What is the geographical environment of cutting in Northeast China 165438+ million square kilometers?

Northeast China is divided by unequal treaties, and it is called Outer Manchuria in China!

Geographically, Waiman is a relatively independent unit, and the climate is generally similar to that of Northeast China. Because it is closer to the ocean, it also combines some characteristics of Far East Mountain, kamchatka peninsula, Thousand Islands and Hokkaido, which is quite distinctive.

I. Geography

Outer Manzhouli, also known as Outer Manzhouli, refers to the land south of Outer Xing 'an Mountains, north of Heilongjiang, east of Wusuli River and Sakhalin Island (sakhalin island), with a total area of about 6,543,800 square kilometers. Generally, Sakhalin Island is not included in the international definition, but Sakhalin Island is included in the definition of China, and Sakhalin Island is included in the outer Manzhouli area of this paper.

Topographically, the so-called Mohe Basin, "Jieya-Bria Plain", Bria Mountain, Sanjiang Plain and Heilongjiang Estuary Alluvial Plain are located in the south of Outer Xing 'an Mountains and along the coast of Heilongjiang from west to east. To the east of Wusuli River are the Schott Mountains (the West River Daling) in the north and south, and to the east are the Sea of Japan and tatar strait. Sakhalin Island is located in the east of tatar strait, with high terrain in the middle and Hubei Sea in the east. Wusui area south of Xingkai Lake in southwest China is a plain.

Second, the basic climate zoning

Outer Manzhouli has a temperate monsoon climate, with warm Leng Xia in winter and precipitation mostly in summer. Among them, the northern shore of the upper and lower reaches of Heilongjiang, the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the northern part of Sakhalin Island are cooler in summer and can be divided into sub-frigid climate types. The annual precipitation in the south and east of Sakhalin Island is relatively uniform, and the annual variation of temperature is small, which can be called "temperate maritime monsoon climate".

Third, temperature and four seasons.

The average annual temperature is generally between-10~5℃, with the warmest in Ussuri and Vladivostok, with Vladivostok at 4.2℃ and the coldest in the outer Xing 'an Mountains. Except for Xihaote mountain area, the 0℃ isotherm is estimated to pass through Breya mountain area, the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang and the north-central part of Sakhalin Island.

The average temperature in Leng Yue is generally between -32~- 12℃, appearing in 65438+ 10 month. The northern bank of the upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the outer Xing 'an Mountains are cold, about -30℃, and the southern part of Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok are the warmest, about-14~- 12℃.

The average temperature of the hottest month is 14~22℃, in which the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, Miaojie area of Heilongjiang estuary, Waixing 'anling and Sakhalin Island are cooler, basically lower than 18℃, while the middle reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusui Plain are hotter, close to 22℃ and Vladivostok is about 20℃. The hottest month in Vladivostok and Sakhalin is August.

The historical extreme maximum temperature in towns and stations appeared in June last year, and Belogorsk (baishan city) north of Heihe River reached 42.3℃, and the historical extreme minimum temperature was about -55~-60℃.

The annual temperature is between 30-45℃, with the highest in the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the lowest in the south of Sakhalin Island.

The smallest diurnal range is Vladivostok, and the temperature is constant all day and many days in the sea fog season. Although Sakhalin Island is surrounded by the sea on all sides, the diurnal range is still large, and there is often a large temperature difference above 20℃ in winter and spring (ordinary days without the influence of serious cold waves and warm air masses).

The longest frost-free period in the plain is about 140 days, in Vladivostok, and the shortest is in the north of Sakhalin Island. The annual maximum active accumulated temperature is about 2300 degrees, which is in the southern plain of Xingkai Lake.

Look at the change of seasons, and urge the life to thaw (even the temperature >; 0) Generally, it starts from Vladivostok in early April and spreads all over the country at the end of April.

From the meteorological point of view, spring usually comes to Sanjiang Plain at the end of April, Boli is the first big city to enter spring, and then it first extends along the Yangtze River to the northwest and southeast coast, and the northern part of Sakhalin Island will not enter spring until late June or even July at the latest.

Because the average monthly temperature on the hottest day is below 22℃, there is no stable meteorological summer outside Manchuria, but there are summers in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusui Plain every year, among which Boli and Hailanpao are the larger cities.

Generally, the process of entering winter begins in mid-September and can be completed in mid-June, 65438+ 10. The process is very fast, but the stable snow season will not come until June, 165438+ 10 or even later, because precipitation usually increases in coastal areas at high latitudes.

Fourth, precipitation.

The average annual precipitation is generally between 450-900 mm, with the least in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, increasing gradually from west to east and from north to south, and the most in the south of Sakhalin Island, reaching 1200 mm in mountainous areas, and in Jiangbei and Jiangshu.

The eastern part belongs to a typical continental monsoon climate. The rainy season is concentrated in July and August, and there is little precipitation in winter. However, the estuary and Sakhalin Island in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province have obvious oceanography, with the largest precipitation from August to 10, and the annual precipitation is relatively average. The precipitation in July is generally 100 ~ 160 mm, and it is relatively less in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, the estuary of Heilongjiang and the northern part of Sakhalin Island, which is about 70 ~ 100 mm. The total precipitation in rainy season concentrated areas from June to September can reach 500 mm.

