Seek all the historical materials of the palace in the late Qing Dynasty.

The situation in the harem of the Qing Dynasty is like this: the queen (the first wife), followed by the imperial concubine (the great aunt), followed by the imperial concubine (the second aunt, two people), followed by the princess (the third aunt, four people), followed by the wives and concubines (the fourth aunt, six people), followed by the nobles (the fifth aunt, the number of whom is unknown), and then by Chang (the sixth aunt, six people). Maids in waiting are the most special. They are maids. Unless they are favored by the emperor and "lucky", when they reach the age of 25, they can go back to their homes and get married alone. At the same time, the average number of officials and women in the same period was the least in Qing Dynasty, about 2,000. In this respect, the Qing Dynasty was the most merciful. Because, compared with the 40,000 ladies-in-waiting of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it is of course "benevolent government". Maids can be promoted, but it's hard to skip a grade. As a lady, take your time. The selected female practitioners are different. If a maid-in-waiting wants to be promoted to a noble or a concubine, she has to go through the stage of making a promise and staying there all the time. When a woman comes in, she can be above the nobility. For example, the concubines of Emperor Daoguang of Xuanzong are all palace girls; The imperial concubine of Emperor Wenzong Xianfeng (later Empress Dowager Cixi) rose from a scholar to an aristocrat, from an aristocrat to a concubine, became a concubine, and gave birth to a son (later Emperor Mu Zong Tongzhi). As soon as the emperor was happy, he promoted her to a concubine or even a lady (everyone called Yi Guifei).

Except the ladies-in-waiting, all the others are the official concubines of the emperor and can never leave the court. Among them, 10 people live in the East and West Zodiac, each with a special room, and are assigned to live with them below the nobility. The number of ladies-in-waiting is divided according to their status. Generally speaking, the queen has ten ladies-in-waiting, the imperial concubine has eight ladies-in-waiting, the concubines have six ladies-in-waiting, and the nobles have four ladies-in-waiting. They are often assigned to three ladies-in-waiting, and promised to be assigned to two ladies-in-waiting.

In order to safeguard the dignity and privileges of the nobles in the Qing Dynasty, the so-called show girls in the court beauty contests in the Qing Dynasty must first be honest women. Only by ensuring blood relationship and social status can we talk about the beauty and quality of women. After customizing "draft girls" among the children of the Eight Banners, a group of young flag girls are selected to enter the palace every three years. Not only the empresses of the emperor should be selected from these women, but some xiunv may also be assigned to the emperor's closest relatives. There are strict conditions for choosing a woman as a concubine. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, female practitioners were generally selected from the Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners, and all flag women aged between 13 and 16, who were healthy and without disabilities, must participate in the reading and selection. Before the sixth year of Jiaqing (A.D. 180 1), even the daughter born of a princess's marriage had to go through a female draft to talk about marriage. Female practitioners are called "He Sui" when they reach the age of thirteen, and "over sixteen" when they reach the age of sixteen. People who are "over 60 years old" generally no longer participate in the selection. If you fail to pass the reading for some reason, you must take part in the next reading, otherwise you can't get married even if you are in your twenties, and offenders will be prosecuted. Anyone who marries others privately before reading the flag girl will also be investigated by the flag girl. Even if they are disabled and do not have the conditions to choose women, they should be reported by the flags, and finally reported to the housing department by the flags, and they can be exempted from election only after being approved by the emperor. During the selection of women's training, all flags are uniformly stipulated by the Ministry of Housing, as well as the age of women. I should have read it, and the leaders, assistants, Xiao Qi faction, leaders and the Council of Chiefs made statements one by one and reported them to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and then reported them to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, where the emperor played, and when the emperor approved the election of female students, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development immediately wrote all the flags and made a list of female students. Leaders attending the meeting, leaders' assistants, Xiao Qi faction, leaders, heads of families, and wives of my parents or uncles' parents and brothers will personally take their daughters to the Shenwumen Gate of the Forbidden City, which will be arranged in turn and handed over to the internal staff for supervision. This is the first choice. Anyone who is registered after being selected by eunuchs must be re-elected. This is the second choice. Anyone who is anonymous will be employed by his family. For example, the flag officials and women can't compete with the candidates because of accidents, so they will be sent to be read next time. Women who have never seen it, women whose names have been registered, and women who are married privately should talk to the governor, the assistant leader and the head of my parents respectively. The women selected in the draft must be unmarried women between 13 and 17. After two exceptional selections by eunuchs, they were finally submitted to the emperor for selection, or were accepted as concubines or married to princes or princes. During the registration period (usually five years), the selected registered female practitioners are not allowed to get married without permission, and offenders from commanders, deputy commanders, assistant tour leaders, flag bearers to my parents will be punished to a certain extent. If a woman who has chosen to leave the brand has not re-examined for a long time and the registration period has passed, then such a woman will never marry.

