Write a paper around Guizhou’s geography, climate, minerals, and cultural resources

Topography

Topographic Map of Guizhou Province

The landform of Guizhou belongs to the plateau and mountainous areas of southwest China. The terrain within the territory is higher in the west and lower in the east, from the central part to the north, east and south. Sloping, the average altitude is about 1100 meters. The Guizhou Plateau is mostly mountainous and is known as "eight mountains, one water and one farmland".

The province's landforms can be broadly divided into four basic types: plateau, mountains, hills and basins, of which 92.5% are mountains and hills. There are many mountains in the territory, with many mountains stretching vertically and horizontally, with high mountains and deep valleys. There is Dalou Mountain in the north, which runs diagonally across the northern border from west to northeast. Loushan Pass, the key pass of Sichuan and Guizhou, is 1,444 meters high; the Miao Mountains run across it in the central and southern parts, with the main peak Leigong Mountain being 2,178 meters high; and in the northeast is Wuling Mountain, which winds from Hunan into Guizhou, with the main peak Fanjing Mountain is 2,572 meters high; Wumeng Mountain towers in the west. Jiucaiping, Zhushi Township, Hezhang County, which belongs to this mountain range, has an altitude of 2,900.6 meters, the highest point in Guizhou.

Where the Shuikou River in Diping Township, Liping County, Qiandongnan Prefecture leaves the provincial boundary, the altitude is 147.8 meters, the lowest point in the territory. The development of karst landforms in Guizhou is very typical. The karst landform covers an area of ??109,084 square kilometers, accounting for 61.9% of the province's total land area. The karst within the territory is widely distributed, with complete morphological types and obvious geographical distribution, forming a special karst ecosystem. [5]

Climate

Wanfenglin, Xingyi, Guizhou

The climate in Guizhou is warm and humid, belonging to the subtropical humid monsoon climate. The temperature changes little, with warm winters and cool summers, and a pleasant climate. In 2002, the annual average temperature in Guiyang, the provincial capital, was 14.8°C, 0.3°C higher than the previous year. Across the province, the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is usually 3°C to 6°C, which is higher than other areas at the same latitude; the average temperature in the hottest month (July) is generally 22°C to 25°C, which is a typical summer Cool areas. There is more precipitation, obvious rainy season, more cloudy days and less sunshine.

In 2002, among the nine cities where prefectures and prefectures are located, Xingyi City had the most precipitation, with 1,480 mm; the least precipitation was Bijie City, with 687.9 mm. Affected by the monsoon, precipitation is mostly concentrated in summer. The number of cloudy days in various parts of the country generally exceeds 150, and the relative humidity is above 70% year-round.

Affected by atmospheric circulation and topography, Guizhou’s climate is diverse. “One mountain has four seasons, and ten miles have different weather.” In addition, the climate is unstable and there are many types of disastrous weather, such as droughts, autumn winds, freezes, hail, etc., which are very frequent, causing serious harm to agricultural production. [5]

Hydrology

River Valley (16 photos)

Guizhou’s rivers are located in the intersection zone of the upper reaches of the two major river systems, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. There are 69 counties that belong to the Yangtze River The scope of the protective forest protection zone is an important ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Pearl River. The province's water system flows along the terrain from the west and central parts to the north, east and south.

Miaoling is the watershed between the Yangtze River and Pearl River basins. To the north is the Yangtze River Basin, with a basin area of ??115,747 square kilometers, accounting for 66.1% of the province’s land area. The main rivers are Wujiang, Chishui River, and Qingshui River. , Hongzhou River, Wuyang River, Jinjiang River, Songtao River, Songkan River, Niulan River, Hengjiang River, etc. The south of Miaoling belongs to the Pearl River Basin, with a drainage area of ??60,420 square kilometers, accounting for 35.0% of the province's land area. The main rivers include Nanpan River, Beipan River, Hongshui River, Duliu River, Dagou River, etc. [6]

Natural Resources

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Minerals

Guizhou Karst Landform (11 photos)

Guizhou It is rich in mineral resources and is a famous province with mineral resources. By the end of 2002, more than 110 kinds of minerals had been discovered in Guizhou Province, 76 of which had proven reserves. Many of the reserves ranked among the top in the country. The top ones include mercury, barite, sandstone for fertilizers, and metallurgical minerals. Use sandstone, diabase for facings, sandstone for bricks and tiles, etc., ranking second are phosphorus, bauxite, rare earths, etc.; ranking third are magnesium, manganese, gallium, etc.; in addition, coal, Antimony, gold, pyrite, etc. occupy an important position in the country. It has large coal reserves, a complete range of coal types and excellent coal quality. It is known as the "Jiangnan Coal Sea". At the end of 2002, the retained reserves were 49.227 billion tons; the retained bauxite reserves were 424 million tons; the phosphate rock reserves were 2.695 billion tons, accounting for 10% of the country's total. It accounts for more than 40% of the total; its barite reserves are one-third of the country's; and its gold mine reserves rank 12th in the country. It is China's newly emerging gold production base. [6]

Guizhou is known as the "Southwestern Coal Sea", with coal resource reserves of 49.728 billion tons, ranking fifth in China, exceeding the combined coal resource reserves of 12 southern provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Coal not only has large reserves, but also has a complete range of coal types and excellent coal quality. It has laid a solid foundation for the development of thermal power and the implementation of the "West-to-East Power Transmission". It also provides resource conditions for the coal chemical industry and the implementation of the "coal-to-oil" project.

