What are the characteristics of Siraitia grosvenorii?

Siraitia grosvenorii is a perennial herb vine of Cucurbitaceae. Mainly produced in Yongfu and Lingui, Guangxi, it is a specialty of Guangxi, and it is sold at home and abroad. In recent years, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and other places have planted a small amount. Use fruit as medicine. The fruit is rich in sugar and vitamin C, and the total sugar content is 25. 17-38.3 1%. Siraitia grosvenorii contains mogroside, and its aglycone belongs to triterpenoids, which is very sweet (about 300 times sweeter than sugar) and contains more than ten kinds of amino acids. The vitamin C content of fresh fruit is as high as 339.68-461.12mg/100g ... sweet and cool. Has the effects of clearing away heat, moistening lung, relieving cough, relieving summer-heat, quenching thirst and relaxing bowels. Used for common cold, cough with excessive phlegm, sore throat, summer heat, stomach heat, constipation, chronic pharyngitis, etc. For tuberculosis and cough, it is better to steam with fresh fruit.

I. Morphological characteristics

The length of rattan is 3- 10m. The tuberous root is hypertrophy and subglobose. The stem is dark purple with several longitudinal edges. The tender stems are covered with white hairs and red glandular hairs, and the tendrils branch to the middle. Simple leaves alternate, oval, oblong or heart-shaped, 8-25 cm long and 3.5-20 cm wide. Apex acute or acuminate, base auriculate, heart-shaped, entire, short tomentose, densely reddish brown glandular hairy. Flowers are unisexual and dioecious; Male flowers are axillary racemes with 5-7 flowers per inflorescence; Calyx funnelform, 5-lobed, with linear pointed tail at the apex of lobes; Corolla orange-yellow, 5-lobed, with a tail tip at the apex, hairy outside with calyx and red glandular hairs; There are 3 stamens with S-shaped anthers, 1 anther with 1 anther, and 2 anthers with 2 anthers. Female flowers are solitary or 2-5 flowers are clustered in leaf axils; Ovary inferior, connate with calyx tube; There are 3 styles, 2 bifurcated stigmas, 3 degenerated stamens, yellow, and the old one can be as long as the style. The fruit is round, ovoid or oblong, 4-7 cm long and 3-6 cm wide, with longitudinal line10; The seeds are light yellow and rectangular (Figure 15-38).

Figure 15-38 Morphological diagram of Siraitia grosvenorii

1. Female flower branch 2. Male inflorescence 3. Male flower 4. Fruit 5. seed

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development characteristics

In Siraitia grosvenorii producing area of Guangxi, dormant buds of tuber neck began to germinate when the temperature was above 65438 05℃ in March and April. Generally, the low hilly area germinated earlier than Zhongshan area, and the sunny slope germinated earlier than the shady slope. Shooting in the middle and late April, the new vine began to grow slowly; From May to August, the temperature is 25.0-28.4℃, and the vines grow rapidly, with a daily elongation of 3.3- 10.3 cm. From June to September, the temperature is 25.5-28.5℃, and the vines germinate and bloom one after another or intermittently. July is in full bloom. After the end of September, because the temperature dropped below 24℃, the flowers were ineffective and the fruits could not expand. The whole flowering period lasts about 105- 125 days and 8- 168 days. 165438+1after mid-October, the ten-day temperature dropped to 15℃, the aboveground parts gradually withered and dropped seedlings, several nodes were cut off at the base, and underground tubers were cultivated for overwintering. The whole growth period was 2 10-262 days.

Flowering and fruiting characteristics

It is a matter of time before Siraitia grosvenorii enters the fruiting age, due to different varieties, cultivation and management techniques. Under the same conditions, the green tangerine peel fruit usually bears fruit in two years, and 4-5% plants bear fruit in one year. Laguna fruit bears fruit for 2-3 years; It takes 3-4 years for long beach fruit to bear fruit, but judging from the length of fruiting years, the complete fruiting period of green tangerine peel fruit is 3-6 years, and the long beach fruit is as long as 10- 12 years.

