The Pearl of the Silk Road on the Sea of Tea, Wine and Sea

The origin of the name "tea rose" comes from the exotic fragrance "manna". Ming. Huang Zhong's "Quotations from the Sea" says: "The sea country is prosperous. Those who go out of Atlantic countries have the flower of peony in Zhongzhou. " In order to cope with the harsh "sea ban" policy of the Ming Dynasty court and distinguish between "Chinese" and "foreign" raw materials of "Donglu", the ancestors of Xiaolan skillfully used the accurate pronunciation of "tea", "Wei" and "Dong" in the dialect to make the East come from the West.

Tea rose originated in Persia (now Caucasus) in the western region, and is the raw material for making rose water. Song Zhao Shiru once said in Bamboo Rice Annals: "Rose water is the dew of a big food country." . ..... Its flowers are different from Chinese rose flowers. "About the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Haojing 'ao in Xiangshan County (now Macau) was introduced to China after becoming one of the international trade distribution centers at that time. The time when Xiaolan Town began to plant tea trees was around the establishment of Bos Branch of Guangdong Province in Zhongxiang County in the Ming Dynasty.

Tea Wei is mentioned in China literature, and the Records of Xiangshan County written by Jiajing in Ming Dynasty may be the earliest. County Records says: "There are nineteen kinds of flowers, called orchids, chrysanthemums ... and tea ..."

Rose water was a luxury of the ancient royal family. The number of tributes paid by the Western Regions to Chinese emperors in past dynasties is extremely limited, and it is famous for its rare fragrance. Since entering China, there has been some mystery: Rose water is the ice dew condensed on wild roses collected by foreign women in the western regions. For example, in the Song Dynasty, the article "Collection of Rose Water" said: "This water comes from Nanfan country and seems to be collected on wild roses in the morning." And Cai Tai's "Talk about Tiewei Mountain" Volume 5: "It was said that rose water is the dew of wild roses." In Volume 2 of Yu Hai by Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, the description of dew is more vivid: "It is freezing in the cold, without condensation, the vegetation on the ground is ice, and the wood crops are odorless, but the flowers are crystal clear and fragrant ....."

At that time, rose water was also the highest realm used in Buddhism. Buddhists call it "water for Buddha". The Great Sun Sutra said, "If so, I will add the quilt to the present. That is, you should bow your head as a gift and offer water. This is the water of fragrant flowers. " "Guanyin Bodhisattva Ruyi Wheel Ritual" Volume 1: "If you take two purification vessels, fill them with incense. Put it on the altar for support. " In modern times, rose water bottles have also been unearthed from time to time in the underground palace of Buddhist temples, such as the blue polished high-necked glass bottle unearthed from Huiguang Tower in Rui 'an County in196 (see page 94 of Tea Incense Record) and the high-necked round-bellied bottle unearthed from the bottom of Chengguan Tower in Wuwei in 197 1 00 (see page 80 of Tea Incense Record). All reveal a clear Islamic style. The role of worshipping Buddha can be seen. Lu Lu badminton only appeared in the literary works during Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, which was the common name of Rose House (water) in ancient Pearl River Delta.

Ming. "Further Examination of Hua Yi" says: "... those who are away from the Atlantic countries, such as the peony in Zhongzhou ... foreign girls shine and smell sweet for a few months. China people store lead bottles and sell them to other countries. Siam Uta loves to bid again, regardless of value. There are many kinds of ships and their prices are expensive. Generally decorated with incense and silk. In the Five Dynasties, a tribute was given to the oil of fierce fire, which was called Rose Water Cloud. " (... the flowers in Atlantic countries are shaped like peony in the Central Plains ... Local women collect them to nourish their bodies and hair, and the scent of the attack will not disappear after a few months. Locals store them in lead bottles and sell them abroad. Siamese (present-day Thailand) especially liked it, and they rushed to buy it regardless of the price. Among them, the vinegar trafficked to Guangzhou is expensive, and most of it is used for dressing and decoration. In the Five Dynasties, it was used as a tribute together with fire oil, which was called rose water. )