The draft girl is sponsored by the Ministry of Housing. As soon as the triennial women's draft comes, the Eight Banners compiled by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Eight Banners stationed in Zhili provinces and foreign flag bearers will report women of appropriate age for the record. The date of each selection is determined by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and then the flags are notified to have a detailed list. When they were ready to be selected to watch, all the female practitioners got off at Shenwumen, arranged in order, and eunuchs introduced Shunzhen Gate to the emperors to choose from.

There is a story about the women's draft in Jiaqing and Daoguang years in historical materials: when choosing the Eight Flags, two flags are chosen every day, which are evenly distributed according to the number of people, and the flags are divided in no particular order. On the day before the selection, there will be national flags lined up to participate and collect. If the flag is yellow and inlaid with yellow, it is divided into three parts, namely, all yellow, Mongolian and Chinese. Each part will be arranged according to the chronological book, and then the car will start. First, Manchuria in Huang Zhi, then Mongolia and Han nationality. Then the Manchu-Mongolian-Han army with yellow flags entered through the fish. The car tree has two lights, each with its own logo. Start in the evening, enter the back door at night, and go outside the Shenwu Gate. When the door opened, I got off and entered in turn. The car goes from Shenwumen to Donghuamen, from Chongwenmen Street to Beijie City, and also bypasses the back door to Shenwumen. The time is between the next day and noon. Those who have completed the selection get on the bus in turn and go back to their homes. Although there are thousands of cars, they are orderly, which is commonly known as queuing cars ... women should be selected to wait outside Shenwumen and Shunzhen, and a company official should be in charge. At that time, eunuchs were introduced in classes, with five people in each class, standing without kneeling. If you are interested, leave a famous brand, that is, leave a brand, if you watch it regularly, leave a brand. The card was originally the daughter of Manchu (Mongolian, Han army, later Mongolian, Han army) in an official flag. Those who were chosen as female practitioners were given the title of emperor and were not allowed to leave the palace and remarry until they died.

The emperor beauty pageant is held once every three years, which is a bit too long. There is also an activity of choosing a wife every year, mainly to choose a wife to serve the concubines in the inner palace. The scope of its selection is the women of ordinary families who belong to the three flags of the Interior Office, that is, the three flags of the Interior Office set by the emperor in the early Qing Dynasty in yellow, yellow and white. Women over the age of three flags 13 should choose, and most of them will go to the palace to be maids. During the period of being a maid of honor, if the emperor takes a fancy to her, he can also promote her as a concubine. If the emperor doesn't like it, he must serve until he is 25 years old, and then he can leave the palace and get married. It's worth a hundred times to choose a few maids to be concubines in the palace. But except for a few who were favored by the emperor, most of them lived in the cold palace for a long time and lived the life of a grass widow. Girls who are not chosen as concubines are mostly obedient to their masters' men, such as Hou Houfei, who are punished by flogging and even forced to death.

Family members of maids are allowed to visit their daughters in the palace once a month. There is a row of small and low rooms in the corridor outside Shunzhen Gate, where the maids meet their families. Except the most beloved ladies-in-waiting, they wait on their masters all day. Generally, maids don't go out to work every day. Once every three days, once every five days, the redder you are, the more diligent you are on duty. You can also see the red and black ladies from the monthly shift. Maids-in-waiting lead a stressful life, because they are on duty, so when it's their turn to rest, they try to relax as much as possible. The most obvious thing is to wash your face and rinse your mouth after getting up in the morning, even if you don't apply makeup or make fat, let alone draw eyebrows and temples. You dress casually. Powerful maids learn embroidery, writing, painting and calligraphy, and can play cards if they like.

