How is the Dutch economy?

Dutch market characteristics

1, market characteristics:

The Dutch domestic market is limited, but the re-export market is very broad, and the amount of goods absorbed is large. 60% of Dutch imports are directly shipped to other countries, 20% are processed locally and exported, and only about 20% are imported for domestic sales. The market structure is characterized by dozens of large multinational companies, such as Royal Dutch Oil Company and Aksu. Nobel Group, DSM Chemical Company, Unilever Company, Philips Company, Duff Truck Company, etc. These companies have abundant capital, advanced technology, strong product competitiveness, broad sales channels and extensive international sales network. Small and medium-sized companies in the Netherlands are also very active and face the international market.

2. Foreign economic and trade relations:

The Netherlands is a member of the European Union, and its main trade targets are other EU member states. 75% of the Dutch trade in goods and services is between EU member states.

It accounts for 66% and 79% of the Dutch import and export respectively, of which trade with Germany accounts for 25% and 30% of its import and export. Taking the United States as the main trading partner of the American market; In the Asian market, we mainly trade with Japan, China, Hongkong and Taiwan Province, Singapore and South Korea.

3. Main import and export commodities:

The Netherlands has a small land area and poor natural resources. There are few natural resources except natural gas and a small amount of oil. Most of the raw materials needed for industrial and agricultural production need to be imported. Therefore, raw materials and energy products are the main imported products of the Netherlands. In addition, the Netherlands also imports a considerable amount of oil, oil crops, chemical products and transportation equipment. In addition to natural gas and agricultural products, the main export products of the Netherlands are: chemical products, food processing machinery, electronic and electrical products, mechanical products, industrial finished products, port equipment and dredgers.

An important supporting factor for the rapid development of Dutch economy

The Dutch economy is characterized by an export-oriented economy. Industrial categories are complete, and industry, agriculture and service industries are highly developed. Social and economic relations in the Netherlands are stable, and the government, enterprises and trade unions hold regular consultations to make joint efforts for economic prosperity and development. The following areas are important supports for the rapid development of Dutch economy:

Big trading country: The Netherlands pursues a free trade policy and has a good trade environment. With a highly developed foreign trade system and a narrow domestic market, the Dutch economy has always had a strong international orientation. With its superior geographical location, convenient transportation facilities and perfect financial service system, the Netherlands has become the largest trade entrepot in Europe. The total foreign trade volume ranks eighth in the world. According to EIU's forecast, the Netherlands will become the best place for business operation and investment in the world in the next five years. Half of the Dutch economy depends on trade, and the total export products and services account for about 55% of GDP. According to the World Trade Organization's ranking of global commodity import and export countries/regions, the Netherlands ranks eighth in import and export trade.

Industrial Power: Dutch industry is characterized by internationalization, and its main industrial fields include chemical industry, food processing, electronics industry, metal manufacturing and processing, shipbuilding and so on. It is the largest natural gas exporter in Western Europe. Well-known large multinational companies include Shell Oil Company, Unilever Company, Akzo Nobel Company, Philips Company and Dutch International Group. , ranked among the top 50 companies in the world.

Big transportation country: The Netherlands has a highly developed land, sea and air transportation network, distribution capacity, communication system and perfect service system. The transportation in the Netherlands extends in all directions, and aviation, offshore, inland rivers, highways and railways have formed an all-round three-dimensional transportation network. Rotterdam Port is the largest port in the world, with an annual throughput of over 300 million tons. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is one of the three major cargo airports in Europe, and Amsterdam International Airport is the fourth largest passenger and cargo airport in Europe. The Dutch inland river fleet accounts for 53% of the traffic on the Rhine and Maas rivers. Road transport accounts for 27% of mobile trucks in inland Europe. Here you can reach more than 300 cities in Europe quickly and conveniently, and you can also reach the Middle East and Africa quickly. Among the 955 distribution centers in Europe, the Netherlands has 535 seats.

Big agricultural country: The agricultural population only accounts for 5% of the total population. The Netherlands is the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, and the total amount of agricultural products exported is second only to the United States and France. Flower exports monopolize 70% of the global market. The Netherlands is known as the "vegetable garden" in Europe, with the largest export of vegetables, the largest export of potato seeds and the largest output of dairy products in the world. The land area of the Netherlands is limited, and 20% is reclaimed from the sea. The characteristics of agriculture are intensive management, high-tech production and modern management, which bring high yield, high quality and high added value to agriculture.

