Astronomical and meteorological memorabilia near 1990- 1995

On August 23rd, the Soviet Union launched a new cargo ship, Progress M 1. By1October 25th, 1998, 10 * * there were 40 ships of this type docked with the Mir space station. On September 6th, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz TM8 spacecraft. No.8 docked with Mir, ending the unattended state of Mir since April 27, 1989. Astronauts Vico Dolenko and Serebrov went out of the cabin five times from October 8th to February 5th in 1990+65438/kloc-0, and rode "space bikes" to carry out various experiments in space. On June 1990 65438+1October19, they returned to the ground safely.

165438+1On October 26th, the Soviet Union launched Quantum 2 professional cabin into the sky. An unexpected problem occurred during the docking of the module with the Mir space station. At first, the docking was smooth, but when there were less than 20 centimeters left, it was no longer possible to get close. Therefore, a docking rescue Committee was set up on the ground, and one-on-one physical simulation analysis was carried out, but no fault cause and countermeasures were found. The commander had to let the astronauts out of the cabin to observe and found that there was a foreign body on the docking surface, which could not be taken out by hand. According to the situation, the ground also caused the deep pool to lose weight. One-to-one physical simulation is used to troubleshoot, and then the operating procedures are formulated after the ground simulation test. According to the plan, astronauts will eliminate foreign bodies. This docking was originally planned for 6 days, but it actually took 1 1 day. It was not until 65438+February 7th that the module was docked with the Mir axial docking port, and it was moved to the Mir radial docking port on the 8th. Engine room length 12m, diameter 4. 1m, weight19.5t. Its main function is to expand the Mir space station as a passage and entrance for astronauts. 199165438+1October 26th, the cabin door was opened for the first time for extravehicular activities.

1990

1 1 In February, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz TM9 spacecraft. The spacecraft docked with the mir space station on 13. During the launch of the spacecraft, three heat insulation blankets outside the cabin were damaged when the fairing was separated, and the astronauts were repaired after leaving the cabin twice. The crew of the spacecraft were Solovy and Balandin, who replaced Vico Dolenko and Serebrov who entered the space station on September 6, 1989 and returned by Soyuz TM8. Solovev and Balandin worked in orbit for 166 days and returned by Soyuz TM9 on August 29th.

On May 5th, the Soviet Union launched the last junk ship, Progress 42. Docking with mir space station on may 7.

On May 3 1 day, the Soviet Union put a 20-ton professional crystal cabin into orbit. /kloc-in June of 0/0, the crystal module docked with Mir. This is the third professional module docked with Mir. Crystal professional cabin is mainly used to produce high-quality semiconductor materials and carry out biotechnology experiments under weightlessness in space. The total length of the crystal chamber is13.73m, and the maximum diameter is 4.35m.. There are four semiconductor furnaces in it, which have produced space materials worth 10 million dollars in seven months. The launch of the crystal capsule was originally scheduled for March 30th, but it was postponed to May 4th due to the failure of the control system of the capsule. Later, it was decided to add more advanced cabin computers. The final launch had to be postponed to May 3 1.

1 In August, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz TM 10 spacecraft. The crew of the spaceship are Manakov and Strekalov.

On February 2nd, the Soviet Launch Alliance 1 1 spacecraft was launched. The crew of the spacecraft are Manarov, Afanasi and Japanese journalist Toyoko Akiyama. The spacecraft returned to the ground on May 26th, 199 1.

199 1 year

19 In March, the Soviet Union launched the cargo ship Progress M7 and went to the Mir space station for docking and transportation. On March 2 1 day, docking with Mir failed twice. On March 26th, two astronauts aboard Soyuz TM 1 1 went to check the cause of the failure, and found that it was caused by the constant swinging of an antenna on the quantum module. After they repaired the antenna, they successfully docked again on March 28th.