From the Han and Tang Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, Panyu (now Guangzhou), located in the Pearl River Delta, was the largest distribution center for incense and commodities in China. Due to the rarity of real fruits and dew, local villagers make profits by imitating fruits and dew with local roses. After the Song Dynasty, a large number of imitation mash dew were sold in the market together with genuine products. Cai Tai's "Talk about Tiewei Mountain" has five clouds: "Dancing with the sun as a foreign fragrance can't get roses. Taking jasmine and jasmine as the first choice is enough to attack people's noses, but it is true and good to eat big countries full of rose water. " China's initial understanding of the real tea rose originated from the tribute of Zhancheng country (present-day Vietnam) in 958 AD, and the article "Rose Water" in Nanbi's Story of Decorating Buildings: "In the fifth year of Zhou Xiande, Kunming offered fifteen bottles of rose water. Clouds come to the western regions to sprinkle clothes, but the clothes are not fragrant. "

Imported rose dew is a rare product since ancient times, and it is often seen in tributes of past dynasties. Take the Song Dynasty as an example. According to the records of the Song Dynasty, there were tributes in the seventh year of Stegosaurus, the tenth year of Xining, the first year of Yongxi and the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu, but the quantity was unknown. The specific number of records is forty bottles of tribute rose water in the second year of Xianping and twenty glass bottles of tribute rose water in the first year of Yi Dao. Compared with other fragrant goods, small quantity is more precious.

For example, History of Song Dynasty: "In September of the first year of Stegosaurus, its king Xili Hu Daxia Tan Li sent Li Zhedi to pay tribute. ..... Seven years, tribute ivory, frankincense, rose water, long live dates, peaches, sugar, crystal rings, glass bottles and coral trees. In eight years, he also sent tributes to Pu Tuohan and others, giving crowns and coins. "

For example, The History of Song Dynasty: "In the first year of Daoguang, its national ship owners Putuoli and Puximi presented 120 pieces of borneol, 50 pairs of umbilicus, a combination of dragon salt and silver, 20 small glass jars for eye drops, three white sugar glass jars, six glass jars for Millennium jujube and Schisandra chinensis on board, and one glass jar for peach on board. Leading to Chongzheng Temple ... "

There are also records in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the same number is very small.

For example, "Ming History" said, "In the sixteenth year of Hongwu, King Maluda of Shu Dan sent an eight-year-old ambassador to the DPRK, paying tribute to two horses, fifteen young cloth, two cloth and two cloth, all of which were covered with flowers." ? Grind two straight, put two catties of cotton in your pocket, sprinkle 82, a young legg and a thorn, as well as rose water, agarwood, Momoka and all kinds of fast-smelling things ... ""The camellia planted in Xiaolan Township is calculated by mu. Tea and roses abroad are used for steaming. "Foreign tea is roses, and Lan Xiang is commonly known as tea roses. From the Five Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Donghuang Rose Dew, a tribute from the Western Regions, was a perfume made by distilling roses. In the Ming Dynasty, the Pearl River Delta was called "Lu Hong" or "Lu Hong Luxiang".

In the Song Dynasty, people worshiped incense, and it was quite fashionable to adjust, evaluate and exchange incense prescriptions and incense products, and to combine the elegance of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, poetry and songs. However, there are many books such as Xiangpu, such as Xiangpu of Shen Lizhi, Guang Ji of Shilin and Xiangpu of Chen, among which Xiangfang Collection is an important one. Flavoring requires all kinds of spices, and Guangzhou is the largest distribution center of Chinese and foreign spices in China, among which imported spices account for more than 4/5 of the country.