Big water conservancy country: The Netherlands is low and flat, with a quarter of its land below sea level. Its land reclamation project is the highest in the world. In the 1930s, the famous 30-kilometer-long Suedeze Sea-blocking Dam was built. Starting from 1958, the "Delta" dam project with an investment of 30 billion guilders and the movable flood control dam with a cost of 10 billion marks were implemented. The Netherlands spends about $4.5 billion on water conservancy every year, with a per capita investment of nearly $300, making it one of the largest countries in the world.

Financial and insurance service power: The Dutch financial and insurance industry is also world-famous. ABN AMRO, ING, ABN Cooperative Bank and ABN Agricultural Bank are four famous banks in the Netherlands, all of which are the top 25 banks in the world, and their voluntary activities are spread all over the world. AEGON Insurance Company of the Netherlands is the third largest insurance company in the world.

Leading countries in science and technology: The Netherlands is in a leading position in the world in environmental technology, energy technology, information technology, bioengineering and material technology, and water conservancy projects. The Netherlands has a positive science and technology policy, and the annual investment in scientific research in the country reaches 654.38+0 billion Dutch guilders.

"Gateway to Europe": Rotterdam, the world's largest port, is located in the delta of the North Sea coast, the Rhine River and the Maas River, near the mouth of the Rhine River, and is known as the "Pearl on the Rhine River" and the "gateway to Europe". The unique geographical location and extensive inland transportation network endow Rotterdam with the status of the largest port in the world. Every year, about 30,000 ships from all over the world call at Rotterdam Port, and more than 500 scheduled flights sail to more than 65,438+0,000 ports around the world. Rotterdam is the industrial center of the Netherlands, as well as the commercial (the second largest business district after Amsterdam) and transportation center.

Rotterdam has a large radiation area, and there are 65.438+0.6 billion European consumers within 500 kilometers of Fiona Fang, which means that Rotterdam serves a huge market with a comprehensive purchasing power of 800 billion US dollars. This is unique in the world.

Dutch people are used to frugality and practicality. Consumers are used to centralized shopping and free shopping, so supermarkets and chain stores are the shopping places that Dutch people often go to. Consumers like to buy goods with novel styles, moderate prices and fast upgrading.

China's Trade Relations with the EU and the Netherlands

Europe is a unified big market with high population density, strong purchasing power and the highest market value. 1995 and 1996, the EU successively issued the Long-term Policy on China-EU Relations and the New Strategy for Cooperation with China, which raised the expansion and development of economic and trade cooperation with China to a strategic level.

Europe is China's third largest trading partner. In 2002, the bilateral trade volume was US$ 86.8 billion, an increase of 17.8% over 2006, of which China exported US$ 48.2 billion. China mainly exports textiles and garments, shoes, bags, toys, daily necessities, radios, music systems, medicines, plastic products, coke, tools, steel, casings, lighting equipment, etc. At present, the EU is China's largest investor (in terms of actual investment), the largest technology supplier, the third largest trading partner (after Japan, the United States and Hongkong) and the second largest export market of mechanical and electrical products (after the United States). If China-EU economy does not reverse, according to the growth rate of China-EU trade in recent years, it is estimated that the total bilateral trade will exceed 1 1000 billion US dollars by 2005.

As mentioned above, the Netherlands is the gateway to Europe, and it has become the first choice for businessmen from all over the world to explore the European market. The Netherlands is also the European destination of the Second Eurasian Continental Bridge (starting from Lianyungang, China), and the hub for connecting the two major markets in Europe and Asia.

The Netherlands is one of the founding members of the European Union. Like other countries in the EU, they follow the EU's foreign economic and trade laws and regulations in their foreign economic and trade activities.

The Netherlands attaches great importance to developing relations with China, and once designated 1995 as the year of China. When the Dutch Prime Minister visited China, he promised to provide a mixed loan of 65.438+0.25 billion Netherlands guilders, or about 650 million US dollars. The implementation period is 654.38+0.996-2002. Since then, senior officials of both sides have frequently exchanged visits. 1995 12, Dutch Minister of Development Cooperation Pronk held talks with Wu Yi, then Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, and announced the decision to provide long-term development assistance to China. 1996 In March, the Chinese and Dutch governments signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Sino-Dutch Development Cooperation, which defined Sino-Dutch cooperation in poverty alleviation, environmental protection, forestry, training and education. From 65438 to 0999, Premier Zhu visited China, and in 2000, the relationship between the two countries entered a new stage.

