Summary of Knowledge Points of Geography 8th grade Volume I

Summary of the original knowledge points of 8th grade Geography Volume I

Knowledge framework:

Geographical survey of China

Geographical location and territory

Geographical advantage

Hemisphere division, land and sea position, latitude and longitude position

Land and territory

Land and sea land, neighboring countries

administrative division

Abbreviations and shapes of provinces and cities

Population and nationality

Population profile

Total quantity, distribution and basic national policy

General situation of nationalities

Quantity and distribution characteristics

natural environment

Topography and geomorphology

Three steps and various terrains

The climate is complex and diverse.

Temperature difference: North-South difference and temperature division.

Precipitation difference: the difference between east and west and its influence on all aspects.

Climate type, all kinds of weather

Rivers and lakes

The difference between inflow area and outflow area, and the general situation of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.

natural resource

General situation of natural resources

Division of Resources and the Resource Situation in China

land resources

Classification, distribution and utilization

water resource

Distribution and utilization status

economic development

A gradually improved transportation network

Selection of transportation layout, railway layout and transportation mode

Develop agriculture according to local conditions

Agricultural classification, differences between east and west, north and south, problems

Industrial layout and development

Industrial and high-tech distribution

1, the superiority of China's position:

Hemisphere division: the eastern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere.

Location of land and sea: East Eurasia, west coast of Pacific Ocean.

Latitude and longitude position: most of them are located in the mid-latitude area and belong to the north temperate zone. A few areas in the south are located in the tropics and there is no frigid zone.

The easternmost east longitude 135 degrees, 2 minutes and 30 seconds, at the intersection of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers.

The westernmost point is 73 degrees 40 minutes east longitude, at the Uzberg Pass in Pamirs (Wuqia County).

Zengmu shoal is located at the southernmost tip of Nansha Islands at 3 degrees 52 minutes north latitude.

The northernmost latitude is 53 degrees and 33 minutes north of Mohe, the main channel of Heilongjiang (Mohe County).

2. China is a vast country:

Land territory: the land area is about 9.6 million square kilometers, with land neighbors 14.

Marine land: The adjacent sea areas are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea, and the main islands are Taiwan Province Island, Hainan Island, Zhoushan Islands and South China Sea Islands. There are six countries across the sea.

There is Luchang Yantian, the largest salt field in China, near the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea. The South China Sea has the largest fish production and the largest oil and gas production.

See page 4 of the textbook for pictures.

3. Administrative regions:

There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions. Figure 7 Number of pages in textbooks

The textbook 10 lists the names, abbreviations and administrative centers of provincial administrative regions.

4. Population:

The total population of China is 654.38+29.5 million (the fifth census in 2000), accounting for more than one fifth of the world's population, making it the most populous country in the world.

Basic national policy: family planning. Control population and improve population quality.

The average population density of China is 0/35 people per square kilometer/kloc, which is more than three times that of the world (39 people per square kilometer).

The population is unevenly distributed. With Heihe-Tengchong as the boundary, the population distribution in the east is dense and that in the west is sparse. See page 14 for the comparison of the area and population of different provinces and regions.

5. Nationality:

There are 56 ethnic groups in China, of which 92% are Han. Among the ethnic minorities, the Zhuang nationality has the largest number. Ethnic minorities with a population of more than 5 million include Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian and Tibetan.

Mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast, it is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Ethnic distribution has the characteristics of "big mixed residence, small settlement".

Some national customs: the Nadam meeting of Mongols; Dai Songkran Festival, peacock dance; Tibetan group dance and Tibetan calendar year; The long-term encouragement of the Korean people.

6. Topography and landform:

Topographic features of China: the terrain is complex and diverse, and the mountainous area is large.

The topography of China is high in the west and low in the east, with mountains, plateaus and basins in the west and plains and hills in the east. There are three steps in China's topography: the first step (Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain) → the second step (Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain) → the third step.

The general situation, altitude and topographic features of each step are shown on pages 22, 24 and 26 of the textbook, mainly focusing on the main mountains (trends), plateaus, basins, plains and their relative positions.

The influence of the stepped distribution of China's topography on the climate, rivers and traffic in China;

(1) Impact on climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is conducive to the humid air flow at sea to advance inland and bring abundant precipitation to vast areas of China.

(2) Impact on rivers: the topography of high in the west and low in the east will inevitably cause rivers in China to flow into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from a higher step to a lower step, the drop is large, resulting in huge water energy.