1. flowering time

Siraitia grosvenorii is a unisexual flower with mature buds. When the external conditions are suitable, flowers begin to bloom. In July and August, the temperature is 27.0-28.4℃, and male and female flowers begin to bloom at 6:30-7:00 in the morning. The corolla unfolds, and the stigma or anther can be seen from the outside. At this time, the flowers are completely open. From 7: 00 to 8: 30 in the morning, 70.0-73.3% of the flowers are in full bloom, but the individual flowering time is delayed to 10. In case of low temperature, rainy or foggy climate, the flowering period will be delayed to 9- 10.

2. Life span of flowers

The life span of Siraitia grosvenorii flowers is relatively short. The flowers that bloom in the morning almost all shrink in the afternoon, and the petals of female flowers form a shedding layer, which falls off the next morning. On the second day of flowering, the male flowers partially break away from the pedicel and drop flowers, especially on sunny days with high temperature and drought in summer, and slowly fall on rainy days with low temperature.

3. Powder formula

Anther dehiscence time is about the same as or a little later than flowering time. The anther dehisces into a long longitudinal crack from the base to the top of the transverse centerline of the anther, and pollen grains are exposed from the crack, and almost all the anther surfaces are attached with dense pollen grains. After anther dehiscence and pollen dispersal, pollen dispersal is fast when it is dried at high temperature in summer, so the time for collecting pollen must be before 7: 00 in the morning.

4. Pollen viability

At room temperature, the pollen of Siraitia grosvenorii almost lost its viability after 3 days of storage, which could not meet the needs of artificial pollination, flowering failure, adjustment of pollen surplus and breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to artificially create suitable pollen storage conditions. The experiment of Guangxi Institute of Botany proved that the germination rate of pollen stored at low temperature of 3-8℃ for 30 days was 2 1. 1-29 higher than that stored at normal temperature. 8% and 5.3-14.1%,of which 8℃ is the best, as shown in table15-31.

Table15-31Siraitia grosvenorii pollen germination rate and pollen tube length stored at different temperatures for 30 days.

Materials were cited from: Zhang Biyu Plant III (2):121—126, 1983.

5. The number and position of buds and fruits on each side vine.

After the main vines of Siraitia grosvenorii were put into the shed, the lateral vines at all levels planted buds continuously or intermittently at different nodes. It can be seen from the table 15-32 that the first-class lateral vines not only have few buds, but also have low fruit-setting ability. Each lateral vine has an average of 3.8 buds, which are concentrated in 1 1-20 nodes. The fruit setting rate is 5.9%, and the fruit setting is concentrated. The flower buds of secondary lateral vines are greatly increased, and the fruit setting rate is also obviously improved, with an average of 7.6 flower buds per branch, distributed in 6-25 nodes, the fruit setting rate is 15.0%, and the fruit is distributed in 1-20 nodes. Especially for the third-grade lateral vines, the number of fruiting buds is the largest, and the number of fruit setting is also large. Each vine has 10.3 buds, and the fruit setting rate is 13.8%, while the buds and fruits are concentrated in 1-25 nodes. Therefore, the main fruiting vine is the third-grade lateral vine, followed by the second-grade lateral vine.

Table 15—32 Number and position of Siraitia grosvenorii buds and fruits on lateral vines at all levels.

1. Material citation: Zhou,,, Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House, 1987.

2. The variety is chili sauce fruit, and the data in the table is 166. According to the total number of plants surveyed, 9, 42 and 165, 438+05 are grade I, II and III respectively.

(3) Environmental requirements

1. temperature

Siraitia grosvenorii likes warmth, is not resistant to high temperature and is afraid of frost. Generally, the temperature adaptation range is between 18-32℃, and 25-30℃ is appropriate. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the growth is slow. When the temperature is lower than 65438 05℃ in early spring, the new shoots stop growing. When the temperature is lower than 65438 03℃, dead branches appear; When the temperature is 22-28℃, it grows well; When the temperature is higher than 35℃, it is not conducive to plant growth, fruit development is blocked, and fruit setting rate is obviously reduced. Green tangerine peel is suitable for areas where the highest temperature in summer is not more than 35℃, the temperature difference between day and night in summer is more than 5℃, and the lowest temperature in winter is not less than -4℃. Lajiangguo is suitable for hills and mountainous areas where the summer temperature does not exceed 33℃, and long-beach fruit requires cooler mountainous areas where the summer temperature does not exceed 30℃.

