Planting management techniques of green thick-skinned melon

If you want to grow a good melon, you must first understand the suitable environmental conditions for melon growth.

1. Temperature: The optimum temperature for the whole growth period of melon is 25℃ and 35℃, and the growth will stagnate at 65438 03℃, and the temperature below 7℃ will cause chilling injury. The optimum temperature of fruit expansion period is 30℃-35℃ during the day and 15℃-20℃ at night, so that the temperature can be conducive to sugar accumulation and produce high quality and good price fruits.

2. Moisture: Melon is a drought-tolerant crop, but the requirement for moisture is very strict. A small amount of water is needed in the early stage of growth, and too much soil water will seriously affect the growth of plants. The soil moisture at jointing stage of melon is moderate, and the soil is too dry to delay the growth and development, which can not achieve the goal of early maturity. At this time, a lot of water is needed from the female flower opening to the fruit expansion stage. If there is no water, the fruit will swell slowly and many deformed fruits will appear. Generally, fruits do not need to be watered for 7 days before ripening. The principle is that it should be dry but not wet, so as to produce high-quality melons with sweet fruit and beautiful color.

3. The absorption ratio of melon to fertilizers: N, P and K is about 30: 15: 55. Melon needs not only a lot of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also a proper amount of calcium, magnesium and a certain amount of trace elements. Therefore, after applying base fertilizer and topdressing, it is necessary to spray some foliar fertilizers containing trace elements on the leaves of plants, which is beneficial to the healthy growth of plants and achieves the purpose of high yield and disease resistance.

1. Seeding and seedling raising: 10 cm It is advisable to keep the ground temperature above 12℃ during the planting period, and the seedling age is generally 28 ~ 40 days. According to the local suitable planting period, the suitable sowing date is one month ahead of schedule. Sow seeds 35 days before the local final frost, and carry out plastic film seedling raising. In Jilin Province, cold shed cultivation is usually planted in early March. Thin-skinned melons in greenhouses and greenhouses in Liaoning were sown before and after the Spring Festival, and thin-skinned melons in greenhouses in cold areas were sown from mid-February to late February, with a seedling age of 40 days. Thin-skinned melons in greenhouses and greenhouses in Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei are planted around New Year's Day. In the first half of February, sowing thin-skinned seedlings in cold shed was premature, with small melons and low yield. The seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient bowl, and 6 parts of fertile field soil without melon crops and 4 parts of decomposed and screened animal manure were used to prepare nutrient soil. 0.5 kg of diammonium phosphate and 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate are added to each cubic meter of manure, and then chemicals for preventing and controlling soil-borne diseases are added. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are dissolved in water and sprayed into nutrient soil, and the soil is mixed while spraying. Before sowing, melon seeds should be properly aired for 1-2 days to improve seed vitality and promote rapid and orderly emergence. After the seeds are dried, soak them in water at 55℃-60℃ 10- 15 minutes, stir the water to 30℃ and soak them for 6-8 hours. Or disinfect the seeds with 0. 1% potassium permanganate for 20 minutes or soak the seeds with 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim for 15 minutes, rinse the pesticides and soak them for 8 hours, take them out, drain the water on the surface of the seeds, wrap them with clean wet gauze or towel, cover them with plastic bags, and germinate at 25℃ ~ 30℃. It usually germinates in 20 hours. Sow 1 germinated seed in each nutrition pot, spread it in the pot, cover it with 1 cm soil, and water it. If no fungicides such as carbendazim or dichlorvos are added to the seedbed soil, 95% hymexazol (Luheng 1No.) should be sprayed evenly in the seedbed before or after sowing with 3000 times of water to prevent seedling diseases such as damping off. Then cover it with plastic film. Remove the plastic film immediately when the seeds arch the soil to prevent the seedlings from being baked at high temperature in the shed at noon.

