Knowledge points of geography, meteorology and climate in senior high school

Knowledge is the greatest driving force for human progress, because with knowledge, we know where we come from and where we are going. Below I will share some knowledge about geography, meteorology and climate in high school, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

Meteorological and climatic knowledge points

Vertical stratification of atmosphere and thermal state of atmosphere

1. Vertical stratification of the atmosphere

(1) Layered foundation: Temperature changes with altitude.

(2) Tropospheric characteristics

① The temperature decreases with the elevation, the convection phenomenon is obvious, and the weather is complex and changeable.

② The ground is the direct heat source of the lower atmosphere.

③ Inversion phenomenon

A. Every time the troposphere temperature rises 1000m with altitude, the temperature drops ≤6℃, and an inversion occurs.

B. Generation and elimination process of radiation inversion

No inversion → inversion growth → the thickest inversion layer → inversion weakening → inversion disappearance.

C inversion phenomenon, the wind is small, so that the pollutants near the ground can not spread in time, and the pollution is more serious.

④ Formation conditions of fog: there is enough water vapor in the air; Water vapor condenses into water droplets; Enough condensed nuclei; Inverse temperature phenomenon, small wind.

(3) Stratospheric characteristics

(1) The temperature rises with height, the atmosphere is dominated by advection, and the weather is fine.

② Stable atmosphere, clear weather and high visibility, suitable for airplane flight.

(3) There is an ozone layer, which strongly absorbs the ultraviolet rays of the sun and heats up.

(4) Characteristics of the upper atmosphere

① With the increase of altitude, the temperature first decreases and then increases. There are some ionospheres in this layer, which play an important role in radio communication.

(2) The distribution of oxygen atoms strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and warms it.

2. Thermal state of the atmosphere

(1) Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation

① Reflection: Reflection is non-selective, and the thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection. The temperature is low on cloudy days.

② Absorption: Absorption is selective, water vapor and CO2 absorb infrared rays, and O3 and O absorb ultraviolet rays.

③ Scattering: Scattering is both selective and non-selective. Blue light and purple light in visible light are the easiest to scatter, and the sky is blue. When the air quality is poor, visible light is easy to scatter and the sky is gray.

(2) the heat preservation effect of the atmosphere on the ground radiation

(1) More than half of the solar radiation reaches the ground through the atmosphere, and the ground is warmed by absorbing solar radiation. The sun is the direct heat source on the ground.

(2) After the ground is heated, it radiates outwards. Except a few of them enter the space through the atmosphere, most of them are absorbed by water vapor and CO2 in the atmosphere near the ground, and the lower atmosphere heats up by absorbing solar radiation. The ground is the direct heat source of the lower atmosphere.

(3) After the atmosphere is heated, it radiates outward, except for a few that penetrate the atmosphere and enter the space, most of them are directed at the ground, which is called atmospheric inverse radiation, and the atmosphere plays an insulating role on the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation. The temperature is high on cloudy days at night.

④ It's sunny all day, with large diurnal range, cloudy all day and small diurnal range.

⑤ Low efficiency and high cost: Compared with conventional energy, low efficiency and high cost.

(3) Application of atmospheric thermal conditions

(1) The massive emission of greenhouse gases makes the global climate warm: the massive emission of greenhouse gases, the absorption of ground radiation by the atmosphere, the warming of the atmosphere, the increase of atmospheric inverse radiation, the enhancement of thermal insulation, the rise of temperature and the global warming.

② Use smoke to prevent frost in late autumn; Dew, frost and fog in late autumn often appear on sunny nights.

(4) Factors affecting the solar radiation reaching the ground.

Latitude factors: low latitude, large sun angle at noon, concentrated light, short path of solar radiation through the atmosphere, and more solar radiation on the ground. On the other hand, the days are long in summer, and the ground gets more solar radiation.

(2) Topographic factors: the altitude is high, the air is thin, and the atmosphere has little effect on weakening solar radiation; There are many sunny days and long sunshine hours; The atmosphere has less dust and high transparency, and more solar radiation energy reaches the ground. On the contrary, on the contrary.

(3) Weather conditions: There are many sunny days, and the atmosphere has little weakening effect on solar radiation, so more solar radiation energy reaches the ground.

④ Underlying surface: ground reflectivity, etc.

Knowledge points of meteorology and climate II

atmospheric circulation

1. thermal cycle

(1) The simplest atmospheric circulation.

① Formation process: uneven ground heat and cold causes vertical motion of the atmosphere, which leads to pressure difference at the same height, and then forms horizontal airflow motion.

② Weather conditions: A is heated and the airflow rises, which is easy to form rainy weather. B cooling, air sinking, easy to form a sunny day.