Step 2: Moisture

Siraitia grosvenorii is leafy, with large leaf area and long flowering and fruiting period, which is suitable for growing under the conditions of air humidity above 75% and field water capacity of 60-80%. Therefore, there is abundant rainfall (annual precipitation is 1366— 1929mm) in the Siraitia grosvenorii cultivation area. Long beach fruit needs higher humidity, and green peel fruit needs lower humidity.

lamplight

Siraitia grosvenorii is a short-day plant. It can tolerate shade and strong light at seedling stage, grow well in semi-shade environment, avoid western sun and strong sunshine, and meet its development needs with 6-8 hours of light every day.

4. Land

Siraitia grosvenorii is not strict with soil. Except sandy soil, clay and low-lying land with poor drainage, general soil can grow, but loam and red-yellow soil with good drainage, deep soil layer and much humus are the most suitable.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) variety

China is rich in Siraitia grosvenorii germplasm resources. There are many varieties, strains and wild types. The main cultivated varieties in production are divided into two categories: long fruit and private round fruit. The oblong, oval and pear-shaped fruits belong to long fruits, and the round and oblate fruits belong to round fruits.

1. Green tangerine peel fruit

The leaves are ovate and heart-shaped, the apex is sharp, the flowering period is 6- 10 month, the ovary is nearly round, the fruit is round or nearly round, the longitudinal diameter is 5-6 cm, it is green and grayish yellow, and there are about 12 fresh fruits per kilogram.

This variety has medium quality, strong stress resistance, strong plant growth and the highest yield. It can grow in mountainous areas, hills or plains, with the largest cultivation area in production, accounting for 75% of the total output. But it is easy to infect root-knot nematodes when planted in the plain.

2. Lajiangguo

It is a variety selected from Boracay fruit, with heart-shaped leaves and gradually pointed apex. The flowering period is June-10/October, and the fruit is oblong, oval or pear-shaped, with a longitudinal diameter of 5-6 cm, grass green or yellowish patches, a thin peel, a thickness of about 0.3-0.6 mm, and easy to break. The fresh fruit 12-65432.

This variety has excellent quality, strong adaptability, strong plant growth, easy propagation and cultivation, suitable for cultivation in mountainous or hilly areas, and its yield accounts for about 20% of the total output.

3. Long Beach Fruit

It was named after the first discovery in Baoan Long Beach, Longjiang Township, Yongfu County, Guangxi. Leaf blade cordate, apex acuminate. Flowering: July-June 5438+1October. The fruit is oblong, ovoid or rectangular, grass green to green, with yellowish patches in the middle, with a longitudinal diameter of 7-8 cm. The fruit is large and the peel is thick, which is1.0-1.2 mm, and the number of fresh fruits per kilogram is10-12.

This variety has the best quality, but it has strict requirements on cultivation conditions and weak resistance. The planting area is gradually decreasing, and the output accounts for about 5% of the total output.

4. Red hairy fruit

This variety is named because the tender vines, ovaries and young fruits are densely red pilose. The fruit is round or pear-shaped, with a longitudinal diameter of 4-5 cm, grass green, young fruit red or yellow-red pilose, and then white or grayish brown pilose. Fresh fruit per kilogram 14- 16.

This variety has high yield, strong adaptability, many fruits per plant, but small fruits, and can be used as the original material for breeding.

5. chashanguo

Named after the semi-wild camellia oleifera forest. The fruit is round or oblate, with a longitudinal diameter of 4-5 cm, grass green and white pilose.

This variety has medium quality and strong adaptability, but it has few fruits and less cultivation, so it can only be used as raw materials for breeding.

(2) Breeding methods

1. Asexual reproduction

This is a traditional breeding method widely used in production areas at present. After the rainy day in September, when the soil is wet, dig a pit with a length of 22cm, a width of 15cm and a depth of 15-20 cm next to the plants, backfill the soil with 6-7 cm loose soil, slightly compact it, and place 3-5 vines to be pressed in the pit and every 3-4 cm. After returning to the soil to fill the pit, the vines are slightly pressed to form a turtle back shape to avoid water accumulation. A month later, the seed expands into a small root, which is the seed potato. The key to the success of pressing vines is to press vines and keep the soil moist.

