Please introduce the leaves of osmanthus trees!

Scientific name: osmanthus fragrans

Family name: Oleaceae.

Genus name: mignonette.

Common name: osmanthus tree

Morphological characteristics: osmanthus trees are elegant, with green branches and leaves, evergreen seasons and pleasant fragrance. Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a height of15m and a crown of 400 square meters. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; When cuttings are buried in the soil, adventitious roots grow everywhere, but there is no obvious main root. Osmanthus fragrans has strong branching and low branching point, especially in its infancy, which often appears as a shrub for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark rough, gray robe color or gray white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, the paraxial surface is dark and bright green, and the distal axis is pale; Oval, oblong, ovoid, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovoid.

Usage: Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all the year round, with lush foliage, blooming in autumn and overflowing fragrance, which can be described as "monopolizing Sanqiu over others". It is widely used in gardens, often used as landscape trees, including single planting, opposite planting and cluster planting. In the classical gardens of China, osmanthus flowers are often matched with buildings, mountains and rivers, and stone machines, and shrubs are planted near pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions. Old-style gardens are often planted relatively, which was called "double laurel in the court" or "double laurel leaves fragrance" in ancient times. Planting osmanthus trees around the house or in front of the window can get the effect of "golden wind sending fragrance". Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, and it is also a good greening flower in industrial and mining areas.

Habit: Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub or small tree of Oleaceae, with a height of 1.5 ~ 8m. Crown is round head, semicircle and ellipse. Leaves opposite, leathery, inflorescence clustered in leaf axils. The flowering period is from September to 10 and the fruiting period is from March to April of the following year.

Osmanthus fragrans adapts to the vast subtropical climate. Sexual preference is warm and humid. The average temperature in the planting area is 14~28℃, the average temperature in July is 24~28℃, the average temperature in June is above 0℃, the minimum temperature is-13℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 15~28℃. Humidity is very important for the growth and development of osmanthus fragrans. The annual average temperature is 75% ~ 85%, and the annual precipitation is about 1 1,000 mm. Especially when young trees and adult trees bloom, they need water more. If they encounter drought, it will affect flowering. Strong sunlight and shade are not good for their growth. Generally, they need 6-8 hours of light every day.

Osmanthus fragrans cultivars

Four seasons osmanthus flowers are small and difficult to shoot.

Osmanthus fragrans has formed many cultivated varieties through long-term artificial cultivation, natural hybridization and artificial selection. In recent years, the resources and varieties of Osmanthus fragrans have been extensively investigated in major cities all over the country, the flowering characters have been recorded on the spot, the characters of various Osmanthus fragrans have been analyzed and compared, the relatively stable genetic characters have been selected, and four Osmanthus fragrans varieties have been identified and sorted out by combining the traditional classification methods and the application in garden production.

Osmanthus fragrans variety group: it blooms all year round, and there are varieties such as "laurel", "Osmanthus fragrans" and "Osmanthus fragrans".

Yin Gui variety group: it blooms in autumn, and it is pure white, milky white and yellowish white. There are varieties such as Seed Yin Gui, Jiulong Guigui, Early Yin Gui, Late Yin Gui and Bai Jie.

Jingui Variety Group: It blooms in autumn with lemon yellow to golden yellow flowers, including Dahua Jingui, Dayehuang, Huangchuan Jingui, Late Jingui and Round-leaf Jingui.

Osmanthus fragrans variety group: It blooms in autumn, and its color is dark, orange yellow, orange red to vermilion. There are varieties such as "Dahuadangui", "Yadangui", "Zhusha Dangui" and "Broad Leaf Red". There are some varieties worthy of popularization and application in each variety group, such as Osmanthus fragrans and Phyllostachys macrophylla, which are small shrubs with a height of 0.5-1.5m. "Osmanthus fragrans" has a light yellow flower, and each node of the same branch blooms one after another, and flowers appear almost every day, hence the name. There are a large number of mother plants in Cangxi, Sichuan. "Big-leaf Buddha's Dingzhu" has milky white to pure white flowers, dense inflorescences and unique terminal inflorescences, which bloom continuously from spring to autumn. They have high ornamental value and can be potted indoors or planted outdoors in a large area.

Different species or varieties can be selected for breeding according to different needs. For the purpose of picking flowers, high-yield types with dense flowers should be selected, such as "Huangchuan Jingui", "Jingui", "Seed Yin Gui", "Big Flower Dangui" and "Orange Red Dangui". For the purpose of seeing flowers and smelling fragrance, osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus cinnabarinus, Osmanthus fragrans and Osmanthus fragrans should be selected. Shrubbery, potted plants and bonsai should be selected from "Fusang", "Big Leaf Buddha's Fixed Pearl", "laurel", "Four Seasons Cinnamomum", "Kowloon Cinnamomum" and "Willow Cinnamomum". And take them as trees or choose "Huang Yingui with big leaves", "Jingui", "Dangui with big leaves" and "Jingui with big Dan" as the garden owners of Jing Yi.

Some sweet-scented osmanthus bears fruit, while others bear no fruit. Drupe usually ripens in April-May of the following year, and it usually takes 5-6 years to blossom when sowing. Cutting branches, grafting and layering used for asexual reproduction can bloom in the same year. The Song Dynasty recorded: "When the moon is full of flowers, the flowers will be damaged, and the moon will be lost. It is important to know that everything in the world is in the clear autumn ",which points out the basic law of its flowering: that is, when the lunar calendar is full in August and May every year, osmanthus will bloom, and after half a month, the flowers will wither and the moon will be lacking.