(3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the traffic between the east and the west of China, which facilitates the connection between coastal areas and inland areas; The mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China.

Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world", is the only one on the first step of the four plateaus and the largest plateau in China, with snow all year round and glaciers; Inner Mongolia plateau: the plateau is flat and open, with many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the northwest; Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world, with serious soil erosion and numerous surface valleys. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most areas of the plateau are rugged, limestone is widely distributed, and karst landforms are remarkable.

Great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China, located between Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain, including Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China; Junggar basin: the second great basin in China, located between Tianshan Mountain and Altai Mountain, with the highest latitude; Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia", it is located between Bayan Kara and Qilian Mountains, with the highest altitude, and it is also the only basin located on the first step in great basin. Sichuan Basin: It has the best conditions for developing agricultural production and is known as the "purple basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

Three plains: northeast plain: vast black soil area; North China Plain: the terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small; The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

China is a mountainous country, the mountainous area accounts for 33% of the land area, and the plateau accounts for 60%. See page 29 of the textbook for common natural disasters in mountainous areas and their prevention and control. Problems that should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas: rugged ground, inconvenient transportation and difficult infrastructure construction in mountainous areas. When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment to prevent and avoid mountain disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow.

Main mountain ranges:

East-west trend: Tianshan-Yinshan; Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains; Nanling mountains

Northeast-southwest trend: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain; Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Mountain Range; Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.

North-South trend: Hengduan Mountains.

Northwest-Southeast Strike: Qilian Mountain Range

Arc mountain range: Himalayas

7. North-South temperature difference:

In winter, the temperature difference between north and south of China is very large. The 1℃ isotherm is roughly distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line. In June+10/October, 5438, the average temperature difference between Mohe Town and Haikou City was close to 50℃. The coldest place in winter is Mohe Town, Heilongjiang Province.

In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The hottest place in summer is Turpan, Xinjiang.

China is divided into cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone from north to south. There is also a plateau climate zone. The main index of dividing temperature zone is active accumulated temperature. See page 33 of the textbook for the division of temperature zones.

8, the difference between things dry and wet:

The general trend of annual precipitation is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there. China can be divided into humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area. See pages 35 and 36 of the textbook for precipitation and dry and wet areas in China. See pages 36 and 37 of the textbook for the differences in landscape, architecture and agriculture between dry and wet areas.

9. Climate:

Influenced by latitude position and land and sea position, the prevailing wind direction in most parts of China changes significantly with the seasons within one year, forming a typical monsoon climate.

The cold wind and dry cooling in winter is one of the main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in winter in China. The summer monsoon is warm and humid, forming the rainy season in China.

Except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China is customarily divided into monsoon zone and non-monsoon zone with Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain as the boundary. See page 39 of the textbook. It is mainly the difference of precipitation, which is mainly caused by the location and topography of land and sea.

The climate types in China mainly include tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau mountain climate. See page 42 of the textbook.

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on. Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

10, Jianghu:

See page 44 of the textbook for the distribution of inland rivers, inland rivers, outer rivers and outer rivers. The inflow area accounts for 1/3 of China's land area, but the water volume only accounts for 5% of the whole country. The outflow area accounts for 2/3 of the land area, and the water volume accounts for 95% of the whole country.

Internal flow area: Tarim River is the largest internal flow river in China, and its water mainly comes from the melting water of Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Inland lakes are generally saltwater lakes (Qinghai Lake).

Outflow area: the source of river water mainly depends on precipitation. There are three main outflow areas.

(1) Pacific outflow area

The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, rivers in the southern region flow through the humid areas, with abundant water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

The Yellow River rises in Bayan Kara and flows into the Bohai Sea. The upstream is rich in hydraulic resources, which can be used for power generation and irrigation (Ningxia Plain has become "Jiangnan" and Hetao Plain). The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, which is an area with serious soil erosion in China. The downstream channel widens, the slope slows down, the water flow slows down, the sediment accumulates, and the riverbed rises-"the river on the ground". River basin water system, see page 48 of the textbook. Large reservoirs will be built in the upper reaches, comprehensive management of soil and water conservation will be carried out in the middle reaches, and the Yellow River levee will be reinforced in the lower reaches. Yellow river and ice.

The Yangtze River rises in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in China. Known as the "water treasure house" and "golden waterway". The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. River basin water system, see page 53 of the textbook. Names of paragraphs and tributaries. Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (from west to east): Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge. Flood disaster: the concentration of precipitation, the destruction of ecological environment in the middle and upper reaches (vegetation destruction) lead to soil erosion, the bend of the Yangtze River channel, and the shrinking of lakes in the middle and lower reaches (reclamation of lakes) make its flood storage capacity decline.