When the local plants begin to wither, the vines can be dug back, and the dug vines can be buried in a well-drained pit to keep warm for the winter. They can be excavated in the following spring in warm areas where there is no serious freezing injury.

2. Seed propagation

In September, when the fruits on the vines turn yellow and mature, they will be harvested. Cut off all their stems (it is best to harvest them with vines), then hang them in a ventilated and cool place in the house to dry, and reserve them for sowing in the next spring. The germination rate of this fruit seed can reach 65-85%. However, when the seeds are ripe, they are taken out immediately, dried and stored in bags. When sowing in the next spring, the germination rate is obviously reduced, only 28-36%.

The seed shell of Siraitia grosvenorii seeds is lignified, and the water permeability is poor, which affects the seed germination. If seeds are sown without shells, the germination start period will be advanced by more than 15 days and the germination end period will be advanced by more than 50 days. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-28℃.

The number of male seedlings obtained by seed propagation is more than 70%, and the sex of seedling stage cannot be identified. It takes 3-4 years to obtain higher flowering plant rate and higher yield, so it is not liked in producing areas.

(3) Land selection and land preparation

The planting place should be in the middle and upper part of the forest-covered mountainous area, and should sit on the gentle slope with good drainage on both sides of the east and west, or in the southeast. At the same time, we should pay attention to choose raw wasteland or miscellaneous forest land with a soil thickness greater than 60cm and loose texture, and avoid cultivated land. Clay and sandy soil are easy to cause root-knot nematodes, and Pinus massoniana woodland is easy to attract termites.

Logging and burning in late autumn and early winter, clearing the site, digging about 30-50 cm, and removing residual weeds, trees and stones. Before planting in the spring of the following year, the soil was broken and leveled to make a terrace with a width of about 90cm, and a shallow drainage ditch was opened along the inner wall of the terrace, and a main drainage ditch was also opened along the slope. When planted on the flat land, the whole baby is 130- 160 cm wide, and the ditch is about 30cm deep and 40cm wide.

(4) Planting

Seed potatoes obtained by vine pressing propagation and seed potatoes that have been propagated and raised for 2 years should be planted in the field. In the past, double plants were mostly used, but now single plants are mostly used, and the row spacing is1.7×1.3m. ..

Cave planting was carried out in February. The width and depth of the cave are about 30 cm, and decomposed manure and phosphate fertilizer are used as base fertilizer. After planting, cover the soil into a turtle back shape, and the thickness of the potato head should not exceed 5cm to facilitate the emergence of new buds.

Generally, if more than 1 1,000 plants are planted, the ratio of female plants to male plants is 50∶ 1, which is enough to ensure the number of artificially pollinated pollen. However, if the number of plants is small, it is necessary to increase the number of male plants so that female plants can be pollinated by male flowers throughout the flowering period.

(5) Promote the early flowering of male plants.

The difference of flowering biology between male and female plants of Siraitia grosvenorii lies in the different time from budding to flowering. Generally, female flowers need 10- 16 days, and male flowers need 26-30 days. Under the same cultivation conditions, the flowering period of female plants is more than half a month earlier than that of male plants. Therefore, there is a common problem that the male and female flowering periods do not meet in production, which brings certain losses to the yield. Measures to promote the early flowering of male plants are:

1. Heating to accelerate germination

At the beginning of March, male tubers with vigorous growth for 2-4 years were selected, fibrous roots and part of main roots were cut off, put into plastic bags with new soil as nutrient soil, kept moist, and then put into simple plastic shed to accelerate germination. The temperature in the shed is kept at 20-30℃, the air relative humidity is 85-90%, and the germination is accelerated 10 days or more. After that, the neck of the tuber began to germinate and germinated in advance.

2. Raise vines in winter

According to the characteristics that the dormant buds on the annual main vine of Siraitia grosvenorii germinate earlier, sprout earlier and bloom earlier than those on the tuber neck, the buds on the main vine are far from the ground and are not easy to suffer from freezing injury. By saving the main vines for winter, the male plants can blossom earlier.

