muding, Shixiaying, Harakawa, Xumen and Shuangjing, how many have you heard of and been to? Is this your hometown?

Over the years, this land has suffered from soldiers, bandits, smoky soil and famine, and the ancient horse-herding song no longer exists, but it must have the mellow flavor of Shaanxi opera and the eyebrows like Maying ditty. Wang Bingxian, a poet in the early Qing Dynasty, praised this little song with a poem: "Ying Ge keeps pedestrians lazy, and the saddle listens to wicker." Nowadays, Maying people, although there are not many horses, sing happily and live better than before, which really makes Changle stable.

? Today here is the northwest of Tongwei County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province. Born and raised in Sri Lanka, we consider ourselves stable people in Changle. Why not? Besides, when Shengshi meets you, you are a stable person in Changle. So no matter where you are now, please remember Changle Anding. I also want to see those silly, happy and stable people.

—— 10/October 2015438+012-13 draft,1October 20 17 1 modified, May 2022/kloc.

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