Nujiang-salween, Lancang-Mekong, Yuanjiang-Honghe.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the longest and earliest artificial river in the world. It flows from north to south through Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and runs through five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. East route project of South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

The five largest freshwater lakes in China are Poyang Lake (Jiangxi), Dongting Lake (Hunan), Taihu Lake (Jiangsu), Hongze Lake (Jiangsu) and Chaohu Lake (Anhui).

(2) Arctic Ocean outflow area (Altai Mountain-Irtysh River)

(3) Indian Ocean outflow area (Yarlung Zangbo River-Brahmaputra River-Bay of Bengal).

1 1, natural resources:

Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings. It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Renewable resources: natural resources that can be updated, regenerated or recycled in a short time. Land, forest, water conservancy and hydropower, etc. )

Non-renewable resources: Always use less natural resources. (oil, mineral resources, etc.). )

For renewable resources, if they are used reasonably and protected and cultivated, they can be used permanently; Non-renewable resources should be cherished and used sparingly.

China's resources: the total amount is rich, but the per capita is insufficient. With the population growth, the per capita possession of natural resources will continue to decrease; Improper use, poor protection and poor management of resources have caused improper destruction and waste of natural resources; With the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for natural resources will continue to grow.

12, land resources:

According to the use and utilization of land, it is divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land. Cultivated land, woodland and grassland are all agricultural land. Construction land is non-agricultural land.

China is rich in total land resources and complete in land use types. However, the per capita possession of land resources is small, and the proportion of various types of land is not reasonable, mainly due to the shortage of cultivated land and forest land, the shortage of reserve land resources and the prominent contradiction between man and land. See page 67 of the textbook for the composition of land use types in China.

Uneven distribution of land resources: cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region, with humid climate and high land use. Cultivated land is mainly distributed in the eastern plains and low hills, and woodland is mainly distributed in mountainous areas; Grassland is mainly distributed in the inland areas of the west, with an average annual precipitation of less than 400mm, a low degree of land use and a wide distribution of unused land. Animal husbandry plays an important role in agricultural production in the western inland areas. See page 69 of the textbook for the distribution table of land resource types.

Utilization of land resources: It is a renewable resource. If it is not rationally used or destroyed by human beings, it will lead to the degradation of land resources, the decline of production capacity or even the complete loss. The destruction of land in China's land use includes soil erosion, indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land and land desertification. Measures to strengthen the management and protection of land resources: using land according to law and planning land; According to local conditions, rational use; Carry out publicity activities of "protecting land, cultivated land and environment"; Increase investment in farmland capital construction and environmental governance; Unauthorized occupation of cultivated land is prohibited.

13, water resources:

97% of the water on the earth is ocean water, and the fresh water resources needed by human beings only account for 2.5% of the global water. Freshwater resources are mostly polar and alpine glaciers, and the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater, accounting for only 0.3% of the global freshwater resources.

China is a country short of water. The total amount of water resources in China is less than Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia, ranking sixth in the world, but the per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average, ranking behind 1 10. There is a general water shortage in the country.

Uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: Affected by monsoon climate, the seasonal and regional distribution of water resources in China is very uneven. From the perspective of time allocation, China's summer precipitation is concentrated, which is easy to cause floods, while winter and spring precipitation are less, which is easy to cause drought and water shortage; From the perspective of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, with water resources in the south accounting for more than 80% and less than 20% in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China.

The construction of reservoirs can effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity, such as the Three Gorges (Yangtze River) and Xiaolangdi (Yellow River), which play an important role in flood control and water resources allocation, store water in flood season, slow down downstream floods, waterproof in dry season, increase downstream water quantity, and have comprehensive benefits such as flood control, power generation, irrigation and urban water supply.

Inter-basin water transfer is an effective way to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions. For example, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project has played an important role in alleviating the severe water shortage in northern China. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transport the abundant water resources of the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, which are seriously short of water. It is divided into three lines: East (Yangzhou-Jinghang Canal-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong), Middle (Danjiangkou-Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei) and West (Yalong River, Jinsha River-Upper Yellow River). Diversion of Luanhe River into Tianjin is to introduce Luanhe River water into Haihe River system to alleviate the water shortage problem in Tianjin. Diversion from Yellow River to Qingdao.