In winter, when cutting old vines, male plants that have been growing vigorously for 2-4 years should be selected, and the main vines (above 0.8cm in diameter) should be cut 50- 100 cm. Wax should be applied at the cut, and the main vine should be wrapped with straw to prevent cold and winter, so that the main vine will not be damaged by freezing. In March of the following year, when the temperature is above 18℃, removing the straw and strengthening the management of water and fertilizer can make the male plants germinate early, drop flowers early and blossom early, thus achieving the goal of flowering earlier than the female plants.

(6) Site management

1. scaffolding

Generally, the height of scaffolding is about 1.7m, and it is best to use cement columns or miscellaneous wood or Chinese fir. Pine is not allowed, because pine is easy to attract termites. Bamboo is used as the roof, and the spacing between branches is 15cm. If it is too dense, it is not easy to carry out artificial pollination and waste materials. If it is too sparse, the vines will easily fall from the gaps, which will affect the growth.

open one's heart (to)

In early spring, when the temperature reaches above 15℃, it can be opened, that is, the tubers cultivated last winter will be opened to raise the soil temperature and promote the germination of dormant buds. Generally, the buds will wither from early March to early April. If they wither prematurely, the new buds will be easily damaged by freezing. If they wither too late, the germination and germination period will be delayed, which depends on the altitude, site conditions, slope direction and late frost of the orchard.

3. The slanting vine falls off and is shaped.

Generally, only one main vine remains per plant. When the main vine grows to 30cm, insert a small bamboo stick beside the plant, lightly tie the young vine to the bamboo stick with plastic rope section by section, lead the main vine into the shed, and pull out all the lateral vines on the main vine under the shed to cultivate a strong main vine. Siraitia grosvenorii is a vine with secondary and tertiary lateral vines as the main fruit. Therefore, after the main vines are laid, the 10- 15 sections are left for core jacking, which promotes the appearance of 6-8 first-class lateral vines, 20-25 first-class lateral vines, 3-4 second-class lateral vines and 25-30 second-class lateral vines.

fertilize the soil or land

The yield and quality of Siraitia grosvenorii mainly depend on the type and quantity of fertilization. Fertilization should be based on the age of plants and the growing season of seedlings. According to the distribution of root system, each fertilization should be gradually expanded to 20-65 cm away from tuber, and a semicircular fertilization ditch with a depth of about 15cm should be dug. The base fertilizer should be applied in early spring when it is open. Each plant should be applied with human and animal manure, phosphate fertilizer and 2-3 kilograms of decomposed fertilizer, and then covered with soil.

In the seedling stage after plant shedding and before flowering, nitrogen fertilizer is the main topdressing. Generally, decomposed human and animal manure is used, and chemical fertilizers, such as compound fertilizer and urea, can also be used. 4-5 times at seedling stage.

The flower and fruit period is the period when Siraitia grosvenorii needs fertilizer most and absorbs it most vigorously in his life. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the main fertilizers. Pouring farmyard manure, phosphate fertilizer and tung bran into the cesspit for composting in advance, and applying it every 25-30 days. Tung bran has a unique effect on improving the sugar content of Siraitia grosvenorii. After the fruit is harvested, it is necessary to apply human and animal fertilizers once to restore plant growth and ensure stable and high yield in the coming year.

5. Artificial insemination

Siraitia grosvenorii is a dioecious plant, and all cultivated varieties must be artificially pollinated to bear fruit. Therefore, pollination is an indispensable technical measure to ensure the flowering and fruiting of Siraitia grosvenorii. At 5-7 o'clock in the morning, pick the well-developed slightly open male flowers, put them in bamboo tubes or lunch boxes, and put them in the shade for later use. When the female flower opens, scrape off the pollen from the anther with a bamboo stick and gently smear the pollen on the stigma. When pollinating, don't touch the ovary and stigma of female flowers. Generally, a male flower can pollinate 10- 12.

Pollination time and climatic conditions have significant effects on fruit setting rate. The optimum pollination time is 7- 10 in the morning. During this period, the ability of pollen germination is the strongest, and the adhesion of the stigma of female flower ovary is also strong, and the pollination effect is the best. The fruit setting rate can reach 73.3-86.0%, and the fruit setting rate can be pollinated from 12.30 to 17. The experiment of Guangxi Institute of Botany proved that the fruit setting rate was the highest in cloudy days (82%), followed by sunny days (72%) and rainy days (42%).