After Manchu entered the customs, in order to show that they are not separated from each other, it is said that Manchu and Han can marry each other first. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), the first emperor, Qing Shizu, announced that women who wanted to marry Han officials in Manchuria could register. In order to set an example, the Qing ancestor specially invited the daughter of Shi Shen, a servant of the Han family, to be his concubine. "Yongping Fu Zhi" records that this young lady is quite favored, because she got a residence in Yongshou Palace, where she can wear Chinese crown clothes. When Zhao, the wife of her mother Shi Shen, comes to see her, she can also get off the sedan chair nearby-"shoulder into Xihua Gate and enter the palace under the inner right door"! There was also a Han surname in the harem of Kangxi, the second emperor of the Qing Dynasty. This kind of situation has been common in the palace. The most noteworthy is the fifth emperor Renzong Jiaqing. His biological mother, Empress Xiaoyi, whose real name is Wei, is one of the three Empresses of his father Qianlong. According to Qing History, in the 23rd year of Jiaqing (18 18), she was specially instructed by her son to change the book Wei Jiashi into five discs, which seemed to cover up the fact that half of her current family was Han.

Outside the Longzong Gate of the Forbidden City, there is a group of buildings with Cining Palace as the main body. Some people call it the home of widows in the Forbidden City. Because the original owners here were the empress, concubines and concubines of the first emperor. Among them, women entered the palace mainly through the draft. Although the Ming and Qing emperors were not like the "three thousand harem beauties" in the Tang Dynasty, the number was not small. Empress, imperial concubine, concubines, nobles, Chang Chang, Yan Xu, etc. They all live in the East-West Sixth Palace on both sides of Gan Qing Palace. Once the emperor died, according to the ancestral system, everyone moved to Cining Palace to live. Life here can be said that there is no chance to laugh, only in the lonely and monotonous life of "beauty is old and white." Occasionally, there will be joy in Cining Palace, such as giving the Empress Dowager Cixi the emblem and conferring the empresses. Grand celebrations are held here on New Year's Day, winter solstice and Empress Dowager Cixi's Wanshou Festival. So that the widows of the Qing dynasty could get together to drink and have fun. But such activities are only a few days a year after all. There are many Buddhist temples in the complex of Cining Palace. During their bored widowhood, the Empress Dowager, Tai Ai and Tai Fei burned incense and worshipped Buddha, trying to seek spiritual comfort and sustenance from the illusory Buddhist world.

Or the establishment of government offices and yamen in Qing Dynasty?

First, the establishment of the Qing cabinet and military department.

1. Abolish the Council of Wang.

Before the rulers of the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, there was a "meeting of ministers to discuss peace and the king's affairs" composed of the King of the Eight Banners and the Prime Minister. All military affairs of the imperial court are discussed and decided by it. This shows that the King's Conference is a privileged institution for Manchu nobles to control state affairs and safeguard their own interests, which is bound to have contradictions and conflicts with feudal centralization and autocratic monarchy. Therefore, after the Qing Dynasty unified China, the feudal emperor gradually weakened the power of the Mongolian-Chinese Council of Ministers by allowing it to participate in the discussion of state affairs and establishing a cabinet, and finally it was officially abolished in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792).

2. The establishment of the Qing cabinet

Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the imperial court had three imperial courtyards, namely, the Internal History Academy, the Internal Senate and the Internal Reference Hong Wen Academy, which were responsible for recording the daily life of the emperor, compiling historical books, writing factual records, drafting the credential system and giving lectures to the emperor. There are college students, bachelors and so on in the third hospital. And can participate in state secrets. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), the Qing Dynasty changed the Inner Third Hospital into a cabinet, set up a university, and added the title of Diange, which was equally divided between Manchu and Han. According to the system of Ming Dynasty, the memorials presented by local officials must be approved by the cabinet on behalf of the emperor before being presented to the emperor. For imperial edicts, the Cabinet also issued six government offices to implement them. At the beginning, the power of the cabinet was lower than that of the original inner third hospital because the university students only had five officials. However, because the Qing emperor used the cabinet to suppress the power of the Council of Ministers, the status of the cabinet continued to improve. During the Yongzheng period, the rank of cabinet university was promoted to the first class and became the highest official of the imperial court. However, since the establishment of the military department, it has replaced many functions and powers of the cabinet, and cabinet officials only deal with some daily affairs. At this time, "college students" have become an honor for civil servants.

