Tianshan Geography and Interpretation of Snow Writing

Interpretation of Tianshan Geography and Snow Scenery (6 Selected Articles)

Tianshan Mountain, whether it is an unusual past or a unique present, its existence is like a totem and symbol, which makes everything here dazzling and full of vitality. The following are the reading materials about the geography and snow in Tianshan Mountain that I have compiled for you. Welcome to read!

Understanding of the geography of tianshan mountains. Xuedi 1 Chapter "Boom!" Another loud noise and avalanche! Avalanches crowding round, accompanied by roaring air billow, rushed down like an avalanche, pushing them out of the hillside for dozens of meters. They crawled under the impact of snow waves with their equipment, but fortunately they were hooked by branches on the hillside and survived.

At that time, countless fist-sized snow masses at the snow slope were still rolling rapidly, indicating that new avalanches could happen at any time. However, the two experts had no regard for their personal safety, and collecting first-hand data occupied all their brains at that moment. At the risk of being swallowed up by an avalanche at any time, they found a deep snow nest to hide, continued to work, and carefully observed the records until they got the last set of data.

"That was close!" Looking back now, Hu Ruji still feels scared. This time, the huge impact of the snow flow broke the wooden fence of the window of the house in the station.

Later, in order to protect the research station, the staff in the station dug three 3-meter by 5-meter mound buffer pools on the opposite hillside to disperse the power of avalanches. When an avalanche occurred here in 2009, the scientific research station was safe and sound, and the snow flow was effectively resisted at the second mound.

Because avalanches often occur near research stations, researchers here often participate in the rescue work of passing vehicles and people.

20 10, 10. On the evening of February 22, 2065, there were many avalanches at Tianshan Snow Research Station 100 meters. When the avalanche happened, the communication was immediately interrupted. At this time, two graduate students, Lu Heng and Hongwen, are engaged in monitoring work on the space station.

Hong Wen said that after the first two avalanches, a truck was buried and the truck driver stopped at the station on foot. Later, an off-road vehicle passed by and wanted to clear the way. Unexpectedly, the third avalanche, vehicles and personnel were all buried in the snow. "Two of them were buried very shallow and came out by themselves, and the other three were buried deep in the snow. The two men who climbed out came to our station for help. " Hong Wen said.

Lu Heng and Hongwen immediately contacted Yang Lu Road and the local public security department with the newly restored VoIP and QQ. Through the online contact of Urumqi colleagues, I finally contacted the Nalati Town Police Station that night. Snow sweepers and rescuers arrived later, and Lu Heng, Hong Wen and Wang Haicun stationed here devoted themselves to the rescue. Among the three people dug up, one woman can still speak, one man has no vital signs and the other has only a heartbeat.

The station staff provided warm-keeping measures for the injured and gave artificial respiration. After that, rescuers sent the injured to the hospital for treatment.

"There are many such things. Although it is not our duty to heal the wounded and rescue the dying, we are not immune from destruction. It is appropriate to lend a helping hand. Anyone will do this. " Xu Junrong said.

Experts said that as early as 1200 years ago, there was a written record of the Tianshan avalanche in China.

When describing the snow and avalanches in the Tomur Khan Tengger Muzate Valley in Tianshan Mountain and its mountainous areas, there is a passage in Volume I of the Records of the Western Regions of Datang: "The valley is covered with snow, and it is frozen in spring and summer ...... People who walk this road are not allowed to wear clothes or make loud noises. A slight violation, the disaster comes from the mouth. "

Experts believe that this is not only a true record of local snowstorms and avalanches, but also tells people a common sense: sound waves can cause avalanches. On this basis, it is clearly stipulated that this article should be paid attention to when passing through the avalanche danger zone. This criterion of crossing the avalanche danger zone has been strictly observed by snow researchers and mountain explorers at home and abroad.

In addition to frequent avalanches, in Bogda, east of Tianshan Mountain, the disaster caused by snow disaster also left unforgettable memories for mountain climbers.

In the summer of 1998, Bogda gave Xinjiang mountaineers an unprecedented opportunity. More than a dozen climbers from Xinjiang Mountaineering Association and Urumqi Mountaineering Association have successively climbed to the top, and the lofty sentiments of conquest are written on the faces of every successful person. Of course, the mountaineering team from Yue Feng Rock Climbing Association is not to be outdone. They also want to achieve a conquest.

Perhaps the nature of the mountain is capricious, perhaps all success and victory are not permanent, and failure is always accompanied by success. Xuefeng not only gives people infinite longing and passion, but also sets many "traps" for conquerors-snowstorms, ice cracks, cold and lack of oxygen, which test their will and wisdom all the time.

The mountain disaster happened almost instantly, which is incredible. Just as Chen Jingquan, Lin Zhiwei and Yang Zhihao of the Yue Feng Rock Climbing Association were preparing to attack the summit, a mountain disaster happened-all three players were missing and there was no news! In August of the following year, when volunteers from Hongkong, Taiwan Province and Xinjiang searched again, they only found three people's backpacks.

In the summer of 2008, under the action of glacier movement, Yang Zhihao's body was accidentally found among the three missing persons of Yue Feng Rock Climbing Association. As for the real cause of the mountain disaster, it is still a mystery. Some people analyzed that it was caused by sliding. However, Hong Kong has always thought that it was caught in a snowstorm. Throughout the summer, large and small avalanches in Bogda are commonplace.

1In August, 999, when I was interviewing at Bogda mountaineering base camp, the sound of an avalanche came from the mountain near the base camp. They usually fall like waterfalls, happen instantly and disappear instantly. The whole process only takes a few minutes, even as short as a few seconds. Then, not long after, the same scene was staged in other places.

Scientists have mapped the dangerous area of avalanche in Tianshan Mountain.

Interpretation of the geography of tianshan mountains. Chapter 3 Snow So, what can we do about a disaster like an avalanche?

After decades of field observation and related research, a group of Xinjiang scientists, represented by Hu Ruji, have drawn the dangerous area map of Tianshan avalanche (wind blowing snow).

There are five avalanches in Tianshan Mountains, namely, low mountain grassland or semi-desert avalanches, