What problems should be paid attention to in ship navigation?

No matter what navigation area the ship is sailing in, the pilot should take it as his duty to ensure the safety of the ship, especially to avoid collision with other ships during sailing, which is the most important thing to grasp the safety of navigation. Generally speaking, ship collision accidents are affected by geographical environment, channel conditions, navigation AIDS and meteorological factors, and are also closely related to whether the relevant laws, regulations and navigation rules can be effectively observed and understood. Based on the ship's understanding and application of the rules when sailing in two different navigation areas, and the unfavorable factors brought by the change of navigation environment, this paper discusses with the pilots the problems that should be paid attention to when sailing in two navigation areas, so as to help the pilots sailing in two navigation areas ensure navigation safety.

1. Correctly understand and apply the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (hereinafter referred to as the "Maritime Rules") and the Regulations for Preventing Collisions in Inland Rivers (hereinafter referred to as the "Inland River Rules").

Correctly understanding and applying the rules is the fundamental guarantee for the safety of ship navigation. Pilots must be familiar with the rules and use them correctly when driving a ship. The first thing that jianghai oil tanker should pay attention to when sailing in two navigation areas is that different rules must be implemented when sailing in different navigation areas, that is, "sea rules" must be implemented when sailing at sea; Implement "internal regulations" when sailing in the Yangtze River.

The basic principles of "internal regulations" and "maritime regulations" are consistent and do not conflict. Responsibility, prospect,

Safe speed, navigation principle, avoidance principle, signal and shape, acousto-optic signal and distress signal are in the same spirit. Internal regulations are more specific and operable than maritime regulations. Because the Maritime Law is applicable to the whole world, it can only make principled provisions on the avoidance action of ships. The main difference between the avoidance actions described in Maritime Law and Internal Law lies in the crossing of motorboats:

The Maritime Law stipulates that when two motorboats cross each other, there is a danger of collision.

At that time, a ship with another ship on the starboard side of the ship should make way for the other ship and avoid crossing the front of the other ship if the environment permits.

Article 12 of the "Internal Regulations" stipulates that motorized boats should pay attention to the channel conditions and surrounding environment before crossing, and honk the horn according to "Zhang Ming" before crossing, provided that the driving of other boats is not hindered. Except as otherwise provided in this section, when a motorized boat crosses, it shall avoid in accordance with the following provisions:

(a) crossing the ship should avoid the ship sailing along the channel, and it is not allowed to suddenly cross the front of the ship sailing along the channel.

(2) When two motorboats in the same direction cross each other and the other boat is on the starboard side of the ship, it shall make way for the other boat.

(3) When two crossing boats with different flow directions meet, the ascending boat should avoid the descending boat, but the boat sailing on the tidal river should avoid the descending boat.

(4) When two crossing ships meet in advection area, the ascending ship should avoid the descending ship; When crossing up and down, if another ship is on the starboard side of this ship, it should give way.

(5) When two ships meet in a lake or reservoir, and the other side is on the starboard side of the ship, they should give way.

In addition, the Internal Regulations also meet the requirements of the waters where the main branches and tributaries meet; It is stipulated that motor boats meet at the fork of the river. It can be seen that the internal regulations take into account the actual situation of inland rivers in navigation principles and avoidance actions, and increase the avoidance principles under the conditions of "main tributary confluence waters", "fork", "tidal reach", "ascending and descending ships", "countercurrent ships" and "downstream ships" compared with the sea regulations. In addition, in terms of signal types, the internal code adds specific signals such as U-turn, boat meeting, supervision boat, navigation boat and Hengjiang ferry compared with the maritime code. In terms of sound, the internal code increases the content of VHF wireless telephone compared with maritime code.

2. Different understanding and application of rules will produce different results, and accurate understanding and application of rules is a reliable guarantee for safe navigation.

The same collision avoidance action has different requirements at sea and inland river. At sea, if the environment at that time permits, any change in course and/or speed made to avoid collision should be large enough so that it can be easily noticed by ship vision or radar observation, and a series of small changes in course and/or speed should be avoided. If there is enough water, turning alone may be the most effective action to avoid an emergency, as long as this action is timely, substantial and will not cause another emergency.

However, in inland rivers, due to the limitation of water area and navigation width, it is unrealistic to take a wide range of turning actions to avoid other ships. Therefore, the principle of avoidance stipulated in the internal rules is: ships should keep a high degree of vigilance during navigation, and when they have doubts about the unknown dynamics of incoming ships or the inconsistent sound signals, they should immediately slow down and stop, and back up if necessary to prevent collisions. Any action taken to prevent collision should be clear, effective and implemented as soon as possible, and good driving skills should be used until it passes.

Based on the above principles and practical experience, we advocate that inland navigation should give priority to vehicles and give way to rudder, so as to leave enough time to estimate the situation. Of course, this principle is also applicable to complex segments at sea and areas with dense navigation.

3. The bad habit of pilots sailing in two navigation areas is to confuse the application of the two rules and apply the avoidance principle and habit of inland navigation to the sea, or vice versa.

Habit 1: After sailing from the Yangtze River, the waters are wide, the ship density is reduced, and the pilot's mental state changes from tension to relaxation. When there is a crossing situation in front of the ship, the first thing to consider is the straight ship. When the ship is confirmed as an avoidance ship, it is unwilling to avoid with clearance of 5 degrees 10 degrees, 15 degrees 15 degrees. Make a U-turn to avoid it. This varies according to the driver's position. The third mate gave much more than the second mate, and the second mate gave much more than the first mate. Many drivers think this is harmless, but it is not. Many lessons of maritime traffic accidents reflect the emergency caused by bad driving and guiding habits, which eventually leads to maritime accidents, so sailing in fog needs special attention.