3. About the South Study Room

The South Study Room is located in the south of Gan Qing Palace. This was originally the place where Emperor Kangxi studied. Later, Hanlin and other officials were selected to be on duty, which was called "South Study Walk". In his spare time, Emperor Kangxi painted poems and paintings with their company, and then participated in the maintenance, adhering to the emperor's will and drafting imperial edicts, which once became the place where government decrees were issued. The south study room only had this special status when Emperor Kangxi was in power.

4. Establishment of the military sector

In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Qing army was fighting against Junggar in the northwest. In order to deal with the military situation in time, a quartermaster room was set up in the palace to directly convey the military situation at the front line and the emperor's will, which not only saved the complicated procedures of the cabinet, but also made it difficult to leak secrets. Later it was also called the military computer room. In the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732), it was officially renamed as "Handling Military Affairs Department" or Military Affairs Department for short, and its authority was extended to participate in all military affairs. Due to the high efficiency of the military department in conveying the will of the emperor and handling government affairs, the autocratic imperial power reached its peak. Therefore, although it is not a formal office, it has been preserved and played an important role in the history of the Qing Dynasty.

The Ministry of war has a Ministry of war history, which is called "Ministry of war walking" and "Ministry of war walking". There is no quota, and there are more than six or seven people. Generally, university students, ministers, assistant ministers and other specially selected officials were appointed, and princes were also selected in the late Qing Dynasty. Captain, the minister of military affairs is called Shouyi.

Military affairs ministers are on duty in the military department in shifts, ready to be summoned by the emperor to discuss military affairs. The minister of military affairs should also draw up decrees according to the emperor's opinions and promulgate them to the relevant departments, which is called court delivery. At that time, various documents issued by the cabinet were called "Faming". In contrast, the postal service of the military department is more diligent and intensive than that of Faming.

For junior military ministers, "military ministers learn to walk" is awarded, which has a slightly lower status and the shift is behind. The subordinate of the Minister of Military Affairs is Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, commonly known as a small military aircraft. He is responsible for the daily clerical work of the military department, writing imperial edicts and manuscripts.

Two. Other central administrative organs

In the Qing Dynasty, the central administrative organs, such as six departments, nine departments, five temples and two prisons, had the same setup and responsibilities as in the Ming Dynasty, except that the Li Fan Academy was specially established in the Qing Dynasty.

With Shangshu and Assistant Minister Yuan as deputy envoys, he is in charge of minority affairs in Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang. In addition, Lifan College is also responsible for some diplomatic and trade affairs, such as the establishment of the Russian Pavilion. It was not until the Xianfeng period that diplomatic and trade responsibilities were placed under the responsibility of the Prime Minister's Office for state affairs.

Third, the Qing Dynasty Duchayuan

Like the Ming Dynasty, Douchayuan in Qing Dynasty was the highest supervisory institution in China. Shi Yu, the capital of Zuodu, and Shi Yu, the capital of Zuodu, are the deputy directors. As an independent supervisory organization, the Ming Dynasty was dominated by six subjects, and the Qing Dynasty merged into Duchayuan.

In the Qing Dynasty, the whole country was divided into fifteen supervision areas, and Douchayuan set up fifteen supervision censors to examine various criminal cases and had the right to inspect the affairs of various government offices in Beijing.

Duchayuan has also set up five municipal hospitals in Beijing, which are divided into five cities: East, West, South, North and Central. Every city has a yamen, headed by the Inspection Department, which visits local institutions and officials in Beijing.

In addition, the Douchayuan of Qing Dynasty also set up the Imperial Imperial Imperial Mansion to inspect the affairs of the Imperial Mansion. Set up a supervision office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to inspect the affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Fourthly, the system of local officials in Qing Dynasty.