Second, seedbed management:

From sowing to emergence, high temperature management promotes emergence. 30℃ ~ 35℃ during the day and above 20℃ at night. The period from seedling emergence to leaf flattening is the fastest period for hypocotyl growth, and the temperature should be reduced, generally 20℃ ~ 25℃ during the day and 12℃ ~ 13℃ at night. The cotyledons are flattened, and after the true leaves appear, the seedlings are not easy to grow in white, and the room temperature can be increased again, about 25℃ during the day and 15℃ at night. Pay attention to control the temperature of seedbed not to be too high, and maintain a suitable temperature difference between day and night, so as to facilitate the differentiation of flower buds, ensure that vines bear enough female flowers, and bear melons early. If the temperature of seedbed is too high, especially at night, flower bud differentiation will be delayed, resulting in the phenomenon that vines have no female flowers. In case of low temperature and rainy weather at seedling stage, fungicides such as hymexazol should be sprayed on the seedbed or for a proper time to prevent root rot of rice sheath blight, and at the same time, outdoor air and humidity should be strengthened to prevent overgrowth, pests and rats. When the three real leaves are unfolded, they can be planted. Before planting, the air release should be increased 1 week, and seedlings should be tempered without watering as much as possible. When using small and medium-sized shed to raise seedlings in plastic film cultivation, it is best to uncover the seedling shed model three days before planting, but don't let the seedbed get wet, so that the seedlings can adapt to the environment quickly and slowly after planting. Within three days after planting, avoid strong winds of magnitude 5 or above.

Third, grafting:

Grafting white-seeded pumpkin with high resistance to Fusarium wilt with thin-skinned melon has good compatibility and high yield, which effectively eliminates the occurrence of Fusarium wilt and has great advantages. Early maturity, high yield, strong disease resistance, reducing pesticide consumption, about 20% of seedlings. The grafted seedlings have developed roots, vigorous plant growth and high fruit setting rate. The yield is about 30% higher than that of the seedling, and it can tolerate the temperature 3-5 degrees lower than that of the seedling. Suitable for winter and early spring cultivation. In actual production, farmers found that the effect of grafting melon was better. Generally, the special grafting rootstock for melon with strong stress resistance and vigorous growth is used as the rootstock, which is simple to operate and has guaranteed quality. Disease-resistant hybrid thin-skinned melon is planted with scion melon, and pumpkin rootstock or melon rootstock is planted after 5-7 days. No matter scion or rootstock, it is best to use seedling box with length of 60 cm and width of 40 cm as sowing tool, which is convenient for movement and management. When the scion grows to 2 true leaves and 3 true Ye Gang are exposed, it takes about 10 days; When the rootstock grows to two leaves and the true leaves are just exposed, the suitable grafting period is about 5-7 days. Other operation procedures are the same as the grafting method of cantaloupe or watermelon.

Fourth, fertilization:

Choose sandy loam plots that have not planted melon crops for 3 to 5 years and are suitable for planting melons, and apply fertilizer according to local fertility conditions. Generally, 3000 kg of decomposed manure (chicken manure and sheep manure are the best), 25-35 kg of diammonium phosphate, 25 kg of potassium sulfate or 50-80 kg of ternary compound fertilizer of potassium sulfate are applied for plastic film cultivation in the three provinces of Northeast China. 65,438+0,000 square meters, 65,438+0.50 kg of cake fertilizer such as rotten bean cake, sunflower cake and hemp seed cake, or 40-50 kg of cooked soybean or 40-50 kg of hemp seed, which has special effects on increasing disease resistance, precocity and improving quality and appearance of melons. Manure must be decomposed at high temperature, otherwise it is easy to induce diseases and pests such as wilt, wilt, damping-off and leaf miner. Organic fertilizer, soybean and hemp seeds should be sprayed with phoxim and carbendazim to kill germs and eggs and prevent diseases and insect pests. No farmyard manure or continuous cropping cultivation should actively increase the application of special EM bacterial fertilizer, Baolifeng potassium fertilizer produced in Israel and trace fertilizer. For protected cultivation in Hebei province, 50 kg of 6-8 square diammonium phosphate, 50 kg of potassium sulfate and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate were applied per mu, and then 2/3 of them were mixed and applied in furrow13. In Liaoning province, 5000 kilograms of high-quality farmyard manure, 20 kilograms of diammonium phosphate and 25 kilograms of potassium nitrate are applied for conservation tillage per mu.

