Details of Tao Yuanming

Tao Yuanming (365-427), alias Mr. Wu Liu, changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, relatives and friends celebrated Jingjie privately. Chaisang people in Xunyang (now Jiujiang City) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father pottery have both done satrap.

When I was a child, my family declined, my father died at the age of eight, my mother died of illness at the age of twelve, and my mother and sister lived alone. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".

Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition to "escape from the four seas" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he was banned by force (banned in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend back to the village for fifty dou meters." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years were thirteen years in which he tried, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not do as the Romans do.

Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" ("Self-Miscellaneous Poems") has always been the population of moxibustion. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if you die? It shows that he is so natural about death.

Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, sometimes revealing escapism. The thought of Lotte know life made Lao Zi and Zhuangzi known as "pastoral poets".

Poverty, happiness and respect for nature are the two main conclusions of Tao Yuanming's thinking about life, and they are also the two pillars of his life.

Tao Yuanming's code of conduct is "living and working in peace and contentment". His so-called "Tao" emphasizes personal integrity and embodies Confucianism. For example, "Robbers are good at learning from others" (Murong). "Good jue I don't miss, I don't pay for thick food. ..... born in righteousness, what do you want when you die late? "(Ode to the Poor, Part IV). He especially praised Yan Hui, Qian Lou, Yuan An, Rong Qiqi and other poor people who lived in peace and happiness. They should try their best to keep the purity of moral integrity like them, and never defile themselves in pursuit of high office and high salary. He doesn't generally despise being an official, but refuses to follow the crowd. He hopes to make contributions and retire after his success, just as Shuguang said to Shu Shou, "Being satisfied is not humiliating, being content is not dangerous." He also considered the problems of the rich and the poor. There is often a contradiction between poverty and seeking wealth in his mind, but he can achieve a balance through "Tao": "The rich and the poor often fight, and Tao wins without shame." ("Ode to the Poor" (V)) And those ancient sages who are peaceful and happy have become his role models: "How to comfort me, relying on heaven and ancient times is more sage." (Ode to the Poor) I was poor and hungry in my later years, but I didn't lose the principle of being a man.

Advocating nature is Tao Yuanming's deeper philosophical thinking on life. The word "nature" does not appear in the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and it is a unique category of Laozi and Zhuangzi's philosophy. The so-called "nature" of Laozi and Zhuangzi is different from the objective material "nature" of human society in modern times. It is a state, not man-made, as it is, naturally. Everything in the world exists as it is and changes according to its own internal laws, without any external conditions and forces. People should conform to the state and changes of nature, be simple and contain truth. Tao Yuanming hopes to return to and keep his original, unadorned and naive temperament. The so-called "natural nature, non-corrected income" (preface to return and come) shows that a person's nature is so natural that he can't stand the bondage of rope and ink. The so-called "if you are locked in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature" (the first part of Return to the Garden) expresses the joy of returning to nature and being free. In "Shadow God", he let "God" distinguish nature to explain the suffering of "shape" and "shadow". "Form" refers to people's desire for longevity, "shadow" refers to people's desire for goodness and fame, and "God" uses natural meaning to resolve their distress. Form, shadow and spirit also represent three aspects of Tao Yuanming's own contradiction, and their dialogue reflects the conflict and harmony of his life. Tao Yuanming's thought of advocating nature and the thought of hue and truth-fixing derived from it have formed a relatively complete and consistent philosophical system.

In a word, Tao Yuanming's thought can be summarized as: to return to a "true self" by eliminating the acquired "false self" influenced by the secular world. Tao Yuanming saw the decay of society, but he had no power to change it, so he had to pursue his own moral perfection. He saw the social crisis, but couldn't find the right way to save it, so he had to turn to the return of human nature. This may be partly realized by himself, especially in the poetic realm he created, but it is ineffective as a prescription for treating society.

Tao Yuanming is the representative of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties. The romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties is a kind of personality beauty pursued by Wei and Jin scholars, or an artistic life pursued by them. They use their words, behaviors and poems to make their lives full of artistic flavor. From a secular point of view, Tao Yuanming's life is "withered", but from an extraordinary point of view, his life is very artistic. His works such as Biography of Mr. Wu Liu, Back to Xi Ci, Back to the Garden and Fortune all reflect his artistic life. His process of pleading for and resigning from the Pengze county magistrate, his attitude towards Jiangzhou secretariat Wang Hong, the story of fiddling with the harpsichord and the anecdote of drinking wine on his head are also the manifestations of his artistic life. Wine is the medium of his artistic life. Tao Yuanming is an outstanding representative of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Section 2 Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems and others

The classification of the theme of Tao poetry: the new theme of China literature: pastoral poems, epic poems, epic poems, the inheritance and development of the ancients, and the deep feelings expressed in the poems.