The trade between China and the Netherlands can be traced back to17th century. After the establishment of New China and the establishment of diplomatic relations with it, the economic and trade relations between the two sides mainly began in the 1990s, and the bilateral trade volume increased steadily, reaching $4 billion in195, $5 billion in197, $5.995 billion in198 and $6.423 billion in199. In 20001year, it was 8.739 billion US dollars, and in 2002 it was about 9.8 billion US dollars, an increase of 12.6% over the previous year, of which China's exports were more than 86,543.8 billion US dollars, accounting for more than 83%. The Netherlands ranks second in China's exports to EU 15 countries.

The main economic industries in the Netherlands

industry

International orientation is the characteristic of Dutch industry, which is not only reflected in export, but also includes setting up production bases overseas and cooperating with foreign enterprises. The main industrial fields are chemical industry, food processing and metal processing industry, among which food processing industry is the largest industry. In addition, it also has a considerable printing and electronic technology industry. The Netherlands is home to the largest comprehensive chemical enterprise in the world. The metal processing industry in the Netherlands is mainly good at machinery manufacturing. Due to the wide application of electronic control system, the Netherlands is in a leading position in the field of food processing machinery, transportation tools and food and chemical production devices.

energy industry

Dutch energy companies are simultaneously exploiting oil and gas on the continental shelf of the Dutch inland and the North Sea. Especially through the exploitation of large natural gas fields in the north of the Netherlands, the Netherlands has become the largest natural gas producer in Western Europe. Rotterdam plays an important role in supplying energy in western Europe; A large amount of crude oil is imported through the port, and there is a huge oil refining device near the port. Crude oil and oil production ports are mainly transported directly from the port area to the industrial centers of Germany and Belgium through oil pipelines.

service industry

Service industry is increasingly becoming the main force to promote European economic development. In the past twenty years, the service industry has developed into the largest economic industry in the Netherlands. In the past decade, the export of commercial services has grown faster than the export of goods. The most important area in the service industry is trade, followed by transportation and communication, construction, business services and banking and insurance. Most companies in the service industry are mainly active in the domestic market. But transportation, technical consulting and trading companies pay more attention to foreign markets. The three largest banks in the Netherlands are ABN Amro, ING International Consortium and Dutch Cooperative Bank, all of which are the top 25 banks in Europe and have business offices in financial centers all over the world.

Traffic, transportation and communication

Holland has a long tradition of transportation. Located on the coast of the North Sea, the Rhine, Maas and Guerder rivers all enter the sea from the Netherlands; This unique geographical advantage has enabled the Netherlands to develop into a gateway to Europe, and this position has been further strengthened with the cancellation of borders in Europe. The Netherlands plays a vital role in the European distribution network, attracting many international companies to settle here. Ocean-going freighters transport tens of millions of tons of goods to Rotterdam, the largest seaport in the world, every year. Amsterdam's Schiphol International Airport is the fourth largest passenger and cargo airport in Europe. In order to maintain the economic status of the Netherlands as a vital transit country and ensure the convenience of reaching various commercial centers, the Dutch government has taken various measures to ease the traffic pressure. Encourage "multi-person cycling", cycling, walking and telecommuting by means of telecommunications. And pay special attention to encouraging the use of public transport facilities.

The total number of passenger kilometers completed by Dutch public transport system every year is about 25 billion. This is achieved by trains, city and regional buses and trams. Amsterdam and Rotterdam have subway systems. Buses in cities and regions are mainly buses. Buses, trams and subways use a special price system: the whole country is divided into different "traffic areas" and a national "ticket" is used. Passengers "print" tickets according to the number of "traffic areas" they travel, and pay at a fixed rate. Railway traffic is the responsibility of the Dutch railway company. The modern "intercity express train" between most big cities runs every half hour.

The transportation revenue of the Netherlands accounts for 8% of its GDP and occupies a large share in the European transportation market. For more than 30 years, Rotterdam Port has been the largest seaport in the world. In order to maintain this leading position, Rotterdam Port is undergoing continuous modernization. Other important seaports include the ports of Amsterdam, Fei Sen/Aimden, Zell, Delve, Emshafen and Friesland.