In Qing Dynasty, local administrative organizations can be generally divided into three levels: provincial, prefecture (prefecture, department) and county.

The highest military and political officers at the provincial level are governors and governors. In the Ming Dynasty, the Governor and the Governor were all officials appointed by Duchayuan, but in the Qing Dynasty, they became official local senior officials.

The governor generally governs two or three provinces, while the governor of Sichuan only governs one province. The governor also holds the title of the minister of war and the right capital of Douchayuan, which gives him administrative, military and supervisory powers in several provinces. The governor can also be called "controlling the army" and "controlling Taiwan".

The governor is the highest military and political chief of a province, and concurrently serves as assistant minister of the Ministry of War. The Douchayuan has the title of deputy governor, so it has the right to govern the administrative, military and supervisory powers of the province. The governor can also be called "Fu Jun" and "Fu Tai".

Under the governor and the governor, there are political envoys responsible for the finance and civil affairs of a province. Envoys can also be called fantai.

There is also a provincial judge who is in charge of justice, supervision and postal affairs in a province. Provincial judges can also be referred to as "Taiwan" and "Division" for short.

In the Qing Dynasty, governors, political envoys and provincial judges could be collectively called the Three Constitutions.

In the early Qing dynasty, political envoys were stationed in a certain place, which was called guarding the road. According to the judge, there are deputy envoys and officials. And they can go somewhere to patrol. This is called patrolling. When Qianlong was in power, he abolished the above-mentioned political officials and deputy envoys, and set up another road, patrolled roads, led troops to prepare titles, and ruled the state, becoming a first-level institution between provinces and States, known as Taoist priests. Nominally, Tao should be the dispatched administrative agency of the province. The Qing dynasty also set up some professional officials, such as those in charge of river affairs, salt, tea and grain.

There is a provincial government, with the county magistrate as the chief executive, responsible for government affairs, taxation and litigation in its counties. In addition, Shuntianfu and Fengtianfu are the capital and capital respectively, and their status is higher than that of the general government, with the magistrate as the main official.

There is also Zhili prefecture at the same level as the government, which belongs directly to the province and is headed by well-known people. There is a county. There is also a Zhili Hall in ethnic minority areas, directly under the province, with Tongzhi and Tongguan as the chief officers.

The government consists of counties and scattered States. County is the grass-roots organization of local administration, and the chief executive is the magistrate of a county. Most scattered states are ad hoc due to local conditions, and they are also known as their chief executives.

Fifth, the change of the official system in the late Qing Dynasty.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, western imperialism broke into the gate of China, and they used trade as an excuse to infringe on China's sovereignty step by step. At this time, some people want to achieve the goal of enriching Qiang Bing through political reform and reform. The new situation forced the Qing government to make some adjustments to the feudal official system. Government departments have increased or decreased, and some have changed their names. But it can't save the dying fate of the whole feudal system at all.

Sixth, the grades and official uniforms of the Qing Dynasty.

1. Chivalry in Qing Dynasty

Titles in the Qing Dynasty were divided into royal titles and Spyker titles. Wang Jue, also known as the Grand Duke, was given to the Manchu imperial clan. At first, it was 12, and it was increased to 14 during Qianlong period. Of course, what appears in the table only reflects the hierarchical differences in names, not actual references. Another Spyker is dedicated to heroes and nobles. Some of these titles are further divided into first, second and third grades. Titles were abolished in the Qing Dynasty, and some titles were used for knighthood.

2. Honest and upright officials

Civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty were divided into nine categories, each of which was positive, subordinate and * * * eighteen. The civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty were also eighteen. Due to different grades, the specifications and forms of the documents issued by the court are also different. I saw the post of Manchu official position downstairs.

3. The salary and clothing of honest officials

Officials in the Qing dynasty, whether Manchu, civil servants or military commanders, were paid according to their grades, and they were given silver rice. Military attache in Lu Zhi meters away, equivalent to the salary of silver hair. In addition to official salaries, officials also receive "salaries" from the emperor and Yang Lianyin.