The themes of Tao's poems can be mainly divided into five categories: pastoral poems, poems chanting for the bosom, poems chanting for the epic and poems answering questions.

Pastoral poetry and landscape poetry are often referred to as the same category, but they are two different themes. Pastoral poetry will write about rural scenery, but the main body is about rural life, farmers and farming. Landscape poems mainly describe natural scenery, and poets' aesthetic appreciation of landscape images is often associated with travel. Strictly speaking, only one of Tao Yuanming's poems is a landscape poem, and he writes more pastoral poems. Pastoral poetry is a new theme that he added to China literature. Taking his pastoral life as the content, he truly wrote the joys and sorrows of hard struggle. Tao Yuanming is the first person in the history of China literature.

Some of his pastoral poems express his carefree mood by describing the beauty of rural scenery and the simplicity of rural life. Spring outing, mountain climbing, drinking, reading, talking with friends, reuniting with family members, washing under the eaves, or picking chrysanthemums in the east, as well as new seedlings spreading their wings in the south wind and mulberry growing stronger and stronger, have all turned into wonderful poems. Such as "the mountains wash away the fog and the weather is warm." There is wind in the south, and the wings are new seedlings "(Fortune). On the morning of writing about the mountain village, the morning fog gradually disappeared, and the south wind made the new seedlings grow wings. "Adjacent songs come from time to time, and loudly speak is a thing of the past. Wonder * * * appreciation, doubt and analysis "("migration "I). Writing neighbors and talking about history papers with yourself, that kind of frank communication is enviable. Another example is "Return to the Garden":

Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine straw houses. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. A warm and distant village, the smoke in the Yi market. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. The house is clean and miscellaneous, and the virtual room is idle. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.

In contrast, the poet felt extremely happy when he returned to the field. Ye Nan, thatched cottage, elm willow, peach and plum, far village, near smoke, cock crowing and dog barking are all pleasant to hear, all of which are Tao Yuanming's poems after enlightenment. "It warms people's villages far away, and the smoke in the Yiyi market" is from far to near, and "the dog barks in the deep lane, the chicken crows and the mulberry jumps" to describe the static state, which has simply reached the realm of perfection.

Some of his pastoral poems focus on the life experience of farming, which is the most distinctive and valuable part of his pastoral poems. There are agricultural poems in The Book of Songs, which are songs sung by farmers while working. Tao Yuanming was the first scholar-bureaucrat who personally participated in farming and wrote about farming experience with poems. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems really write about his work and life. The third part of Back to the Garden is a masterpiece in this respect:

I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.

This is the true feeling of a farmer who retired from his official position and engaged in farm work. He took a hoe with a moon dew in the evening, and the scene was vivid. Behind the description of farming life is the contrast between farming and being an official, and the pursuit of ideal life. The idea of life is written in "Harvest Early Rice in Xitian at the Age of Gengxu in September";

Life belongs to the Tao and food and clothing are solid. Don't camp, protect yourself. In spring, I try to do business, and my working years are considerable. Be a little diligent in the morning, but still be negative during the day. There are two buildings in the mountains, and the atmosphere is cold first and then hot. Tian Jia is not bitter, Fu is hard to quit. Four-body honesty is fatigue, and ordinary people are no different from doing it. Wash under the eaves, fight for wine and splash your face. Far from drowning, it matters for thousands of years. I hope so, and I can't regret it.

Tao Yuanming believes that food and clothing is the beginning of a way of life. Without labor, nothing can be said. The poem describes the hardships of labor and the joy of going home to rest after a day's work, both of which are true. "Tian Jia is not bitter, and Fu is hard to quit." Write about the general feelings of farmers. "Four-body sincere work, ordinary people do the same", write the special feeling of a scholar whose official career is retired.

Some of his pastoral poems are about his poverty and rural depression. For example, "Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes Show Master Pang's Book Deng Zhizhong": "The fire burns again and again, and moths fly in the middle of the field. Wind and rain come and go, and the convergence is not full. Hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights. Cocks crow at night and move in the morning. " Return to the Garden Part IV: "Wandering among the mountains, Yiyi lives in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot. Ask people who get paid, this person is different. The wage earners told me that there was no way to die. " Through these poems, we can vaguely see the face of the countryside in war and disaster.