The monthly precipitation in 65438+ 10 is generally 5 ~ 65438+30~50mm, and the precipitation in the east and south of Heilongjiang estuary and Sakhalin Island is relatively large, reaching 30~50mm. Generally, there is more snowfall in the previous winter, reaching 50 ~ 70 mm in 65438+February, exceeding 200mm in some years, and less in the following winter. The annual total snowfall in snowy areas is 250 ~ 300mm.

The annual change rate of precipitation is small, and the historical maximum annual precipitation is generally less than 1300mm inland. Sakhalin Island is unknown.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) snow

(1) snow depth

According to the evaluation of the maximum snow depth at Pingyuan Station in recent 20 years, Xihaote Mountain is an obvious dividing line: generally less than 70cm in the west, including 50cm in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, 50-70 cm in the upper reaches, 50cm in Wusui and Vladivostok, and 50-70 cm in Sanjiang Plain; Generally, it is above 1m to the east of West Huote Mountain, about 150cm in Koumiao Street of Heilongjiang Province, and about 120 ~ 180cm in Sakhalin Island, where the snow depth on the east coast of the island is relatively deep, and the snow depth in the west and south is relatively small.

The historical maximum snow depth data is not reliable, the Heilongjiang estuary and Sakhalin Island may reach 200 ~ 260 cm, and the snow in non-observed mountainous areas may reach 5 m. 。

The annual average maximum snow depth at the mouth of Heilongjiang River and the east coast of Sakhalin Island is greater than 1 10cm, less than 40cm in most inland areas and less than 20cm in Vladivostok.

The depth of snow covered outside is obviously deeper than that in the northeast, but compared with Kamchatka, Hokkaido, West Japan and other places, because it is located on the east coast of the mainland, the water vapor conditions in winter are obviously poor, and the depth of the heaviest snow in history is much different. However, due to the cold winter, the annual change is stable, and the average annual heaviest snow depth is similar.

(2) Snowy days

The number of snow days in Vladivostok and the southern part of the coast of the Sea of Japan is less, ranging from 50 ~ 100 days, and the maximum is close to 200 days in the plain area. Generally, 1 1 begins to snow and gradually melts in May.

Sixth, cycle (I seriously expect the master to rewrite here, I can't write T_T at all)

(add a few words first, it may also be full of loopholes. )

Outer Manchuria is located in the middle and front of the 500HPA average trough in East Asia. It is controlled by the westerly belt of the north branch all the year round, with more cold vortex activities, and the average potential in winter is obviously lower than that in northwest China.

In winter, if the blocking height of the Hubei Sea is established, serious positive anomaly warm snow may appear because the strong easterly wind on the ground transports the warm and humid airflow in the North Pacific during the cyclone activity. If the polar vortex moves south or splits south, there may be severe cold weather.

In spring and summer, the ground southeast wind gradually became the dominant wind direction, and Vladivostok entered the sea fog season under its influence.

In the early summer of June in inland areas, if controlled by warm ridges, the weather is often fine and the highest temperature can reach throughout the year. The increase of precipitation in July and August is unfavorable to extreme high temperature.

In summer, in special years, the subtropical high in the Sea of Japan can move northward, close to or even control the southern part of Sakhalin Island and Vladivostok, bringing precipitation in the summer monsoon rain belt and even sunny and hot weather where subtropical high is rare. In most other areas, the summer precipitation is mainly cold vortex precipitation.

Seven, whirlwind

(1) extratropical cyclone

There are often extratropical cyclones in outer Manchuria. The main influence paths are the southern cyclone or the Sea of Japan cyclone moving northeast along the East Asian trough line, and the Mongolian cyclone moving eastward. The former is generally difficult to have influence in the northeast.

After the establishment of circulation in autumn and winter, due to the sea temperature and abundant water vapor in Shang Gao, temperate cyclones often bring large-scale heavy precipitation to the west coast of Hubei Sea (Heilongjiang estuary and Sakhalin Island), forming the rainy season and the snow season before winter in this area. When encountering strong resistance in the Hubei Sea, the cyclone will move to the northwest, and obvious warm snow will often be formed at this time. Mongolian cyclones become more and more active in spring, and often absorb water vapor explosively in the Sea of Japan and tatar strait.

In addition, in summer and autumn, sometimes Sakhalin Island can eat the denatured cyclones of tropical cyclones.

(2) Tropical cyclones

Due to the high latitude in Outer Manzhouli, there is little tropical cyclone activity, which only affects once every ten years on average, and the tropical nature is impure. Generally, it landed in Japan or the Korean peninsula first, and then landed in the Far East for the second time. However, the super typhoon Emma (international number 56 12) just passed through Ma Haixia and landed at the wild boar river wharf in the northeast of Vladivostok. Then it gradually turned to the northwest and went deep into the middle reaches of Heilongjiang, which was a miracle.

In addition, the Pulapilon in 5707 and 2000 and the Hygos in 2002 also had an impact on Northeast China. The first two landings were near Vladivostok on the northern shore of the Haixi, and Hagos rarely landed on Sakhalin Island from Hokkaido in 2002 (it had degenerated into an extratropical cyclone when landing).