The clothes of Qing officials are very different from those of the past. Officials' clothing colors are not graded. Only princes and specially approved princes and county kings can use golden yellow, and the robes of officials are generally stone blue or purple (dark blue with red). The important difference between the official costumes is "top" and "complement". Top refers to the hat bead at the top of the hat. Officials of different grades use hat beads of different materials. When an official is dismissed, he must first take off his hat, because the hat bead is an important symbol of his status.

Officials in the Qing dynasty wanted to put a tunic over their official clothes, which was called an auxiliary robe. A patched coat has an embroidered square pattern on both sides, which is called a patched coat. The pattern of tonic is that civil servants are birds and military officers are beasts; The officials of the suggestion system, regardless of official products, are embroidered with the word "thank you" because it is said that this beast can distinguish right from wrong.

There is also a bunch of peacock feathers, called Hualing, which was dragged behind the hats of senior officials in the Qing Dynasty. The circular pattern on the feather is called eye, so it is graded according to the number of eyes, including monocular, binocular and tricuspid.

Since the Tang Dynasty, bright yellow (light yellow) has become the emperor's special color, which is due to the theory that the center belongs to the soil and the color is still yellow.

Because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed in Buddhism, the beads of Buddhism also influenced the costumes of officials of the Qing Dynasty. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, when officials wear imperial robes, they should wear 108 round beads around their necks, which is called imperial beads. Different grades of officials make beads with different materials and line colors.

Or the interior office of the Qing dynasty?

Many scholars believe that the system of the Qing dynasty generally followed the system of the Ming dynasty, which can be said to be extremely general. The rise and fall of Chinese dynasties, on the surface, is the alternation of political power and the general scale of the system has not changed greatly, but there is still a difference between innovation and innovation. The Qing Dynasty was a foreign regime, or a tribal regime [1], and the historical view of China was centered on the Han people. However, historians should not have an overly subjective view of history. Judging from the objective population figures, Manchu is a minority relative to Han nationality, so this paper says that the Qing regime was established by a minority.

The internal affairs office of the Qing Dynasty was an institution established by the Qing court to serve the royal family. The Supreme Prime Minister's Office is the yamen in charge of the internal affairs office (in Beijing), and the highest director is the minister in charge of the internal affairs office, directly subordinate to the emperor. Most of the people who hold this position are private cronies of the emperor, or nobles and royalty of the Eight Banners. The yamen has an internal affairs office, which can handle affairs. It has seven departments and three hospitals. According to the records in Qing Hui Dian of Guangxu, the main institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are Chu Guang Department, Du Du Department, Zhang Yi Department, Accounting Department, Qingfeng Department, Criminal Department, Construction Department, etc. In addition, there are many subsidiary institutions, such as the third weaving department and the consular office of Neisanqi. The scale of the whole institution is quite large, almost like the epitome of the six organs that promoted the state affairs of the Qing Dynasty. In the Textual Research of the General Manager's Office, Cao Zongru made the following comments on the responsibilities of the General Manager's Office: "... general manager office plans to be the cabinet, the minister of internal affairs plans to be the cabinet, the general storage department plans to be the household department, the imperial department plans to be the military department, the Zhang Yi department plans to be the ritual department, and the Qingfeng department is very important because it is nomadic in the Qing Dynasty; The accounting department plans to pay grain tax, the construction department plans to work, and the punishment department plans to punish. As for the official department, it belongs to the doctor. " [2]