③ Application of thermal cycle

A. Sea-land wind: It is formed due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. It is easy to form rainy weather along the coast during the day and rainy and foggy weather in the ocean at night.

B Valley wind: It is easy to form rainy weather on hillsides and hilltops during the day, foggy and rainy weather when blowing at night, and foggy and rainy weather when the airflow rises in valleys and basins. Moreover, there are many inversion layers in valleys and basins, which hinder the vertical movement of air and easily cause air pollution.

C. Urban wind: Due to the dense population, the city emits a lot of waste heat from life, transportation and industry, which makes the city form a heat island, a rain island and a mud island.

2. Horizontal motion of the atmosphere

Drawing method of (1) near-surface wind

① The wind direction is perpendicular to the isobar, pointing to high pressure, and the northern (southern) hemisphere deflects 30 to the right (left). ~45? .

② Wind force: horizontal pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force and friction force.

③ Characteristics of the three forces: the horizontal pressure gradient force is always perpendicular to the isobar and points to high pressure, which is the source of abundance. The greater the horizontal pressure gradient force, the faster the wind speed, which also affects the wind direction. The geostrophic deflection force is always perpendicular to the wind direction, which does not affect the wind speed, but only the wind direction. Friction is always opposite to the wind direction, which reduces the wind speed and affects the wind direction.

(2) Drawing of high-altitude wind (generally above1500m)

① The wind direction is perpendicular to the isobar, pointing to high pressure, and the northern (southern) hemisphere deflects 90 to the right (left). .

② Wind force: horizontal pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force.

3. Three cycles (pressure belt and wind belt)

(1) Formation factors of three-circle circulation: equatorial low pressure area and polar high pressure area are thermal factors; The subtropical high and subtropical low are the dynamic factors.

(2) Seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt: it moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun, and the northern hemisphere moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

(3) Influence of pressure zone and wind zone on climate.

(1) controlled by low pressure, the airflow rises and there is more precipitation. Equatorial low pressure zone-tropical rain forest climate.

(2) Controlled by high pressure, the airflow sinks and the precipitation is less. Subtropical high pressure area-tropical desert climate; Polar climate-ice sheet climate.

(3) Controlled by the westerly belt, the wind blows from lower latitude to higher latitude, resulting in more precipitation; The wind blows from the sea to the land, and there is more precipitation. Temperate maritime climate.

(4) Controlled by trade winds and polar easterly winds, winds blow from higher latitudes to lower latitudes, resulting in less precipitation; Trade winds-tropical desert climate; Polar easterly wind-tundra climate.

⑤ It is alternately controlled by the pressure zone and the wind zone, with more rain and less rain in two seasons. Equatorial low pressure area, trade wind area-tropical grassland climate; Subtropical high pressure area, westerlies-Mediterranean climate.

4. Monsoon circulation

(1) Influence of land and sea distribution on pressure and wind regions

① The Asian (Mongolia-Siberia) high in June 65438+10 cut off the sub-polar low belt, leaving the oceanic low belt, the Pacific-Aleutian low and the Atlantic-Iceland low.

(2) In July, the Asian (Indian) low pressure cut off the subtropical high, leaving the oceanic high, Pacific-Hawaiian high and Atlantic-azores high.

(2) The causes of monsoon circulation: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea and the seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone.

①65438+ 10 month

② July

Knowledge points of meteorology and climate 3

climate

1. temperature

Time distribution of (1) temperature

① In a day, the highest temperature appears at two o'clock in the afternoon, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the average maximum land temperature in the northern (southern) hemisphere appears in July (1) and August (2) of the ocean. The average minimum land temperature in the northern (southern) hemisphere appears in1(July) and February (August) in the ocean.

(3) Daily (annual) variation of temperature: the continent at the same latitude is greater than the ocean; Inland is greater than the coastal area with the same latitude; The place with low altitude is greater than the place with high altitude; The area with higher latitude is larger than the area with lower latitude; Sunny days are greater than cloudy days.

(2) Spatial distribution of temperature

① The isotherm is roughly parallel to latitude, and the temperature decreases from low latitude to two poles.

② The northern (southern) hemisphere of the isotherm is tortuous (straight): in June 5438+10, the continental isotherm protrudes southward, while it protrudes northward in the ocean; July is the opposite.

(3) Influencing factors of temperature spatial distribution.

Latitude factor (solar radiation): the temperature decreases from the equator to the poles; The isotherm is basically parallel to latitude.

② Distribution of land and sea (difference of thermal properties between land and sea): The land isotherm protrudes southward in June, 5438+ 10, and northward in July.

③ Ocean current (warm current warms, cold current cools): the direction of ocean current is consistent with the convex direction of isotherm.