Poetry and epic have something in common, and chanting epic is also poetry, but it is only based on historical facts. Some of his poems are written in the form of group poems, such as drinking, imitating ancient styles and miscellaneous poems. His epic poems focus on ancient figures, such as "Sanliang", "Uncle", Jing Ke and the ancient poor in Ode to the Poor. Reading Shan Hai Jing can also fall into this category. These poems dedicated to memory and history obviously inherit the tradition of Ruan Ji and Zuo Si's poems and have Tao Yuanming's own characteristics. This is around the center of being an official and retiring, showing his character of not colluding with the rulers. Among them, there is a review of his life, such as Drinking 19; There are also attacks on society, such as "Drinking", the twentieth. There is no lack of regret and anger, such as Ode to Jing Ke. As can be seen from the second part of Miscellaneous Poems, Tao Yuanming's worries and resentments are deep and extensive:

The sun sets in the west and the moon rises in Dongling. Far away, thousands of people are swinging in the air. When the wind enters the house, the pillow mat is cool at night. When qi changes, it is easy to realize, but not to sleep. Have nothing to say, wave a cup to persuade the lonely shadow. If the sun and the moon abandon people, they will be invincible. It's sad to read this, but I can't be quiet in the end.

This poem, written on a sleepless autumn night, sets off the loneliness of one's mood with the cold environment, and leads to the sadness of one's ambition with the passage of time. It is the representative work of Tao Yuanming's Huai Huai poems.

Tao Yuanming's official poems are all his works during his official period. They have a common theme: lamenting the hardships of official business, expressing his boredom with official business, and repeatedly telling his thoughts about the countryside and his determination to retire. Lamenting the pain of marching was originally the same content in the previous marching poems, and the latter two were unique to Tao Yuanming, and the later these two emotions became stronger. The helplessness of losing freedom becomes the keynote of this kind of poetry. Try this example: "My eyes are tired of traveling in different places, but my mind is full of mountains and rivers." . Looking at the clouds, I am ashamed of the birds, and I am ashamed of swimming in the water. "("Qu Zuo, the first town army joined the army ")" Born of long affection, how can you drown in this place? "("Two May Poems of Gengzi ")" Poetry and books are all collected, and the garden has no secular feelings. How to give up this, as far as Xijing. " ("Xin Chou went on vacation in July and swam back to Jiangling at night") "Why should I take a break? Encourage me to serve here. "(In March, Party B was appointed as Jianwei's Ambassador to the Army through Qianxi)"

Tao Yuanming's poems can show his sincere feelings for his friends. Giving answers has been a traditional theme since ancient times. As a poem handed down from Su Li's Answer, it is good at expressing parting feelings. Cao Zhi's "Giving a White Horse to the Army" is famous for expressing resentment, Serina Liu's "Giving a Brother" shows noble character, and Ji Kang's "Giving a Scholar to the Army" shows free and easy interest. Tao Yuanming's poems of giving answers have their own characteristics: he created an image of a kind old man for himself with sincere feelings, simple content, meaningful meaning and lukewarm style. Such as: "Clouds stop at Alan Yu, and rain stops at misty. He raised his eyes and looked around blankly. The road blocked the water. Dong Xuan was sitting alone, having a glass of spring wine. Good friends are leisurely and scratch their heads. " ("Stop the Cloud") "The wind is blowing from the west and the clouds are floating from the east. Mountains and rivers are thousands of miles apart, and it is difficult to talk and laugh. Good people don't hide from the world, how humble and poor the rivers and lakes are. Out of experience, remember to save old friends. " ("Farewell to Yin Jin") Answer Pang Junjun is the deepest sentence in his poem:

Know each other well, why be old. I'm interested in tourists. I often go to forest parks. Talk about harmony without vulgarity, talk about saints. Or fight, drink freely. I am a hermit, which has nothing to do with it. The new things are old, but the weak things are hyped up. Feelings cross Wan Li, but stagnate. You love voxels. When will you come?

There are memories of reunion, sadness of parting, careful reminder, heavy and affectionate in the poem.