Compared with the six ministries, the Ministry of Internal Affairs even confuses the basic considerations of minority privileges. Before entering the customs, the Qing Taizu Nurhachi had established the Eight Banners system to govern the nationalities and population in the Northeast. After the reform of Emperor Taizong's dynasty, the flag system became more and more complete. Under the Khan (or emperor) and the flag owner of the Eight Banners, some people are specially served by the flag owner, and the Manchu language is called Tu [3]. Wrapped in Manchu means home, and clothing means "yes" and "yes". Wrapped is a special class directly responsible to the royal family and the owner of the Eight Banners. Mr Meng Sen said, "Its first eight banners are the same. They all serve the country with lonely mountains and serve the family. " [4] The Eight Banners have their own coatings, and the emperor owns the coatings of the upper three banners [5]. Officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are mainly composed of the upper three flags, so the upper three flags are often called the three flags of the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the inner three flags, while compared with the inner three flags, the general flags such as the Eight Banners are called the outer eight banners. The coating of Radix Notoginseng belongs to Emperor Yu Xia [6] and has a special position. Because of the distinction between internal and external flags, scholars often confuse it with the Eight Banners system. According to Chen's textual research, Neisanqi is not an independent flag in the Eight Banners system, but only a part of the jurisdiction of Shangsanqi and all the flags in Manchuria [7]. Although these people claimed to be slaves of the emperor, some of them held important positions in North Korea and other places. Obviously, they are not real slaves, but the product of Manchu's development according to its national characteristics. Most scholars believe that officials in the Qing dynasty did not use Han people to put on clothes because of trust. When Manchu first entered the customs, there were many contradictions between Manchu and Han, and the contradictory complex between nationalities made it impossible for Manchu and Han to understand and combine with each other immediately. Therefore, on the one hand, for convenience, the emperor used the painted flag to trust Han people far more than the Eight Banners. Cao Zongru also said: "Taking care of the emperor's family affairs and entrusting the palace to supervise the villain is not only afraid of repeating the mistakes of the Ming Dynasty, but also difficult for courtiers and outsiders to hear. But the staff of the three flags is forbidden to the world, like a servant. Although he claims to be a slave, he can be a minister inside and sent abroad, and his status is comparable to that of a palace supervisor. Since Emperor Kangxi wants to reform the old system, he is also suitable outside courtiers and officials. " [8] Say it sincerely!

After the total scale of the internal affairs office was established during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, these tu posts were in charge of court affairs, but the basic mentality of the rulers could not be removed. The system of the Qing dynasty still followed a part of the Ming dynasty's legacy-eunuchs. As early as the Zhou Dynasty in China, officials (i.e., castrated people) were used to serve the emperor [9], but because these eunuchs were the closest people to the king and they were also the most likely to influence the king, these "people who survived the punishment" were not healthy. If the king's personality is easily manipulated by eunuchs, it will often have a bad influence on the national political situation. Eunuchs suffered the most losses in history, with the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty as the first examples. The use of eunuchs in Dongchang and Li Si in Ming Dynasty was a serious disaster. Huang Zongxi was interviewed in Ming Yi? In "On Officials", it is frankly said that the Ming Dynasty used eunuchs: "Today, there are six prime ministers, and the official position of the court is also spontaneous. The answers in this chapter are word of mouth first, and then draft. The wealth of the world, first in the library and then in Taicang, the prison of the world, first in the East Factory and then in the Legal Department, everything else. Even the six prime ministers are only elected members. " [10] Qing inherited the political system of the Ming Dynasty, and because it was a military winner, it was very familiar with the disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty. Generally speaking, the whole Qing Dynasty brought eunuchs into the system of the Interior Office, which was managed by the Imperial Palace (later changed to the Palace Supervisor), and made strict regulations to control the eunuchs in the palace to prevent them from falling into the story of the Ming Dynasty. Although there were thirteen eunuch yamen in the early Qing Dynasty, it was a flash in the pan, and the Kangxi Dynasty re-established the internal affairs office to take charge of state affairs and absorbed the provisions of the thirteen yamen. It is worth mentioning that when studying the government institutions in the Qing Dynasty, it is not difficult to find many cases of Manchu-Chinese integration, especially the internal government. From this point of view, the study of the interior office is very helpful to the study of Qing history or Manchu, and it is worthy of scholars' efforts to sort out historical materials in order to have a further understanding of the "interior office system" in the Qing Dynasty.

Second, study the primary problem of the Ministry of the Interior-archives.