Energy

Xingyi Wanfeng Lake

Guizhou has a large number of rivers, with 984 rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers.

In 2002, the river runoff in Guizhou Province reached 114.52 billion cubic meters. Guizhou's rivers have obvious mountainous characteristics. In the upper reaches of most rivers, the valleys are open, the water flow is gentle, and the water volume is small; the middle reaches of the river valleys are alternately bundled and angled, and the water flow is turbulent; the downstream valleys are deep and narrow, with large water volumes and rich hydraulic resources.

The water energy resource reserves are 18.745 million kilowatts, ranking sixth in China, of which the developable capacity reaches 16.833 million kilowatts, accounting for 4.4% of China's total. There are many river sections with concentrated water levels, and the development conditions are superior.

Land

The land resources in Guizhou Province are mainly mountains and hills, with less plains. The mountainous area is 108,740 square kilometers, accounting for 61.7% of the total land area of ??Guizhou Province; the hilly area is 54,197 square kilometers, accounting for 31.1% of the total land area of ??Guizhou Province; the flat area between mountains is 13,230 square kilometers, accounting for only 7.5% of the total land area of ??Guizhou Province. There are not many land resources available for agricultural development. As the population increases, non-agricultural land increases, and the area of ??cultivated land continues to shrink. At the end of 2002, the actual cultivated land area in Guizhou Province was 1.7694 million hectares, 62,900 hectares less than in 2001. The per capita cultivated land area was less than 0.05 hectares, which is far lower than the national average. The proportion of cultivated land with thick soil, high fertility and good water conservancy conditions is low.

Biology

Guizhou Province has more than 1,000 species of wild animal resources, including golden monkeys, black leaf monkeys, South China tigers, clouded leopards, leopards, white cheekbones, black cranes, black-necked cranes, Fourteen species including the Chinese Merganser, golden eagle, white-shouldered eagle, white-tailed sea eagle, bald crane, and python are listed as national first-level protected animals, accounting for 13% of the total number of similar animals in the country; there are 69 species of national second-level protected animals, mainly There are: pangolin, black bear, otter, big civet, small civet, forest musk deer, red-bellied rain pheasant, white-crowned long-tailed pheasant, red-bellied golden pheasant, etc., accounting for 25.7% of the total number of similar animals in the country.

Guizhou Golden Monkey

The forest coverage rate in Guizhou Province reaches 50%, and the total volume of standing trees reaches 210 million cubic meters; 70 species of rare plants are included in the national list of rare and endangered protected plants. Four species of silver fir, Davidia involucrata, bald fir, and cypress are national first-level protected plants, accounting for 50% of the total number of similar plants in the country; 27 second-level protected plants, accounting for 18.9% of the total number of similar plants in the country; and 39 third-level protected plants. species, accounting for 19.2% of the total number of similar plants in the country. The province has more than 3,800 species of wild plant resources, including more than 3,700 species of medicinal plant resources, accounting for 80% of the country's Chinese herbal medicine varieties. It is one of the four major Chinese herbal medicine production areas in the country.

It has a certain influence at home and abroad. The rare and valuable plants with high quality include 6 kinds of ginseng, Cephalotaxus, fan fern, cordyceps, chicken cone, and Ainaxiang (natural borneol). In addition, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium, Eucommia ulmoides, Magnolia officinalis, Wuyu, Phellodendron, Codonopsis root, Polygonum multiflorum, Bile grass, Asparagus, Yinhua, Platycodon, gallnut, Pinellia ternata, Thunder pill, Nansha ginseng, Bingqiuzi, Polygonatum, Ganoderma lucidum, mugwort Powder, etc. are known as authentic medicinal materials.

Among the wild economic plant resources, there are about 600 species of industrial plants, mainly fiber, tannins, aromatic oils, and grease plant resources; there are about 500 species of edible plants, mainly containing vitamins, proteins, starch, Oil plants are the main ones; there are about 200 kinds of garden plants that can be used for greening, beautifying the environment and ornamental value; and there are more than 40 kinds of environmentally friendly plants with anti-pollution ability. Guizhou has a rich variety of crop plants, with nearly 600 varieties of cultivated food crops, oil crops, fiber plants and other economic crops. The main food crops are rice, corn, wheat and potatoes, and the main economic crops are flue-cured tobacco and rapeseed. Economic forest trees mainly include tung oil, camellia oleifera, Chinese tallow tree, sumac, walnut, etc. "Dafang raw lacquer" and "Liuma tung oil" are Guizhou's famous local products. There are more than 30 main livestock species raised in the province, and there are more than 2,500 species of excellent forage resources. There are good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. [5]

In 2014, the province had 13 forestry system nature reserves at or above the provincial level, including 7 at the national level and 6 at the provincial level.