18 in may, the Soviet launch alliance TM 12 was launched. The spacecraft docked with Mir on 19, but the manual docking was successful due to the failure of the automatic system. The launch was originally scheduled for May 12, but it was delayed because the next progress on the space station, M7, failed. The crew of this spaceship are the first female astronauts in Britain, Shaman, Cricca Lev and Alba. Shaman studied the growth and development of plants under weightlessness, investigated the natural resources and ecological environment of the earth, and gave a lecture on space flight to British students through radio. Sha and A returned from Soyuz TM 1 1 after working in orbit for 6 days.

On June 17, Soviet astronauts released a small satellite from the sealed door of Soyuz TM 12 spacecraft, but the satellite failed to start due to on-board failure.

13 years 10 On 2 October, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz TM 13 spacecraft. The crew of the spacecraft are volkov, Aubakirov and Austrian astronaut Wiback. The spacecraft docked with Mir on 1014 October. Volkov stayed in Mir for a long time, but after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, he became one of the last two astronauts in the Soviet Union to return from space. Two other astronauts returned to the ground on June 10 aboard Soyuz TM 12.

1992

On March 17, CIS launched Soyuz TM 14 at Baikonur launch site. The crew of the spacecraft includes Victor Lenko, Caglieri and German Ferad. /kloc-in March of 0/9, the spacecraft docked with Mir and joined the last two astronauts of the former Soviet Union, Krikalev and volkov. On 25th, Fei Heke and Wo returned from Alliance TM 13. Dick and Walter went into space on May/KOOC-0/99/KOOC-0/day, June/KOOC-0/8 and June/KOOC-0/0 respectively. This period coincided with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and they became the last two Soviet astronauts to go into space. To this end, they obtained the Russian government's 1.5 million and 75,000 rubles respectively, and 1 Volga car. Yeltsin also awarded them the People's Friendship Medal.

On June 30th, the Soviet Union launched the cargo ship Progress M 13. On July 2, when docking with Mir space station, the docking failed due to control software failure.

On July 27th, the Russian Launch Alliance TM 15 went to heaven. The astronauts of the spaceship are Solovjeff, Avdeev and French Torloni. The spacecraft docked with Mir on July 29th. During docking, manual docking was successful due to automatic system failure. French astronauts on the spacecraft and Victor Lenko and Caglieri in orbit were returned by Soyuz TM 14.

1993

65438+1On October 24th, Russian Manakov and Polivik took off on Soyuz TM 16 spacecraft. The spacecraft docked with the Mir space station on 26th. They replaced Solovev and Avdeev who worked there. On February 1 day, Solovy and Avdeev returned by Soyuz TM 15. On February 5th, Russian President Yeltsin presented the People's Friendship Medal and Venus Medal to the two astronauts respectively, and Avdeev was awarded the title of Russian hero again.

On February 4th, Russia tested an artificial satellite in space for the first time. The artificial moon is also called a space mirror. After separating from Mir, the M 15 spacecraft rotates at a high speed, which makes the thin sheet installed on the top of the spacecraft unfold to form a disc with a diameter of 20 meters, thus reflecting strong sunlight. The artificial moon was photographed on the back of the earth for 6 minutes, and swept across an area 4 kilometers wide, with brightness 2-3 times that of the moon. In this experiment, Lyon, Geneva, Bern, Munich and other places in Europe saw this spectacular scene.

1 In July, Russia launched the Soyuz TM 17 spacecraft. The spacecraft docked with Mir on July 3rd. Astronauts Qi Breyev, Serebrov and Frenchman Einar entered Mir and conducted 1 1 important space experiments with Manarov and Polivik who worked in the station for half a year. This is the fourth joint space flight between Russia and France. On July 22nd, French astronauts returned to the ground on the replaced spaceship TM 16. Before the launch of the spacecraft 1 hour, the launch site suddenly lost power and became quite nervous. When the rocket was about to ignite, a group of children were found in the TV footage running into the launch site, which affected the normal launch work.

1994

65438+1On October 8th, the Russian Launch Alliance TM 18 spacecraft was launched. The spacecraft docked with the Mir space station on 10. The crew on board were Afanasi, Usach and Polyakov. They are working with Zibreyev and Serebrov. They have been at the station for three days. 14, Qi and Xie returned by Soyuz TM 17.