In addition to the above five themes, Tao Yuanming also has some works with philosophy as the main content, such as Shadow, Drinking Alone in the Rain and Quasi-Elegy, which can also be classified into this category. This kind of poetry can be regarded as metaphysical poetry, but it is different from the metaphysical poetry popular in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is not "the purpose of the column is to return, but the painting garden is sparse" (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Timing"), but to refine the experience in life to the height of philosophy. Scholars in the Wei and Jin Dynasties paid attention to family status, and some of Tao's poems described clan relations or exhorted descendants, such as Life Son, Responsibility Son and Gift to Changsha Gong. It can be seen that Tao Yuanming still pays attention to family honor and family status.

Section III Art of Tao Poetry and Its Origin

Nature: the overall artistic characteristics of Tao poetry, the poetic scene of daily life, the chaos of things, the warning strategy in plain, and the artistic origin of beautiful Tao poetry in simplicity.

Nature is not only the purport of Tao Yuanming's life, but also the overall artistic feature of his poems. There is no heart to pray for fame in his poems, and he resorts to pen and ink when he feels in life, without affectation or affectation. He said: "I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition." Forget the gains and losses, and it's over. "("Biography of Mr. May 6th ") He added:" You have to entertain yourself after getting drunk, and there is too much paper and ink. "This shows his creative attitude. The sound kiss and rhythm of Tao's poems are slow and calm, giving people a kind feeling. Tao's poems frankly record the subtle waves in his heart with introspective words. They have no overwhelming momentum, no eloquent power, no grand atmosphere, but they slowly penetrate into readers' hearts like spring rain. His poems do not pursue strong stimulation, strong color, tortuous structure and are purely natural and magical. However, due to his lofty personality and profound life experience, as long as it is written truly, it is very infectious. As Huang Che, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Those who are profound because of their profound knowledge have no intention to be disrespectful and skillful." (《? Xi Shi Hua (Volume V)

One of the characteristics of Tao's poetry is his pioneering work, that is, to poeticize daily life and find important significance and lasting poetry in daily life. Before him, Qu Yuan, Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Ruan Ji, Lu Ji, etc. All focus on topics related to national politics. Tao Yuanming focuses on ordinary life, and writes about family affairs in household words, which is poetic.

Specifically, the artistic exploration of Tao poetry can be summarized as follows:

First, the integration of emotion, scenery, things and reason. Tao Yuanming's description of scenery does not pursue the shape of the object and the twists and turns of the plot, but expresses feelings higher than the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that people may not understand. Tao's poems focus on writing the mind, writing the mind that is integrated with the scenery, and writing through life. He doesn't care if he looks like it, but writes a world in his mind. Shi Tao's poems are based on things, landscapes, emotions and rationality. The new seedlings spreading their wings under the south wind, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan returning to his lair because of his family's four walls, the forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, and they are all concrete. And look at "drinking" article 5:

Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.

The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "mind" and "land", that is, the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as the mind is far away, no matter where it is, it will not be disturbed by the noise of dust and customs. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the first time I saw Nanshan leisurely, seems to be integrated with Nanshan. The mountain breeze and the returning birds that night constitute a wonderful scenery in their hearts, which contains the true meaning of life. This instant induction between the heart and the environment, as well as the joy leading to infinity, can not be ignored. As "A Thousand Girls in Ancient Learning" said, "If there are chrysanthemums in the fence, I will pick them. If I pick it, there will be no chrysanthemums in my heart. Fools, but see the south mountain, and look at the beauty of the late mountain, to welcome birds and return together. Mountain flowers and birds talk, occasionally opposite, a machine, naive. Since there is no name and no explanation, who can tell. " The third part of Quasi-Elegy is also a masterpiece of four things:

Weeds are wild and poplars rustle. In mid-September, severe frost sent me out of the outer suburbs. Surrounded by uninhabited, high graves.

Right, right. The horse cries to the sky, and the wind is depressed. It's not a thousand years since the secluded room was closed. A thousand years later, there is nothing the wise can do. Always send people away and return to their homes. Relatives or sorrows, others have also sung. What's the way to die? I'm on the same mountain.

This poem begins with the funeral of relatives and friends, and "weeds" and "poplars" set off a sad atmosphere. Then it means that everyone will die, and no one can avoid it, and the death of one person has little influence on the living, so there is no need to be too persistent. The last two sentences end with logical words, which dominate the whole poem. Death is a great puzzle of mankind, which was discovered by Tao Yuanming.