The most important thing to be solved in the study of the Ministry of Interior is how to use the huge historical materials. There is the A Qing Dynasty, which is not far from ancient times, so the file preservation is also the most perfect, with a large number of official and folk historical materials. But generally speaking, the official historical materials are still the most abundant and informative in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Especially in recent years, the archives have been opened one after another, which enables historians to use them and is also the main reference source for those who study the history of the Qing Dynasty. In the past, scholars were unable to make further breakthroughs in the study of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, partly because the existing historical materials were limited, and most of them could only be based on official books such as Qing Hui Dian, General Examination of Qing Literature and Qing Shi Lu, supplemented by notes of the Qing Dynasty or anecdotes of past dynasties. Although the predecessors of Qing history, such as Meng Sen and Zheng Tianting, can use official books to conduct detailed textual research on historical events, it is really difficult to surpass them if they are backward, so they have to find another way. Today, with the gradual opening of cross-strait archives, the secret archives of the Ministry of the Interior, which were not seen by the public in the past, have gradually appeared in front of the world. In order to better understand the interior office, the author summarizes the archives of the interior office in Qing Dynasty.

Archives are the direct historical materials needed to study history. Generally speaking, most files have not been edited, and the original appearance of the event can still be seen. Although archives are direct historical materials, direct historical materials cannot be called archives, which is different. As for why there are file names, according to Shan Shiyuan's research, official documents before the Ming Dynasty only have file names, but there are no file names. However, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, Vencent Yang wrote a book "A Brief Introduction to Liu Bian", which contained: "There are many out-of-bounds wooden books, and brands are passed on to cut sawdust. Store old documents and files, thus accumulating a large number of files. " It is inferred that this may be related to the customary address of Manchu in Qing Dynasty. There is also a note in the remnant draft of Ju Zhu in the 19th year of Kangxi: "I asked Mahala's father and uncle that they are both in the army ... they are in charge and there is no file in the Ministry." It can be further inferred that the name "Archives" was indeed used by the Qing court [1 1].

After the Revolution of 1911, most of the files of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Qing Dynasty were lost. However, because Puyi still lives in the Forbidden City, the archives of the office hall are still preserved in large quantities. Archives expert Shan Shiyuan classified the archives of the Department as follows when sorting out the archives of the Qing Dynasty:

1. imperial edict archives: imperial edicts delivered by the minister in charge of the internal affairs office, as well as imperial edicts publicized by court officials such as palace wardens and attendants, are all taken over by the Tang master, then found by the sitting doctor and copied by various departments.

2. Inscription book: The inscription book approved by Feng Zhupi was renamed as playing and selling file because its content is mainly money and grain statistics.

3. Green card file: used to report emergencies.

4. Red file: There is an archive of Zhu Pi's memorial for copying.

5. White document: used to copy documents without ink batch.

6. memorial: the memorial is kept in the office for future reference.

7. Type a manuscript, make a case, and lay a foundation: a manuscript played by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

8. Working draft: an official document reviewed by officials of the Ministry of the Interior and sent to other institutions. Usually, after reading it, the minister will write a word "line" on it and send it out because of its name.

9. Yellow Book: It is the attachment of the inscription book, named after the cover of yellow cold and the purpose of selling silverware.

10. Daily official archives: a special form of archives in the Qing Dynasty, which only exists in the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Officials who handle affairs in the office hall will handle affairs on a daily basis and put relevant documents in cylindrical paper bags, which is the most original historical materials in historical archives.

1 1. Tang Yu file: instructions from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to subordinates.

12. Weaving return file: secret folding of the third weaving. The palace handed over the textile affairs related to Sanyi, which was generally issued by the Ministry of the Interior. Although the minister of the interior office is its big official, the weaving official can turn to the emperor's path, which is caused by his special coating identity.

13. Submitted documents: the draft submitted by the affiliated institutions of the Ministry of the Interior to the Ministry of the Interior for review before declaration.

14. Address: The address is the name of the documents exchanged between parallel organs, and most of these documents are accompanied by book attachments.

15. Genealogy: it is a genealogy book of Sanqi household registration under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

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17. The bottom of the meal: it is the diet list of three meals a day in the palace. [ 12]

The document names listed above are only explanations of the document names. For example, the classification of the files of the Ministry of Internal Affairs today can be explained so as to have a further understanding of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Generally speaking, today's archives of the Ministry of the Interior are mainly collected in the following archives, some of which are overseas, but Chinese mainland has a complete collection.

(1) China No.1 Historical Archives:

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