On July 1 day, the Russian Launch Alliance TM 19 was launched. The crew on board were Russian Malenchenko and Kazakh Mu Shabayev. Spacecraft 3 docked with Mir, and two astronauts joined Afanasi, Usach and Polyakov who were already on the space station. On July 9th, A and Wu returned by United TM 18. 165438+1On October 4th, Ma and Mu returned from the alliance TM 19.

On August 25th, Russia launched the cargo ship Progress M24. Docking with Mir space station failed on 28th. It was unsuccessful when docking again on the 30 th. On September 2nd, manual control docking was successful.

654381October 4th, Russia launched the Soyuz TM20 spacecraft. The crew on board were Victor Lenko, the third Russian astronaut Kondakova and Murbold of Germany. The main task of this flight is to study the impact of long-term weightlessness on women's health, and to test and study new equipment on the space station. Union TM1994165438+1Mobold returned on October 4th. Poliakov, Viktor Lenko and Kondakova worked until 65438+1March 22, 995, and then returned to the ground by Soyuz TM20.

1995

On February 3rd, the American space shuttle Discovery took off with five Americans and 1 Russian. The mission is to release and recover an astronomical observation satellite Sparta and realize the first rendezvous flight with the Mir space station. After three days' chase, Discovery approached Mir on February 6, winding from the lower part of Mir to the upper part of Mir at 120m, and then slowly approaching Mir. After the shortest distance reached11.3m ...13 minutes, the shuttle leaked its propellant, but it did not affect its flight. On February 1 1, Discovery landed at Kennedy Space Center. The space shuttle was originally scheduled to be launched in February of 1, but the test of 1 inertial measurement instrument failed. This is the 67th flight of the American space shuttle.

On March 14, the Russian Launch Alliance TM2 1 manned spacecraft was launched. There are two Russian astronauts and 1 American astronauts on board. 16 successfully docked with mir.

On March 22nd, poliakov, Viktor Lenko and Kondakova, who were working in the Mir space station, returned to the ground aboard the Soyuz TM20 spacecraft. Poliakov took the Soyuz TM 18 on 19941October 8. He set a new record of 438 days of space flight. Kondakova took the alliance TM20 to the sky on 1994 10.4, which also set a new record for female astronauts to fly in space 174 days.

On May 20th, Russia launched the spectrum experiment module. On June 1 day, Sunlight docked with Mir Space Station. At this point, the weight of the entire Mir complex is close to 120 tons, and it * * * includes the space station body, crystal, quantum 1, quantum 2, spectrum and alliance TM2 1 manned spacecraft. The total volume of the sealed cabin where astronauts live and work reaches 300 cubic meters.

On June 27th, the American space shuttle Atlantis was launched. There are five Americans and two Russians on board. On June 29th, the first docking with Mir space station was successful. Two hours later, the crew of the space shuttle entered Mir one after another. After flying there with three Russian astronauts for five days, they left on July 4. Two new Russian astronauts replaced the original three astronauts on the space station. On July 7, eight astronauts returned to the ground by space shuttle. This is the 69th flight of the US space shuttle and the100th manned flight of the United States.

On September 3rd, the Russian Launch Alliance TM22 spacecraft was launched. Spacecraft 5 docked with the Mir space station. The spacecraft carried three astronauts, namely Kirgizko, Avdeev and Reiser, a German. They joined Solovov and Budalin who arrived at the space station in June. On September 1 1, Solovjeff and Budalin returned to the ground by Soyuz TM2 1.

1 12 10 12, the American space shuttle Atlantis was launched. Originally, the space shuttle was scheduled to launch in June 1 65438+1October1,but because of the bad weather in Spain and Morocco, these two places were emergency landing sites for the space shuttle. There are five people on this space shuttle. 165438+ 10/6, the space shuttle docked with mir space station for the second time, and the Russian 4.5-ton permanent docking module was assembled on mir as a special docking interface for future space shuttle visits. 165438+1October 20th, the space shuttle returned. This is the 73rd flight of the American space shuttle. (Yin Shi)