6. Dry potatoes and keep them in winter.

The tuber of Siraitia grosvenorii is seriously damaged by root-knot nematodes. Every year, about 15-20% of plants are eliminated due to root-knot nematodes, and the highest can reach 30%, which seriously reduces production and shortens the fruiting period. In cultivation, the method of exposing potato (tuber) to the sun can inhibit and reduce the harm of root-knot nematodes. When drying potatoes, the potato pieces are exposed to about 2/3 of the ground. The time of drying potatoes depends on the local sunshine intensity and the humidity of soil and air. There are generally no cracks on the surface of potato pieces.

The tuber of Siraitia grosvenorii is not tolerant to low temperature. In order to ensure that the tuber can germinate new buds normally in the second year, it is necessary to cultivate the soil on the spot for the winter before entering the winter. Before covering the soil, the old vines should be cut off, leaving only the main vines about 30cm, and the potato pieces and the main vines should be buried in situ with a thickness of 20-30cm.

(7) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Root-knot nematode disease

The pathogenic nematodes are Java root-knot nematodes and southern root-knot nematodes. The seed potatoes and roots of infected plants produce tumor-like processes and nodules (galls) of different sizes, which lead to slow growth, delayed flowering and fruiting, serious premature aging and premature death. Generally, the yield of diseased orchards is reduced by 20-70%, and all crops are seriously lost. Use wasteland as garden, and propagate seedlings through seed or tissue culture; Soak potato seeds in hot water at 45-47℃ 10-20min for disinfection; Comprehensive measures, such as treating diseased soil with 3% carbofuran granules or 4-6 kg cotton powder per mu, can prevent or reduce the occurrence and harm of nematodiasis.

2. Blister leaf witches' broom disease

The mesophyll of plants infected by Mycoplasma-like (MLO) and virus is foamed and deformed, the old leaves are yellow but the veins are still green, and axillary buds sprout early to form clusters. After orchard disease, the rate of empty plants reached 13-40%, the number of fruits decreased by more than 50%, and the commodity rate of fruits was low. Establish a disease-free seedling field far away from the production area, and use tissue culture seedlings or virus-free seedlings at the tip of the stem as production seedlings; Spraying dimethoate or trichlorfon solution regularly to kill cotton aphids and prevent insect-borne diseases can reduce or prevent the occurrence and harm of blister leaf witches' broom.

3. White silk disease

(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. )

Also known as potato rot. Pathogenic bacteria invaded the stem base and seed potato of Siraitia grosvenorii, and cotton hyphae were produced in the affected part, which spread radially to the surrounding surface. In the later stage, the sclerotia of brown rape seeds was formed, and the seed potato plants wilted, and the rate of damaged plants in the diseased garden reached 10-30%. Prevention and control measures: use raw wasteland as orchard to avoid continuous cropping; Soak seed potatoes with 20% lime water or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution before planting; Pull out the seriously ill plants and dig out the diseased soil in the rhizosphere; Irrigate lightly diseased plants with 500 times solution of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder.

Step 4 get sunburned

It is a physiological disease caused by high temperature and scorching sun exposure, long drought and no rain. Sunburn causes seedlings to burn and wither, vines to wither, buds and young fruits to stop developing, and plants become "old seedlings". In orchards with serious diseases in the south of Guangxi, the rate of damaged plants is over 90%, resulting in serious yield reduction of orchards. Using trees as shade, sitting on the hillside facing the east with short sunshine as orchard land, using thin bamboo branches and twigs as orchard scaffolding materials, and using sweet clover as shade during germination can effectively prevent sunburn.

5. Cerambycidae

(jumping spider)

In order to harm the vines of Siraitia grosvenorii, adults lay eggs on the main vines, and larvae feed in the vines, resulting in the death of the whole plant. The damage rate of longicorn beetles can reach 57%, causing serious losses to orchards. Prevention and control methods: clear the garden in winter, burn dead vines and eliminate the source of overwintering insects; Adults were killed artificially in the emergence stage, and larvae were killed by spraying 50% dichlorvos 1000 times in the damage stage.