V. Colonization:

Protected cultivation in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei and Shandong provinces, the general border spacing is 120 cm, each border contains two rows, with a small row spacing of 50 cm and a plant spacing of 40 cm. The greenhouse cultivation spacing in Liaoning Province is 100 cm, with two rows per border, plant spacing of 25-40 cm and small row spacing of about 40 cm. 15 ~ 20 days before planting in protected land, prepare soil and fix shed, bake land to raise ground temperature, and set up small arch shed after planting to promote slow seedling. Plastic film cultivation in North China generally has a row spacing of 0.8- 1.0m, a plant spacing of 20-30cm and a density of 2,000-3,000 plants/mu. Plastic film cultivation in Northeast China, 65 cm wide ridge, one ridge or two ridges without ridge, spacing between plants is 40 ~ 50 cm, and most of them are planted in deep pits under the film, and holes are stuck on the film in case of high temperature weather to prevent seedlings from burning at high temperature. After the cold weather, put the melon seedlings outside the film and seal the film mouth with soil. Pay attention to the weather forecast after planting, and build a small arch shed when necessary to prevent freezing injury.

Six, temperature management:

The indoor temperature is mainly increased from 27℃ to 30℃ during the day and not lower than 20℃ at night. After the seedling stage is delayed, the temperature is lowered by ventilation at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day and 12℃ ~ 18℃ at night. Before the results, the daytime temperature should be kept at 28℃ ~ 30℃, the outdoor air should not exceed 36℃, and the night temperature should not be lower than 17℃ ~ 18℃. After fruiting, the temperature is still high, 25 ~ 32℃ during the day, 15 ~ 18℃ at night, and the minimum temperature at night is not lower than 10℃. If the temperature is too low at night, the melon will not grow long, but the temperature should not be too high. Ventilation should be early and the temperature difference between day and night should be maintained. Special attention should be paid to the control of the temperature in the small arch shed, and the temperature in the shed should not exceed 30℃. In case of continuous high-temperature weather during the fruiting period, it is best to uncover the shed mold, but after the high-temperature weather, it should be covered again in case of rain or low temperature.

Seven, pruning:

In the growth process of melon, the whole vine needs pruning, which is beneficial to balance nutritional growth and reproductive growth and promote the improvement of fruit yield and quality. But it must be effective and labor-saving. Pruning method and fruit number should be determined according to variety habits, regional characteristics and cultivation habits. This operation should be carried out on sunny days, not after irrigation, because plants absorb a lot of water after irrigation on cloudy days and secrete a lot of body fluids at the wound after coring, so pruning should be combined with spraying agricultural streptomycin and other pesticides to prevent wound infection. The principle of pruning and coring is to tighten before loosening. Pruning should be strictly and timely before fruit setting. After fruit setting, a certain number of lateral branches (vines) can be allowed to increase the photosynthetic leaf area under the premise of not shading each other. It is not advisable to start coring too early. After being centered, there should be about four real leaves with deep roots.

(1) The varieties cultivated in the open field mainly bear fruit by creeping: when the seedlings have four true leaves 1, leave four leaves to pick the tips, then choose three leaves to pick the tips, and Sun Manliu leaves three leaves to stop the vines, and then let them grow.

(2) Cultivars mainly bearing fruits of sundew are cultivated in the open field: leave 4 true leaves to pick the core, choose 4 Asian vines to leave 5-6 leaves to pick the tip, and the sundew will bear fruit, leave 2-3 leaves to pinch the tip before the melon, and properly remove the sundew that does not sit on the melon. Generally, the planting density of the fruiting varieties of the sun vine is sparse. In fact, all fruiting varieties of Rattan have the advantages of high yield, high sugar content and neat ears.

(3) A large number of varieties with strong fruiting ability and stable growth are cultivated in the open field in the north, and only four real leaves are needed for the core picking of the main vine.

(4) Hanging vines in protected field: row spacing 100cm, plant spacing of 25 cm, pruning a single vine. When the main vine grows 6-7 leaves, fix each vine on the iron wire above with a rope, tie a wooden stick with a length of 10cm and insert it into the ground, then tighten the rope and wind the melon vines on the rope (the same as hanging vines in a greenhouse). First, the secondary vines of the main vine 1-3 are picked, and the secondary vines of the main vine 4-8 are taken as fruiting branches, leaving two leaves to be picked in advance, and after fruiting, 3-4 fruits with thick fruit stalks and straight melon shapes are selected. Wipe off the remaining branches of the main vine as soon as possible. When the main vine is about 2 1-25 knots (it needs to be adjusted according to the height and variety of the shed), it should be sharp when reaching the top of the shed, and 3-4 secondary vines should be left at the top of the main vine as secondary fruiting branches, 2 leaves should be left for picking and 2-3 fruits should be left. Each plant has two crops of melons, and * * * bears 6 ~ 7 melons. The method has high cultivation density and high yield.