On the whole, China's water resources utilization, on the one hand, the supply is tight, and the water shortage continues to increase; On the other hand, the utilization rate is low and the waste is amazing; In addition, water pollution is serious. Saving water and protecting water resources is one of the important ways to solve the problem of water shortage in China. See textbook 8 1 page for specific measures.

14, transportation:

Modern transportation refers to the transportation of trains, cars, ships, planes and other tools.

Traffic plays an important role in regional economic development, and traffic is also compared to the "pioneer" of economic development.

Railway lines, highway lines, air routes and air routes are the "lifelines" of China's economic development. The traffic network density in the eastern region is high, while that in the western region is low. See page 89 of the textbook for China traffic network. Among them, we should pay attention to the lack of transportation functions in big cities, that is, what kind of transportation hub city belongs to, whether it is a single transportation hub, a railway-highway hub, a railway-aviation hub or a variety of comprehensive hubs.

The expressway in China was built at 1984, that is, Shanghai-Jiading. The main high-speed dense areas are Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. These areas have concentrated cities and populations, developed economies and abundant funds, which have the demand for building expressway and material needs. See page 90 for the distribution of main roads.

Railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. See page 9 1 for the distribution of main railway lines. Master some major railway lines and railway hubs, and the starting point and ending point of each railway line represent which city.

North-South direction: Beijing-Harbin line, Beijing-Kowloon line, Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Shanghai line, Harbin-Dalian line, Liujiao line, Baocheng-Chengdu-Kunming line and Qinghai-Tibet line.

East-west direction: Beijing-Baolan Line, Longhai-Lanxin Line (China Section of the Second Eurasian Continental Bridge), Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Kunming Line and Xiangpu Line.

Main railway hubs: Beijing, Zhengzhou (Jingguang, Longhai), Wuhan (Jingguang, Xiangyu, Yangtze River Waterway), Nanchang (Jingjiu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi), Xuzhou (Beijing-Shanghai, Longhai), Lanzhou (Longhai, Baolan, Lan Xin), Baoji (Baocheng, Longhai) and Zhuzhou (Jingguang, Longhai).

When choosing the mode of transportation, we should consider the characteristics of different modes of transportation, such as speed, freight and transportation volume. , and the purpose of travel, the nature and quantity of goods, transportation distance, etc.

15, develop agriculture according to local conditions

All departments that use the growth and development laws of animals, plants and other organisms to obtain products through artificial cultivation are collectively called agriculture. Agriculture is the basic industry supporting the construction and development of national economy. Agriculture is divided into planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. See page 98 of the textbook for the picture.

The regional distribution of agriculture in China is mainly the difference between east and west, north and south. The east and west are bounded by the annual precipitation line of 400 mm, see page 100 of the textbook.

Planting, forestry and fishery are the main industries in the east. The plain areas in the humid and semi-humid areas in the east are mainly planted; Forestry is concentrated in natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest, and artificial forest areas in the southeast; The eastern coast is the base of marine fishing and mariculture, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most developed areas of freshwater fisheries.

The western region is dominated by animal husbandry. Due to the scarcity of precipitation in the west, planting is only distributed in plains, valleys and oases with irrigation water sources.

Four Pastoral Areas: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the largest pastoral area in China. Main livestock breeds: Sanhe Horse, Sanhe Cattle and Tan Sheep; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the second largest pastoral area in China. The main livestock breeds are: fine wool sheep, lamb skin sheep, Altay big tail sheep, Hotan sheep, Ilima and so on. Xizang Autonomous Region is the largest alpine meadow grassland animal husbandry area in China. The main livestock breeds are Tibetan yak, Tibetan sheep and kurama. Qinghai is the fourth largest pastoral area in China.

The difference between north and south is mainly the difference of precipitation and heat. Crops include grain crops (rice, suitable for wheat rice in the south and wheat in the north), oil crops (two main producing areas in the Yangtze River rape belt and Huanghuai peanut area), sugar crops (sugar cane in the south and sugar beet in the north) and cotton (three cotton areas in southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin).

Three plains: Wheat, corn, soybean and sugar beet are planted in the Northeast Plain, and only once a year due to climatic conditions; Wheat, corn, cotton, peanuts and temperate fruits are planted in the North China Plain, mostly for two or three seasons or two seasons a year; The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is low and flat. Rice, cotton, rape and sugarcane can be harvested for two or three seasons a year. See page 10 1 in the textbook.

Adjust measures to local conditions: consider natural conditions (topography, soil, precipitation, etc. ) and social conditions (distance from the city, market demand, agricultural technology and equipment, farmers' education level, etc. ).