6.Lohan Drosophila melanogaster

(Zeugodacus gaudatus(Fabricius))と

Adults lay eggs in young fruit, and larvae feed in the fruit after hatching, which makes the damaged fruit stop developing, yellow before it is old, rot and fall off. In the main producing areas of Siraitia grosvenorii, the damage rate of fruit flies reached 50%. Prevention and control methods: clear and collect damaged fruits and burn them centrally; In winter, combined with clearing the garden, treating the soil with 5% carbaryl powder per mu to eliminate the overwintering pupae can prevent the harm of fruit flies in the next year; Spraying 90% trichlorfon 1000 times of 3% brown sugar solution on vine leaves and fruits during adult emergence can trap and kill adults and reduce the harm of fruit flies in that year.

7.termites

Termites eat seed potatoes in the orchard during the wintering period, which leads to the loss of germination ability of seed potatoes and the serious shortage of seedlings and plants in the orchard. When 80% dichlorvos EC 10000 times solution or 50% phoxim 1000 times solution is used to pour potato stalks during the damage period, termites eating seed potatoes can be killed. Dig a trap pit in the orchard, put branches and weeds in it to trap termites, and spray "mirex" for centralized control.

8. Starscream

Both adults and nymphs are harmful to leaves, shoots and buds, resulting in a large number of lodging in orchards, which seriously affects plant growth and yield. Burning dead vine leaves in winter to eliminate overwintering insect sources; Spraying 20% amitraz 100 times solution during the occurrence period of red spider has good control effect.

9. Huang shougua

(Aulacophora sp)

Adults harm leaves, buds, flowers and young fruits, and often bite the leaves into arc notches, spots or small holes; Larvae harms the root system, affects the growth and development of plants, and even makes plants wither and die. Spraying 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution to control adults during the damage period, and irrigating the roots with the above solution to poison the larvae.

10. Underground pests (South China crickets, black cutworms, grubs) harm seedlings, seed potatoes and roots, resulting in a shortage of seedlings and plants in orchards.

1 1. Snails and slugs

Eating young plants, leaves and vines leads to bacterial invasion and decay. 3.3% snail 500g can be used to control Oncomelania hupensis. Spraying 70% shellfish-killing 700 times solution or copper sulfate 1000 times solution on slugs has good results.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

It takes 60-85 days for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit to mature from pollination. Fruit maturity is short in the early stage and long in the middle and late stage. The criteria for fruit ripening are yellow stalk, yellowish peel and soft and elastic fruit. After taking it back, put the fruit on the floor in a cool and ventilated place and spread it out to dry. When the fruit is ripe, it should not be piled up to prevent it from being damaged due to poor ventilation. It should be turned every 1-2 days, and the maturity time after spreading is usually 7-8 days. When the skin turns yellow, it can be baked in the furnace.

In the baking process, the conventional heating curve is low-high-low, that is, the temperature of the insulation layer of the oven is controlled at 45-50℃ in the first 3-4 days after the fruit enters the oven and 3-4 days before it is discharged from the oven, and it can be raised to 70℃ in the middle 2-3 days. The new method uses high and low temperature curve method to bake fruit. When the fruit is put into the furnace, the temperature of the fruit bin is 70-75℃, and it is reduced to about 55℃ after one day and kept for 2 days. On the fourth day, the temperature is reduced to about 45℃, and it can be baked 1 day. Compared with the old method, the content of vitamin C in the new method is 65438 0.7 times, the sugar content is not reduced, the fruit is bright and beautiful, and the processing cost is reduced by about 50%.

Due to the temperature difference between the upper and lower floors of the fruit compartment, in order to make the fruits of the whole oven evenly heated and discharged at the same time, the upper and lower compartments should be exchanged every day, and the fruits should be turned up and down one by one.

The baked fruit should have the following characteristics: the skin color is yellow and brown, pleasing to the eye, the smell is fragrant, there is no burnt taste, the sound is crisp when you flick it with your fingers, the skin is not black, the inner fruits and capsules are clustered, and the skins are not separated.