(5) Climbing cultivation in protected land: 3-4 leaves are reserved for the main vine, 3 leaves for the branch vine, 3 leaves for the sun vine and 8 functional leaves for each melon. 10 Before picking the first crop of melons, watch the melons pollinate and pick the seeds, and keep the second crop of melons.

Eight, topdressing and watering:

Protected cultivation is in cold winter, so it is not advisable to water more or more. After planting seedlings slowly, you can water them slowly according to soil moisture and growth. More than 5 ~ 7 days after planting, choose sunny days to water the seedlings. Melons are more drought-resistant than vegetables such as cucumbers, so don't water them too often. Don't dry, water or topdress the melon before sitting, especially during flowering. Water the melons after sitting, keep the ground moist, and never use drought to prevent diseases and control seedlings. Water the young melons when they grow to the size of eggs, and water them when the second crop is planted. Every time you water it, it slowly seeps into the border along the ditch between the borders. Fertilize twice (once in Northeast China), when watering for the second time, and when harvesting melons for the second time. Apply diammonium phosphate 10 kg and potassium nitrate 10 kg once per mu. Spraying foliar fertilizer/kloc-0 every 7 days. Spraying flowering essence at flowering stage, spraying foliar fertilizer of Israel Potassium Bao, Baolifeng and Nongyou Sweet Fruit Essence at fruit expansion stage, and increasing yield and improving quality with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Application of CO2 granular fertilizer in greenhouse cultivation. Plastic film cultivation in Northeast China is generally not watered, but it can be watered 1 time in the fruit expansion period in conditional areas. If you don't water it, the fruit will continue to dry when it is ripe, and the peel will slowly change color, delaying ripening. Spraying with Plant Power 2003 or adding 15 kg of water to 70 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, then adding 50 g of urea and 2ml of water, spraying Bao or leaves at the fruit expansion stage, spraying on the leaves after mixing, and spraying at 2-3 pm, can not only promote the growth of melon, but also enhance its stress resistance and improve its quality. Israeli Bao Mo Lifeng and Nongyou Company's sweet fruit fine foliar fertilizer also have a particularly good effect. When spraying pesticides, mix with foliar fertilizer.

Nine, fruit protection measures:

Melon is a cross-pollinated crop, which has no parthenocarpy habit and cannot bear fruit without insect pollination. Therefore, artificial and indoor bees must be used to complete pollination or hormone treatment in protected cultivation. In recent years, the plastic film used in early cultivation of muskmelon has low temperature and little insect activity, which often affects the main vine. In the early stage of grape cultivation in protected field or plastic film cultivation, the following three methods can be used to improve the fruit setting rate: First, artificial pollination is carried out when female flowers are in full bloom. The method is to pick the male flowers that bloom that day at 8 ~ 10 every morning, remove the petals (corollas) of the male flowers, expose the stamens, and gently touch the stigma of the female flowers. The operation should be light to prevent the stigma from being damaged. 2. spray flowers with 1 .5-2.5 kg water 1 mixed1tablet made in Shanghai, or spray flowers with 40 ml/kg-50 ml/kg anti-falling agent (tomato essence), and spray the flowers directionally with a small sprayer (including flower stalks) Pay attention to the day or the next day when the female flowers bloom. Add less water when the temperature is low and more water when the temperature is high. The concentration can be lower first, and then increased if you can't sit still, but it can't be too high to prevent the concentration from being too high in the greenhouse or when the temperature is high, resulting in deformed melons. The concentration of anti-falling agent used in large fruit varieties is higher than that in tomato and small fruit melon varieties, otherwise the effect is not good. Note: Zuoguoling is produced in Zhengzhou, Zuoguoling in Sichuan and Zuogualing in Li Qiang. The effective component of fruit expansion factor is clofenuron, which is mostly used in intermediate thick-skinned melons and thin-skinned melons. Especially sensitive to temperature, the concentration is difficult to master. High temperature and high concentration are easy to produce bitter gourd, which will make the fruit too large, deform and lengthen, and also affect the absorption of calcium in melon, causing melon meat necrosis. When four female flowers are in full bloom, mix 4 kilograms of water with 1 Sichuan high-efficiency melon seeds, and spray the melon seeds and plants once after 3 pm. Don't spray melon seeds or fruit stalks with 1 ~ 2kg water as instructed, otherwise the melon will be bitter.