Challenges and countermeasures: population increase, cultivated land decrease, soil erosion, natural disasters and environmental pollution. Adapt to domestic and international market demand, adjust agricultural structure and develop diversified economy. Using modern agricultural science and technology to develop high quality, high yield and high efficiency agriculture. To prevent excessive reclamation, overgrazing, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, and planting trees and grass.

16, industry:

Industrial production is mainly a process of obtaining natural resources from nature and processing and reprocessing raw materials (mineral products and agricultural products).

Industry is the leading factor of national economy, the main source of national financial revenue, and the fundamental guarantee of national economic autonomy, political independence and national defense modernization.

Industrial distribution: characterized by coastal, riverside and traffic lines.

Industrial bases along the Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and Harbin-Dalian railways; The Yellow River Basin is an important industrial belt for energy development. Along the Yangtze River, economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing have been formed. Coastal areas are concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, south-central Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Pearl River Delta, as well as the most developed economic core areas such as special economic zones and coastal open cities. See the textbook 1 10 for the industrial distribution.

High-tech industry is a new industry based on new science and technology. Zhongguancun is the earliest high-tech development experimental zone in China.

High-tech industry is an industry with electronic information industry as the "leader", and its products are high in science and technology. The characteristics of high-tech industry: the proportion of scientific and technological personnel in employees is significant; A large proportion of sales revenue is spent on research and development; Product update is fast.

The distribution characteristics of China's high-tech industrial development zones: mostly attached to big cities, showing large dispersion and small concentration. High-tech industrial development zones in different geographical locations have different industrial development priorities: coastal areas rely on intellectual resources and technical strength to focus on developing high-tech industries in science and technology parks; Border areas rely on the country's open policy and geographical advantages along the border to develop trade-oriented industries; The mainland will rely on superior resources and industrial base to develop more industries closely related to the military industry. See page 1 14 of the textbook.

Illustrate the influence of high-tech industry on production and life with examples: Shanghai: optimized and adjusted the industrial structure of the industry. Changes in Shanghai's industry; Beijing: The rapid growth rate has promoted and promoted the economic development. Zhongguancun's contribution to Beijing's economic development; Internet: Internet technology has changed people's way of life and production. (Online shopping, SOHO clan, online community, etc. )

Supplementary knowledge:

1, tell the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:

(1) The special landscape of "Land of Fish and Rice" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China benefits from the climate (monsoon with rain and heat).

(2) The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are roughly at the same latitude, but the reason for the huge climate difference is the terrain (the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is at a high altitude).

(3) The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Arabian Peninsula are at the same latitude, and the great difference in climate is due to the influence of (land and sea location) and (summer monsoon). The latitudes of Beijing and Urumqi are roughly the same, but the precipitation is quite different. (Land and sea location, summer monsoon).

(4) Planting different fruit trees in different temperature zones; Different temperature zones have different internal cooking systems; The architectural structure of traditional folk houses in north and south is also different. The reason is (latitude factor, heat (temperature)).

(5) The vegetation in the east and west is different; The types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming in the east and animal husbandry in the west; The roof structures of eastern and western buildings are different, with sloping roofs in the southeast and flat roofs in the northwest. (Different precipitation)

2, the influence of complex and diverse climate:

(1) makes China extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources.

(2) Forming different natural resources and tourism resources.

(3) People's eating habits are also different, such as: Sichuan, Hunan and other places are cold and humid in winter, and they like to eat peppers; Southerners love rice, while northerners love pasta.

(4) People's clothing is also colorful, because it adapts to the climate. For example, Tibetan robes in Tibet are designed to adapt to the climatic characteristics of the daily difference (topography) in Tibet;

(5) Architectural features vary from place to place. The slope of the roof in the north is small, the wall is thick, and the slope of the roof in the south is large (temperature, precipitation).

3. The causes of disasters in various sections of the Yellow River and the basic scheme of control:

Upstream: grassland degradation and desertification are serious; The climate tends to be dry; Planting trees and grass.

Middle reaches: soil erosion; The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau with many tributaries. The loess plateau has loose soil layer and serious vegetation destruction. In heavy rain, a large amount of sediment and rainwater flowed into the Yellow River. Carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation.

Downstream: rivers on the ground; When the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the channel widens and the slope slows down. The river speed slows down, and the sediment it carries deposits, which makes the river bed gradually rise; Strengthen the Yellow River levee.