Habit 2: Because the sea area is wide and the density of ships is much less than that of inland rivers, there are fewer cases where cars let ships. Over time, the habit of not letting ships ride has been formed. If this habit is brought into inland rivers, the harm cannot be underestimated. It can be seen from many accident analysis materials that the problem of safe speed is that our pilots are unwilling to slow down and stop when they need to slow down or stop to make way for the ship. According to the internal regulations, ships should keep a high degree of vigilance during navigation. When they have doubts about the unknown dynamics of the coming ship, or the sound signals are not uniform, they should slow down, stop and reverse immediately if necessary to prevent collision. Some of our drivers have overlooked this point.

Habit 3: At present, the Yangtze River Estuary, the Pearl River Estuary and other tonghai estuaries have implemented the provisions of the routing system to divert ships and reduce the probability of cross-meeting. However, after some Chinese ship pilots entered this area from the sea, they still followed the rules of collision avoidance at sea, ignoring the implementation of the provisions of the route system, leading to maritime accidents. This is also one of the main reasons for frequent maritime affairs in this area.

4. Overcome many difficulties brought by the specific navigation conditions and environment of inland rivers to the safe navigation of ships.

Compared with maritime navigation, navigation on the Yangtze River and the Pearl River belongs to inland navigation, which can also be called narrow waterway navigation. Narrow waterways are characterized by narrow and curved waterways, many shoals, obstacles such as reefs, sunken ships and fishing nets, complex hydrometeorological conditions and dense ships. When sailing in a narrow waterway, the navigable waters are restricted, the navigation density of ships is high, and the law of ship activities changes with the seasons. Once a driver who has been sailing on the sea for a long time is sailing on the inland river, he is not familiar with the activities of inland river ships, the change of navigation marks, the influence of water flow patterns on ships, and the influence of the background of shore lights at night and the reflection of buildings and mountains on the sea on his vision, so it is easy to make a wrong judgment on the situation, which also causes the driver's psychological tension. To this end, the maritime department of the Yangtze River has made corresponding regulations: ships that have not sailed in the inland river for three months must apply to the inland river for water diversion and navigation. The purpose is to ensure the safety of ships sailing in inland rivers. It can be seen that inland river pilotage is much more complicated than sea pilotage, and the author thinks that the majority of pilots can attach great importance to it from the following five aspects:

(1), carefully study the waterway situation.

Before entering the inland river, the captain should organize the pilot to seriously study and study the overall situation of the waterway, including the change of the waterway, the change of navigation marks, the law of ship activities, tidal meteorology and the change of water level. The course, voyage, wind pressure difference and navigation method of each route; The width and depth of each channel and the maximum range that can deviate from the route when avoiding; Steering basis of each steering point; And arrange corresponding measures.

(2) Overcome the influence of wind and flowing pressure.

Entering the inland river estuary is greatly influenced by tidal current, narrow navigation channel, dense navigation marks, and ship position is greatly influenced by wind and current. When maneuvering a ship, it is necessary to overcome the influence of wind and current, determine the position of the ship, and correct the pressure difference between wind and current at any time to prevent the buoy from being trapped and damaging the hull or buoy. The direction and size of the water flow can be judged by observing the splashing and tilting direction of the buoy during the day. By observing the change of buoy side angle, we can judge the influence of wind and current on the ship. With the progress of the ship, the angle of the buoy in the bow direction gradually increases, and if the buoy in front remains unchanged, it will collide with it. The ship's position should be corrected in time, and if it is close to the buoy, it should turn to avoid at a large angle, which is especially important for ships sailing downstream.

(3) keep the position of the ship

When sailing in a narrow waterway, always know your position, make sure you are on your own route, and prevent you from entering the dangerous area by mistake. When navigating with buoys, pay attention to: when passing each buoy, check it carefully, and write down its name and elapsed time to prevent misunderstanding or omission, and calculate the time to the next buoy.

(4) Abide by inland river rules and regulations.

At present, the method of fixed-line navigation or separate navigation has been realized in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the entrance of the Pearl River, which has realized the separation of large and small ships, and the large and small ships have their own ways to get on and off the ship, rationalizing the avoidance relationship between ships; Effectively divert upstream and downstream ships, reduce the crossing of ships, and effectively improve the navigation environment. In sailing, we should strictly abide by its regulations, follow the general direction of the ship in the channel, avoid too many encounters and intersections, and must fulfill the responsibility of passing when overtaking.

(5) Make emergency preparations.

Emergency preparedness is an important measure to ensure the safe navigation of ships in narrow waterways, and it is also the premise of taking effective measures. In the whole process of ship maneuvering in narrow waterways, we should take into account the emergencies that may occur in these processes and how to deal with them, including the emergencies that may occur when using vehicles, rudders and anchors. It should be noted that in narrow waterways, some fishing boats and small boats may not follow the general flow direction of the ship, and may suddenly turn, turn around and accelerate and decelerate when the big ship approaches. Some boats often grab the big bow and don't light up at night, so we should pay special attention to the emergencies and dangers caused by other ships' illegal operations.

There are still many problems to pay attention to when sailing in two navigation areas. The key is that our pilots should treat our career correctly. We should be engaged in navigation duty with a high sense of responsibility and dedication, keep a constant lookout at any time and under any circumstances, and concentrate on driving carefully. At ordinary times, we should strengthen our study and constantly improve our professional quality and emergency ability.

We are engaged in a high-risk industry. Only with a high sense of responsibility and a strong sense of professionalism can we treat our work seriously, rigorously and meticulously, and the safety of navigation can be guaranteed.