Osmanthus fragrans likes warmth, strong resistance, high temperature resistance and cold resistance. Therefore, we can spend the winter in the open air in the areas south of Qinling and Huaihe rivers in China.

Osmanthus fragrans likes sunshine, but also can resist shade. In full light, it has lush foliage and dense flowers. In the shade, its branches and leaves are sparse and flowers are scarce. If potted indoors in the north, it is especially necessary to pay attention to sufficient light to facilitate growth and flower bud formation.

Osmanthus fragrans is relatively humid, and it is forbidden to accumulate water, but it also has certain drought resistance.

The ancients recorded a lot about the weather conditions of osmanthus flowers. Looking at the Moon at Fifteen Nights by Wang Jian in the Tang Dynasty includes "Coody Leng's Silent Wet Osmanthus fragrans", Liu Zongyuan's "Exposing Osmanthus fragrans in front of the mountain", Bai Juyi's "Steaming autumn air in the sky, golden waves picking yellow flowers in the middle of the month", and Lu You in the Song Dynasty's "Exposing wet fragrance in the secluded path, drying small windows in the setting sun". "Coody Leng" and "Mi Lu" in the poem mean that it will be cold in the morning and evening; "steaming" means that the weather will have a higher temperature again. This cold weather in the morning and evening and sultry weather in the daytime is not only beneficial to the nutrient accumulation of osmanthus trees, but also can promote the formation of rain dew and accelerate the flowering of osmanthus trees. Suzhou people call it "turpentine steaming". Around the Mid-Autumn Festival, the weather suddenly gets hot, just like summer. Once the osmanthus is steamed, it will rot and bloom for a long time. Osmanthus fragrans flowers need both a certain humidity and a certain temperature difference.

Osmanthus fragrans is not strict with the soil. Except alkaline soil and low-lying land or soil that is too sticky and poorly drained, it can generally grow, but slightly acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is the most suitable.

Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to chlorine, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and other harmful gases, and has strong dust adsorption ability, which is often used for greening in cities and industrial and mining areas.

Propagation and processing of osmanthus fragrans

Osmanthus fragrans, also known as Osmanthus fragrans, is a small evergreen tree. It is a precious ornamental aromatic plant, which blooms in autumn and has a refreshing fragrance. Osmanthus fragrans is a specialty of China and one of the main spice raw materials in China. Osmanthus fragrans can extract aromatic oil and is a valuable perfume. Osmanthus fragrans wine, Osmanthus fragrans candy, Osmanthus fragrans candied fruit, perfume, soap and other flavors and fragrances made of pure Osmanthus fragrans oil sell well in domestic and foreign markets.

1, the main variety. There are many varieties of osmanthus fragrans, including Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui, Sijigui and Gui Yue. Among them, Jingui has rich aroma, many flowers and high ornamental and economic value. Osmanthus fragrans has a long flowering period, which will bloom except in severe winter and heat, and it is the most prosperous in autumn, but its tree shape is short and its fragrance is light, so it is only suitable for garden planting and viewing.

2. Breeding methods. Osmanthus fragrans can be propagated by sowing, docking, cutting, layering and cutting. Generally, docking and cutting propagation are the main methods. The rootstock of docking is Ligustrum lucidum, which can bloom in the same year after jointing, and the docking time is mostly in summer. A large number of osmanthus seedlings can be propagated by cutting, and the time is mostly in February when the juice is about to flow out. In order to promote rooting and prevent diseases, cuttings were sprayed with 800- 1000 times trichlorfon solution 65438+ 0 month before cutting, disinfected with lime water 10- 15 days before cutting and sprayed with 65438+ before cutting. The cutting depth is 2/3, water it immediately after cutting, and always keep a certain humidity, and a sunshade net can be set on the seedbed. It will take root and sprout in about 2 months. Transplanting once in the second year and planting in the third year.

3. culture point. Osmanthus likes to do it. In addition to paying attention to watering and moisturizing when transplanting, irrigation is generally not needed, so good soil drainage is needed. Usually big trees branch once a year, and young trees branch 2-3 times. It can be applied every year in February, June and September or before flowering 1 time. It is not suitable to apply heavy fertilizer in the early stage of spring sowing, and pig manure and bean cake are the best fertilizers. During May and June of 65438+ 10, intertillage, loosen soil and weed should be done in time to keep soil moisture and avoid competition between weeds and trees for fertilizer. Osmanthus fragrans has developed root system, many fibrous roots, strong adaptability and easy survival after transplanting. Generally, trees under 20 years old are easy to transplant in spring and autumn.

4, harvesting and processing. 65438+1bloom scented in September and June, sweet-scented osmanthus was collected, mixed with alum (3.5%) and pressed. Squeeze the juice in a few days, keep the weight of the original flower, and then add the same amount of sugar to mix and put it into a jar, which can be used as raw materials for sweet-scented osmanthus buns, sweet-scented osmanthus jiaozi, sweet-scented osmanthus wine and sweet-scented osmanthus preserves. You can also use petroleum ether as solvent to extract the collected osmanthus fragrans, and the extract is clarified, filtered, concentrated under normal pressure and low pressure, and finally degassed to make the osmanthus fragrans extract. The yield of osmanthus fragrans extract is about 0. 17%. The pure oil of osmanthus fragrans can be obtained by repeatedly extracting the extract with ethanol, which is a natural and precious perfume. After leaching, appropriate amount of osmanthus essence and white sugar are added to osmanthus residue to become osmanthus sugar, which can be used to prepare general food.