(4) Altitude (the temperature decreases with the elevation): the isotherm is almost parallel to the contour line; The isotherm at high altitude bends to low latitude, and the isotherm at low altitude bends to high latitude.

⑤ Slope direction (solar radiation, foehn effect): At the same altitude, the temperature of sunny slope is higher than that of shady slope; The temperature of leeward slope is higher than that of windward slope.

⑥ Blockage: At the same latitude, the winter temperature in the area with terrain blocking is higher than that in the area without terrain blocking.

⑦ Atmospheric circulation: In winter, the temperature difference between north and south of China is large.

(8) Human activities (urban heat island effect): closed isotherms appear in cities (industrial areas).

Step 2 precipitate

(1) Formation conditions of precipitation: saturated water vapor rises and meets cold; Enough condensed nuclei; Water droplets become large enough to fall to the ground.

(2) Common types: topographic precipitation, frontal rain, typhoon rain, convective rain and cyclone rain.

(3) Distribution law: there is much precipitation in the equatorial region; Less precipitation in polar regions; In mid-latitude areas, there is more precipitation along the coast and less precipitation in the inland, more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer, and less precipitation on the west coast and inland.

(4) Factors affecting precipitation

① Atmospheric circulation: controlled by low pressure area, with more precipitation; Controlled by the high pressure area, the precipitation is less; The wind blows from low latitude to high latitude, with more precipitation; The wind blows from the ocean to the land, with a lot of precipitation; The wind blows from the land to the sea, and there is little precipitation. Affected by the monsoon, there is more precipitation in summer and less precipitation in winter.

(2) Land and sea location: deep inland, strong continental, less precipitation; Located in the coastal area, it is influenced by the ocean and has abundant precipitation.

(3) Ocean current: warm current is humid, with more precipitation; Cold current dehumidification, less precipitation.

(4) Terrain: windward slope, with more precipitation (with the increase of height, the precipitation shows the law of less-more-less); Leeward slope, less precipitation (with the decrease of height, precipitation shows a changing law from more to less); The high terrain blocks the entry of water vapor and has less precipitation; The terrain is high, the convection is weakened, and the precipitation is less.

⑤ Hydrology: the water area is wide, and there is much precipitation, and vice versa.

⑥ Vegetation: The vegetation coverage rate is high, and there is much precipitation, and vice versa.

⑦ Human activities: the high temperature in the city and more updrafts form the rain island effect; Vegetation destruction, lack of ground protection and dry climate; Build reservoirs to increase precipitation; Reclaiming farmland around the lake reduced precipitation.

3. Climate influencing factors

(1) Latitude factor (solar radiation): The solar radiation decreases from the equator to the poles, which determines the hot zone of climate and the distribution of temperature.

① Tropical: The lowest monthly average temperature is above 15℃.

② Subtropics: The lowest monthly average temperature is above 0℃.

③ Temperate zone: the average temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃ (except temperate maritime climate).

④ Sub-frigid zone: the average temperature in the hottest month is slightly higher than 10℃.

⑤ Cold zone: The average temperature of the hottest month is below 10℃.

(2) Atmospheric circulation

(3) Land and sea location

(4) Topography: Due to the influence of altitude, the vertical differentiation of water and heat is formed in alpine areas, thus forming the vertical change of climate.

(5) Human activities

4. Climate type judgment

(1) Determine the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere according to the cold/hot moon.

(2) Determine the climate zone according to the temperature.

(3) According to the seasonal distribution of precipitation, determine the climate type (when the monthly precipitation is above 100mm, it will enter the rainy season).

5. Main climate types

(1) Tropical Rainforest Climate

① Distribution: roughly between north and south latitudes 10, mainly distributed in Congo River basin in Africa, Amazon River basin in South America and Indonesia in Asia.

② Cause: It is controlled by equatorial low pressure belt all the year round, with strong convection and precipitation over 2000 mm ..

③ Features: It is hot and rainy all the year round.

(2) savanna climate

① Distribution: roughly between the north and south latitudes 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, such as most parts of Central Africa, northern and eastern Australia, South America and Brazil.

② Cause: It is located in the area controlled alternately by equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area.

③ Features: High temperature throughout the year, with obvious alternation of dry and wet. May ~ 10 is the rainy season, 1 1 ~ the following April is the dry season, and the precipitation is 750 ~1000 mm.

(3) Tropical monsoon climate

① Distribution: It is roughly on the east coast of the mainland between north latitude 10 and the Tropic of Cancer, especially in Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula in Asia. This climate exists only in Asia.

② Reasons: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea and the seasonal movement of wind zone in pressure zone.

③ Features: high temperature all year round, obviously divided into two seasons: rainy season from June to September, dry season from10 to May of the following year, with precipitation exceeding1600 mm. ..