In addition to Schiphol International Airport, there are 65,438+06 airports in the Netherlands, the largest of which are Sestinhoven Airport in Rotterdam and Baker Airport in Maastricht. Passengers can reach the main cities in the Netherlands comfortably and quickly by rail or road. KLM is the largest airline in the Netherlands, followed by Martinel, Transylvania and KLM. The latter company mainly provides holiday passenger service. Among them, Martinel Airlines also operates international freight.

The Netherlands has a highly developed electronic communication infrastructure and is one of the countries with the highest cable density in Europe. All telecom switching centers are digital, which makes it possible to communicate and transmit information simultaneously on the same line; Through personal computer communication, "video conference" and fax have become the communication means that every user can use.

Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery

Although the Netherlands is a small country, it is one of the largest exporters of agricultural products in the world. From 65438 to 0995, the export of agricultural products to the world reached 72 billion guilders. About 80% of Dutch agricultural products are exported to other EU countries, especially Germany. However, the Netherlands also imports agricultural raw materials from other countries, mainly for livestock feed and food processing industries (such as coffee, tea and cocoa).

Agriculture has always been an important part of Dutch agriculture. Although the planting area has been greatly reduced in recent years, it is currently about 800,000 hectares. However, due to the increase of output in recent decades, the harvest per hectare has been greatly improved. In recent years, farmers mainly grow potatoes, wheat and sugar beets, and the amount of corn planted as livestock feed has also increased rapidly. About a quarter of the cultivated land is used to grow corn. Potatoes produced in the Netherlands, especially "planted potatoes", are sold all over the world.

Horticulture is the largest agricultural sector in the Netherlands in terms of output. Dutch flowers are world-famous and transported to every corner of the world by air. In less than 24 hours, a bunch of Dutch roses can be inserted in a vase on a table on the other side of the world. The Netherlands is the largest exporter of flowers and bulbs in the world, with an export volume of 5.3 billion guilders from 65438 to 0995.

The largest branch of animal husbandry is dairy industry, followed by sacrificial pigs, poultry, sheep, livestock, calves and goats. In recent decades, through the research work and the application of modern technology, the traditional method of raising cows has been greatly improved, and many farms have realized the full automation of raising, producing and storing milk. Selective reproduction through artificial insemination, coupled with improved feeding, enables cows to produce a large amount of milk. At present, it is not unusual for a cow to produce 7000 liters of milk a year, while in 1950 it was only 3800 liters.

The processing and production of agricultural and horticultural products, meat and dairy products is a major branch of Dutch agriculture. At present, the output value of various foods, beverages and tobacco in the Netherlands accounts for more than a quarter of the total industrial and agricultural output value, so it has become one of the pillar industries in the Netherlands. The output value of food, beverage and tobacco industry accounts for 60% of the total agricultural output value. The most important raw materials in this processing industry are potatoes, milk and meat.

The fisheries in the Netherlands are mainly deep-sea and offshore fishing, and shellfish are also cultivated for inland river fishing. Deep-sea and offshore fishing in the Netherlands is mainly carried out by dhows and trawlers. Much smaller dhows catch sole, sole, cod and shrimp in nearby fishing grounds, mainly in the central and southern parts of the North Sea.

The Netherlands is committed to achieving a sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural production model. Now intensive production is adopted, and farmers use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which will destroy the natural environment. Therefore, the Netherlands has made great efforts to find crops and horticultural cultivation methods that can protect the natural environment. A good example is the use of biological protection to deal with pests and diseases. In addition, a lot of research work has been done to develop varieties with strong disease resistance.

news media

Freedom of speech is one of the cornerstones of the Dutch political system. The Dutch government pursues a policy aimed at maintaining and promoting the independence and diversity of the media, whether it is radio, television or publishing. In the Press Law, it is particularly emphasized that radio and television organizations decide the form and content of their projects by themselves. The government also stressed that the publishing industry has no right to interfere with its content. However, in view of the important role of the media in providing information to all citizens, the government must create conditions for it accordingly so that it can play its best role.