Guangzhou was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. By the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, Guangzhou had become an overseas trade center. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Guangzhou once "traveled with the road, and merchants made friends", and "the four directions were strange, so it was the first". Hidden in the sea, the treasure is embedded in the eyes. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was the largest port in China. Although it was surpassed by Quanzhou, Fujian in the Yuan Dynasty, it is still developing as an international port.

At the beginning of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Guangzhou Port was the most important port among the three shipping companies established by the imperial court: Guangzhou, Ningbo and Quanzhou. Among them, there are many special policies such as "Guangzhou occupies the city, Siam and western countries" and "stopping merchants from gathering (Guangzhou) ships". In the first year of Jiajing (1522), at the request of Xia Yan, the shipping companies in Zhejiang and Fujian were abolished, and only the shipping companies in Guangzhou were allowed to keep the routes in the Southwest China Sea monopolized by Guangzhou. Western ships often sail for Guangzhou, so Guangzhou became the only largest port for overseas trade at that time, which made Guangzhou's overseas trade develop unprecedentedly. By the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the only trading port in China for a long time, especially 1757-1840. Guangzhou not only has trade relations with countries and regions along the coast of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, but also has direct and indirect trade relations with countries in Western Europe and Latin America.

For political and economic reasons, the Ming court began to implement the "sea ban" policy at the beginning of its opening, that is, overseas trade, mainly non-governmental overseas trade, was prohibited, and official trade was also strictly restricted. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the sea ban policy was relaxed, Zheng He's voyage to the West appeared, and private overseas trade gradually developed secretly. He Qiaoyuan's Shu Min: "Cantonese people carry more people into the sea and into the city."

Xiangshan County, which belongs to Guangzhou, is the birthplace of "private trade" prevailing in the Pearl River Estuary. Xiangshan, the throat of the Pearl River into the sea. Western merchant ships can enter and leave Guangzhou through two waterways on the side of Shiqi County. As Zhou Xuanyong said in the sequel to Lin Jing, "(Xiangshan) is the throat where ships go in and out. Every time a ship arrives, it often carries thousands of gold and treasures overseas, with tens of thousands of people. " Jiajing edition of Xiangshan County Records also records the replenishment of fan boats. For example, "The mountain and Jiu Feng are in different places, and the water slides on the stone in Shiqiu, Shiwu and Cao Ling, and the beauty of fan boats painting wells is called Tang Tianshui." Wait a minute.

As early as the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), Wu Tianjin, a native of Sanzao Island in Xiangshan County, was already a fan. However, the geographical advantages of Haojing depression in Xiangshan, which is close to the mainland in the north and surrounded by the sea on three sides, are gradually becoming a gathering place for Chinese and foreign maritime businesses. In the 14th year of Jiajing (1535), Guangdong Shipping Company set up a branch in Macau, at which time the private maritime trade in the Pearl River Estuary was particularly active. Huo Xian said in "The Collection of Firewool Zhai": "Then, together with the rich businessmen from other provinces in the street, we moved away the porcelain, silk floss, private money, illegal gunpowder and other things and returned with a full load. Idyllization uses the moon and gets used to it. Who are the officers and men? "

During the reign of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty, the system of drawing points was implemented, which made the Ming court have real tax revenue in overseas trade. Since Zheng De, European sea travelers have come from the west, and private overseas trade has developed rapidly. The first Western Europeans to trade in Guangzhou were Portuguese. According to Ming History, during the Zheng De period of Ming Dynasty (1506-152 1), the Portuguese sailed into Dongguan and Guangzhou with advanced gunboats. "can't stay long" and "build a house and build a village". After being repelled, I rented Haojing 'ao (Macau) in Xiangshan in the same way. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), after the Portuguese entered and leased Macao, they built a "Yicheng" in the form of western-style architecture, with towering walls and numerous fortresses, and a large number of foreign buildings and pavilions in the city. Ming and Wang Shixing recorded in Guang Zhi Yi: "Xiangshan Ao is a place where many people stay. It's 200 miles from the coast to the city. Come by land. Java, Bonai, Siam, Zhenla, and Three Buddhas. At first, the ship stopped and the cargo didn't take off for a long time. Those who landed a little bit and expanded the shelves gradually took effect. Today is a high-rise summer, without reducing the city, there are thousands of settlements. " "Carve a cornice and stand opposite each other" is a portrayal of the international commercial port controlled by the Portuguese. Therefore, Macao has rapidly developed into a transit port for Guangzhou's international trade and an outer port for overseas trade. The route of Guangzhou's overseas trade starts from Guangzhou and goes out to sea through Macao's outer port, which is the so-called "Guang Yu Xiang Shan Ao", which closely links Guangzhou with international trade.