(4) Tropical desert climate

① Distribution: Generally located on the mainland and west coast between the Tropic of Cancer and 30 degrees north and south latitude, such as desert areas in northern Africa, Arabian Peninsula in Asia and desert areas in Australia.

② Cause: It is controlled by subtropical high pressure area or trade wind area all the year round, and the annual precipitation is insufficient 125mm.

③ Features: High temperature all year round, drought and little rain. Strong sunshine and large daily temperature difference.

(5) Subtropical monsoon climate

① Distribution: It is mainly distributed on the east coast of the mainland between the Tropic of Cancer and 35, such as south of Qinling Mountains in China, North America, South America, and southeast Australia.

② Reason: The difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

③ Features: It is hot and rainy in summer; Winter is mild with little rain, and the precipitation is 800 ~1600 mm.

(6) Mediterranean climate

① Distribution: It is mainly distributed on the west coast of the mainland between 30 and 40 degrees north and south latitude, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of North and South America, the southwest corner of Australia, Africa, etc.

② Cause: It is in the alternate control area of subtropical high and westerly belt.

③ Features: It is hot and dry in summer; Winter is mild and rainy, with precipitation of 300 ~ 1000 mm (less precipitation near 30 north latitude and more precipitation near 40 north latitude).

(7) temperate monsoon climate

① Distribution: It is mainly distributed in the eastern part of Asian continent between 35 and 55 north latitude, such as North China and Northeast China, Russian Far East, Japan and Korean Peninsula. This climate exists only in Asia.

② Reason: The difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

③ Features: It is hot and rainy in summer; Winter is cold and dry, and the precipitation is 400 ~ 800 mm.

(8) temperate continental climate

① Distribution: Mainly distributed in the temperate continental interior. Such as Eurasia and the inland areas of North America.

② Reason: Living inland, far from the sea.

③ Features: Leng Xia is hot in winter, with daily range, large annual variation, less precipitation, and the precipitation is less than 400 mm. ..

(9) temperate maritime climate

① Distribution: It is mainly distributed in the narrow strip of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America between 40 and 60 north latitude.

② Reason: It is controlled by westerly belt all the year round.

③ Features: It is mild and rainy all year round, with daily range, small annual range and precipitation of 750 mm ..

(10) subtropical coniferous forest climate

① Distribution: Mainly distributed in the mainland between 60 and 70 north latitude. Such as Eurasia and northern North America.

② Cause: It is controlled by polar air mass all the year round.

③ Features: The winter is cold and long, the summer is cool and short, and the precipitation is less.

(1 1) tundra climate

① Distribution: Mainly distributed in coastal areas near the North Pole. Such as the Arctic Ocean coast of Eurasia and North America.

② Cause: High latitude and weak solar radiation, controlled by polar air mass or glacier air mass.

③ Features: It is cold all year round with little precipitation.

(12) Ice sheet climate

① Distribution: Inland near the polar regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. Such as the Antarctic continent and Greenland.

② Cause of formation: the highest latitude, weak solar radiation, controlled by the ice ocean air mass.

③ Features: extreme cold, strong wind and dryness.

(13) Plateau and alpine climate

① Distribution: Mountains and plateaus. Such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes in South America.

② Cause of formation: high terrain and large topographic relief.

③ Features: The vertical climate changes obviously, and the temperature decreases with the increase of height.

6. Non-zonal climate

(1) Tropical rain forest climate far from the equator: eastern Madagascar, northeastern Australia, southeast coast of Brazil, eastern Central America and Gulf of Guinea coast. Trade winds from the ocean, windward slopes of the terrain and warm coastal currents.

(2) Tropical grassland climate in equatorial region: The East African Plateau is between 5° N and10 s, east of 38 E, with high terrain, weak convection movement and less precipitation than the rainforest, forming a tropical grassland climate.

(3) South subtropical desert climate: Thar (India) desert, controlled by subtropical high belt in winter, flows downward with little precipitation; In summer, the southwest monsoon forces cannot reach; Man's destruction of vegetation in history.

(4) Westerly belt The temperate continental climate of Patagonia Plateau in South America: the westerly belt is blocked by mountains, and there is little precipitation on the leeward slope; Cooling and dehumidification effect of coastal cold current.

(5) All kinds of climate on the west coast of North and South America: The distribution range of all kinds of climate on the west coast of North and South America is limited to the narrow coastal zone, forming the distribution characteristics of north-south extension and north-south alternation. The main reason is that the climate zone cannot extend eastward due to the limitation of Cordillera mountain system, which occupies the west side of America from north to south.

(6) The southern hemisphere lacks the sub-frigid tundra climate and coniferous forest climate: most latitudes in the southern hemisphere are oceans.

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