The "reason" in Tao's poems is not an abstract philosophical sermon, but a life experience, which contains the interest of life. Tao's poems show his understanding of the universe, history and life, and are the crystallization of his exploration of its mystery and significance, all of which are expressed as aphorisms in language with both interest and reason, and have achieved endless results. For example, "life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." ("Geng Xu wins early rice in Westfield in mid-September") "Since we are brothers, why should we be flesh and blood?" (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "Qi becomes easy to understand, and if you don't sleep, it will last forever." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Encourage in time, and time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "I don't know if there is me, the governor is more expensive." ("Drinking" Part 14) "Life is illusory, but it is always empty." (Return to the Garden Part IV) "The name behind Xu Wei is like a cloud of smoke to me." ("Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes Showing Pang's Master Book Deng Zhizhong") "Even the people in the forest don't know, so it's strange to be independent." ("Drinking" VIII) These poems are simple, profound and enlightening. Pan Deyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said that Tao Yuanming's statement that "everything can be done in the interior" (Yang Shihua) is pertinent.

Second, see the police in the plain, and see the beauty in the simple. The predecessors often summed up the style of Tao poetry by "plain and simple", but Tao poetry is not only plain, but also has the advantage of being plain and warning the world; Tao poetry is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in Tao's poems are often the most common things, such as cottages, chickens, dogs, bean sprouts, Sang Ma, mean streets, etc., and everything is described truthfully, and there is nothing unusual. However, once a poet writes, there are often warnings. Tao's poems rarely use flowery rhetoric and exaggerated techniques, but are simple, rough and simple. Such as Planting Beans at the Foot of Nanshan, It's sunny today, Pine and cypress in the East Garden, Autumn Chrysanthemum is stunning, I hate Taiwan and love quiet nights, and Spring and Autumn are many beautiful days. However, beauty can also be seen in the plain. Another example is "antique":

When it rained in mid-spring, it began to thunder in the east corner. Everyone is lurking, and everything is suitable. Yan, the new arrival, both of them came into my house. The first nest is still there, and Xiang will return to his former residence. That door has been abandoned since we broke up. My heart is solid. What's your opinion?

Spring has come, and the swallows have all returned to their huts. Over the past year, my family has become poorer and poorer, but I still insist on living in poverty and seclusion. Some friends don't understand their attitude and persuade them to be officials again and again. However, the swallows came here gracefully, and they didn't dislike their nests and their poor people at all. The swallow seems to ask the poet: My heart is firm, is your heart as firm as mine? This poem is like a beautiful fairy tale, simple but interesting. There are many similar examples, such as: "All birds like to be entrusted, and I love my family." (The first part of "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas") "There is a cross wind in the plain, and good seedlings are also pregnant." (The second part of Tian She in the Spring of Guimao) The word "Yi" is intriguing. Another example is: "The mountain stream is shallow and you can lick my feet." Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. It is dark to enter the room during the day and the salary is bright. "("Return to the Garden "Part V) A mountain stream, a chicken and a golden salary. Once these ordinary things are touched by the poet, they have a taste of life, showing his kindness to his neighbors and simple customs in the countryside. "I don't want to listen to anything, but my eyes are clean" ("Gui Mao is old in mid-December, respect my brother"), and the gentle beauty of snow is written in ten plain words. This feature of Tao poetry is summarized by Su Shi as "quality and reality, but richness and reality" (the same book as Su Zhe), which is very incisive.

The language of Shi Tao's poems is not untrained, but it shows no trace and looks plain and natural. As Yuan Haowen said: "A word is natural and eternal, and it is extravagant." (On Poetry) For example, "Eat, drink and wait for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "People voted for the moon in the past, and they can't win." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Cherish the forest in front of the hall and store the shade in the middle and summer." The words "Dai", "Throw" and "Save" are all commonly used verbs, which seem plain but wonderful, and it is simple enough.

Regarding the artistic origin of Tao poetry, Zhong Rong's poetry said: "Its origin comes from the harmony of Zuo Si." Since then, many people have opposed this statement, but today, many people agree. Judging from Ying Kun's poems and biographical materials, he is quite different from Tao Yuanming. Tao's poems originated not so much from Ying Kun as from sages in Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Ying Kun alone could not cover him. If we must be specific, we can say that Shi Tao originated from Ancient Poetry, and he combined the legacy of Ruan Ji with the left-leaning ideological trend. Wei and Jin poetry reached a new peak in him.

The fourth quarter Tao Yuanming