X. Disease control:

The main diseases of melon are Fusarium wilt, root rot, Fusarium wilt, leaf blight, bacterial leaf spot, bacterial angular leaf spot, powdery mildew, downy mildew, epidemic disease, anthracnose and fruit rot. After years of experiments, our company has summed up a new disease prevention method: before or after sowing, 95% hymexazol is added with 3000 times of water and sprayed evenly in the seedbed to prevent seedling diseases such as damping off. In case of low temperature and rainy weather at seedling stage, hymexazol was sprayed on seedbed to control damping-off disease.

① The root diseases of melons are mostly caused by soil-borne pathogens, including fungi, bacteria and root-knot nematodes. Fusarium wilt and root rot are the main root diseases in melon growing period. Once it happens, it is difficult to cure. The external symptoms are that the stems and leaves of plants are normal, without infection by pathogenic bacteria, the leaves gradually turn green and wither and die due to water loss. When some similar plants appear in the field, they should be pulled out as soon as possible, and at the same time, the roots should be irrigated with chemicals to cut off the spread of germs. In the old melon areas where continuous cropping is cultivated or seedlings are easy to die, special pumpkin rootstocks are grafted, or the roots are irrigated or sprayed with 4000 times or 1 500 times of 95% hymexazol produced in Yanbian at a suitable time to prevent Fusarium wilt and root rot. Spraying high 1500 times solution to control stem blight. Root-knot nematodiasis will occur after continuous cropping in some areas. The disease occurred in the root, and the root of melon produced white nodules, which connected into beads, resulting in fewer dead seedlings. This is also one of the reasons why some varieties resistant to Fusarium wilt will also die. Insecticides such as aniline phosphorus particles can be used to control nematodes when planting.

② In case of cold and rainy weather from jointing stage to fruiting stage, 200 times of Bao Potassium solution or 0.2% urea plus 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 1 0,000 times of plant power 2003 or Bao He fish protein should be sprayed to supplement nutrition, and Galinon made in Japan should be used to control bacterial leaf spot, head smut, fruit rot and angular leaf spot.

(3) From fruit setting to fruit ripening, small yellow spots appeared on melon leaves in rainy days or heavy fog after rain, and the diseased spots expanded into black and gray spots within a few days, and a large number of leaves died within a week, and melon balls everywhere lost their commercial value. Mainly downy mildew or sometimes complicated with bacterial leaf spot, bacterial angular spot, bacterial fruit rot, epidemic disease, anthracnose and leaf blight. After several years of production practice, it has been proved that Amisi, dimethomorph and Tribe are advanced fungicides in the world, which have ideal control effects on various fungal diseases of muskmelon, with broad bactericidal spectrum, thorough eradication of diseases, lasting effect and no residue, and are essential drugs for controlling leaf diseases of muskmelon in the open field. Tribe is also the best drug to control powdery mildew. The dosage of 50ml of 25% Amisi Da Suspension Concentrate is a pot of water (15kg), that is, the dosage per mu is 50ml or 2000 times, and the dosage of 50% Kaixuan Dry Suspension Concentrate is 20g per mu, that is, the dosage per mu is 120 kg of water. The two drugs can be used alternately with other related drugs, and green milk copper (rosin copper) can be used several times in the early stage of melon growth. When powdery mildew is found in hot and dry weather, tribenuron-methyl, myclobutanil, wuyamycin (BO- 10) or Tobonfosin should be used for control. In recent years, the damage of melon virus in South China has gradually increased, which is caused by poisonous seeds, aphid transmission and leaf friction. Aketai 8000 times solution can be used to control aphids and remove diseased seedlings. Spray 20% virus A400—500 times solution or NS-83 antibody enhancer 100 times solution twice to prevent virus diseases.

④ Use imidacloprid, Aketai, avermectin and EC to control melon; Control whitefly with mirex and abamectin; Abamectin and chlorhexidine against liriomyza sativae.

XI。 Harvest:

Try to harvest ripe melons, not raw ones. It depends on the color, pattern, groove and smell of the navel. When harvesting, cut off the fruit stalks and a section of stems and vines, handle them carefully, label them and pack them for sale.