The main branches of the Dutch publishing industry are: daily newspapers, local newspapers and periodicals. The largest national daily newspapers are Telegraph, Comprehensive Daily and National Daily. In addition, there are many regional newspapers with large circulation. Local newspapers are not published every day, usually 1 to three times a week, mainly in small administrative areas, and play an important role in spreading local news. Almost every Dutch family has a daily newspaper. The news fund set up by 1974 can provide financial support for newspapers and help them tide over the difficulties. Support can take the form of loans or subsidies, but this is temporary, that is, after a period of time, the relevant publishing institutions must rely on their own strength to maintain. The daily publishing industry is highly concentrated in the hands of several publishing houses: the largest daily comprehensive enterprise is "United Publishing Company", followed by telegraph company, VNU and Wigner. Periodicals are divided into: discussion category, mass category, radio and television category and professional category. The circulation of major discussion magazines is not very large, but their insightful comments have a greater impact. The circulation of popular periodicals is obviously much higher. For example, the women's magazines Liberation and Margaret have a circulation of 750,000 and 525,000 respectively. Radio and television periodicals also have a large circulation, which contains a lot of radio and television program information in addition to ordinary articles.

Since the 1920s, the Netherlands has adopted the public broadcasting (TV) system, that is, different radio and TV associations are responsible for broadcasting programs, and each association represents different branches of society. This system is unique in the world. At present, there are ordinary, Jesuit, social democratic, Catholic, progressive and Jesuit radio and television associations, and their business licenses are valid for five years until 2000. They are responsible for the whole program, including: information, education and entertainment programs. All public radio and television organizations cooperate under the banner of the Dutch Radio and Television Foundation; And the Dutch Program Foundation, which mainly broadcasts various cultural programs for young people and ethnic minorities. During the broadcast time of public radio and television, broadcast time can also be arranged for churches, religious organizations, political parties, government agencies and educational radio and television institutions.

Public radio and television * * * has three national television networks and five national radio networks. In addition, each province has its own regional radio station, and there are about 400 local public radio stations in the Netherlands. The financial support of public radio and television depends on the collection of "radio and television fees" and advertising revenue. The advertising company is responsible for sales. Advertisements are broadcast between different programs. Public radio and television stations do not implement the method of interrupting the broadcast of advertisements. Since 1992, commercial TV has also appeared in the Netherlands. In addition to RTL4 and RTL5, there are Veronica, SBS6, TV 10 and Music Factory. In addition, there are commercial radio stations in the Netherlands. Almost every Dutch family is connected to the cable TV network. A large number of public and commercial transmitting stations at home and abroad broadcast programs through wired networks, such as BRTN, ARD, ZDF, BBC, TV5, CNN and MTV.

Dutch International Broadcasting Corporation is an independent public broadcaster, broadcasting radio and television programs to the whole world, serving the Dutch who have stayed abroad for a long time or temporarily or those who are interested in the Netherlands and its culture. RNW broadcasts programs in Dutch, English, Spanish, Indonesian and Papiamento every day. Radio programs are broadcast through short wave, medium wave, local FM wave and communication satellite, including many news and current affairs, sports and weather programs. Television programs are sold to authorized companies in various countries for broadcasting. The Dutch Broadcasting Training Center provides training in program production for people from developing countries and is responsible for global cooperation.

labour

Dutch workers are famous for their high stability, high education, high productivity, multilingual and friendly and open working attitude. Labour relations in the Netherlands have always been harmonious. In recent years, the number of working days lost by Dutch workers due to strikes is the lowest among European countries.

foreign trade

Internationally, the Dutch domestic market is not large. In view of this, many companies are developing abroad in the form of export. Being in a superior geographical position in western Europe is very conducive to the internationalization of Dutch business activities. For a long time, many non-European companies have also taken a fancy to the location advantage of the Netherlands, and have set up European headquarters in the Netherlands to develop into the European market. Due to these factors, the output value of international trade in the Netherlands accounts for more than half of its GDP, and the Dutch economy plays an important role in the international trade market. In the list of the most important trading countries in the world, the Netherlands ranks first 10. Traditionally, the result of trade balance is surplus, so is the result of current account of balance of payments. Dutch economic prosperity is highly dependent on international trade, so it has trained a group of international marketing talents, which is an excellent weapon for enterprises to capture the European market.

science and technology

Because the Netherlands is not rich in natural resources, the whole society attaches great importance to the improvement and development of knowledge. More than 60 thousand researchers work in companies, enterprises, universities and research institutes, and invest 654.38+000 billion guilders in scientific research every year. Among them, companies and enterprises account for 50%, and universities and trade research institutes each account for 25%. Dutch researchers have made great efforts to obtain scientific research results, accounting for 7% of EU scientific papers and 6% of EU patents. About 5,000 companies in the Netherlands have their own research departments to innovate products and production processes. The most important companies in this field are five multinational companies: Philips, Shell, Akzo Nobel DSM and Unilever.