Among all kinds of incense, rose dew is an important one. Imported rose dew is a rare product since ancient times and is often seen in many tributes. In fact, most of the rose dew used in the Song Dynasty is fake. For example, "Collection of Treasures" says: "Wang Fuzhou Chengwu also has wild rose steaming counterfeiters." In the remote villages along the waterway from Xiangshan to Guangzhou in the coastal areas, there have been workshops imitating fragrant dew. In the Song Dynasty, Guo, Cai Tai and Wang Qiaoqing all left words. Imitation was postponed until the Ming Dynasty.

15, 16 century (Yongle to Wanli in Ming dynasty), countries in the western regions were deeply mired in wars, famines and plagues, and their population decreased and agricultural output declined. Coupled with the influence of the "price revolution", the economy is increasingly depressed, prices are rising, and various commodities and raw materials are extremely scarce. It has become a general trend for European perfumers to seek profits from foreign production and sales, and "brand sales" of rose dew may be the best choice at that time. Its precedent can also be seen in the Collection of Books, which records that "here, gourds are mostly stored and glass bottles are sold". Therefore, Xiangshan County naturally has the inevitable advantage of "favorable weather, favorable geographical position and harmonious people" in introducing foreign roses and steamed rose dew. When did Xiaolan tea wine originate? According to the introduction of the older generation of winemakers, Tawei wine was first brewed in the Ming Dynasty, with a history of more than 300 years.

There is a method of "Wu Hua Gong Yun" in the brewing process of tea wine collected by Zhongshan Winery. The method is: "Pick semi-open flowers in the morning. Cut off the pedicle, don't copy it by hand. Put a little sugar in the porcelain bottle first. Sprinkle one or two sugars, a layer of sugar, cover with sugar if it is near the top, and seal it with thick paper in March. Pulping to remove residue, and sealing in other porcelain. When paying, take a little pulp and inject wine, which is very charming. "

Wu Gong, a famous calligrapher in Lingnan in Ming Dynasty, was good at painting peonies. Its "Yuxi Garden" is next to the Camellia field at the south foot of Dalan Charlotte Peak. According to legend, every March, when camellia is in full bloom, the painter will pick petals and soak them in syrup. After the scent of camellia is completely covered by syrup, the flower residue is separated with new silk to obtain fine and smooth camellia syrup. When singing opera with celebrities, injecting tea syrup into soju can make the wine extremely fragrant and double the interest of guests.

The key to making martial arts rhyme is the taste of tea rose syrup and the amount of it mixed into wine. Generally speaking, the longer the tea rose petals are soaked in syrup, the stronger the aroma will be, but the bitterness will also increase, so the painter chooses to soak them for only about 3 months, so that the syrup has a faint tea rose fragrance and will not be too bitter. In addition, sugar is also particular. Although petals and sugar are added layer by layer, they are proportional, that is, the weight of petals and sugar should be weighed before sugar stains, that is, the weight of petals and sugar should be matched according to 1 3. According to experience, petals and sugar should be stacked evenly and just filled with porcelain bottles.

When blending rice wine with Tawei syrup, you can decide to add more or less according to everyone's preference. Usually alcoholics have less sugar, and women or people who drink less can add more. According to the prescription, the weight is 4.8. The wine brewed in this way is crystal clear, and it exudes the unique fresh aroma of camellia in the mellow wine. The fresh and elegant style just complements the peony paintings in Wu Palace.

In the past, some family wineries regarded Wu Gong as the originator of tea wine. Before each distillation, a "toast" ceremony will be held in order to bless the sages to brew good tea wine. In the early Ming Dynasty, a harsh policy of sea ban was implemented. Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, in order to guard against the mentality that Zhang Shicheng, residual forces and Japan fled to the sea to help Hu seize the throne, to maintain and consolidate his feudal rule, "prolong the life of the autocratic regime" and oppose the opening-up policy in the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, implemented a tribute that only allowed countries related to the Ming Dynasty to trade with China in the form of "tribute". In December of the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), it was announced that "coastal residents were forbidden to go out to sea without permission, and many of the remaining party members in Fang Guozhen plundered the sea." These laws are as follows:

First, ocean-going ships with more than two masts are prohibited from going to sea.

It is clear that traitors need soldiers and civilians, build illegal ships with more than two masts, take prohibited items out to sea to buy and sell in foreign countries, conspire with pirates to gather money, and plunder good citizens as a guide. The principal offender was punished according to the law of rebellion, but he still showed his head in full view, and the whole family sent border guards to banish the army.

Second, it is forbidden to smuggle goods out to sea and sell foreign goods privately.

It is expressly stipulated that anyone who sells horses, cattle, munitions, iron bars, copper coins, forged horses, silks, silks and silks to the sea without permission will be beaten with a hundred sticks. Minus one for those who bear the burden. The van was incorporated into the government.

Give the whistleblower a three-point reward at a rate of ten points. If people and military equipment leave the country and go to sea, they will run aground. Therefore, those who leak things will be beheaded. The person who arrested the lawsuit, and the person who kept the lawsuit, participated in it, or did not know it, and committed the same crime as the prisoner. Those who don't know will be reduced to three levels, and the staff will stop one hundred crimes. The army has been demoted by another rank.

Correct the people who went to the sea, receive the goods, and inquire about the people who went to the sea. When the goods arrived, they bought more than 1,000 kilograms of sappan and pepper privately, sent the guards to the army, and the goods were merged into the official.

Don't ask officials, military and civilian families, but those are fakes, incense and the like, and you are not allowed to keep them for sale. Those who saw them were restricted to sell them within three months, and those who kept them before three months committed a felony.

In order to carry out the policies and laws of maritime prohibition, the Ming government formulated and implemented the system of "tribute trade" and "city shipping company" to control and monopolize overseas trade to the maximum extent. In the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1566), according to the principle that "whenever foreigners pay tribute, the DPRK set up a city shipping company to take it, which was called" Mutual Market "..... This official set up a dental company to trade with the people. Tribute trade is carried out according to the principle that there is a mutual market for tribute ships, and no exchange of markets is allowed unless tribute is paid. In the third year of Jiajing (1524), both "those who bought forbidden things on behalf of foreigners privately" and "those who made illegal sea otters and secretly harmed foreigners" were severely punished. In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), all ships with two masts were detained by heaven, even if they were not selling pirated goods, they were "guarding the border with pirated goods". In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), coastal residents were forbidden to "accumulate goods and be self-righteous". All sailboats are reported to the official for dismantling, so as to avoid future troubles, and offenders will be punished. In the 12th year of Jiajing (1533), all prohibited vessels were destroyed. The practice of "sitting side by side" from coastal residents, private and thief markets, their neighbors don't lift or even sit. "

In order to cope with the "sea ban", Xiaolan's ancestors called it Chawei.

The policy of "sea ban" collapsed before the Opium War in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, that is, 1840 years ago, "foreign tea" first appeared in the official document of Daoguang version of Xiangshan County Records, and its book was written in Daoguang eight years, that is, 1828, which was similar. This can explain why tea roses were rarely seen in the literature before 1828.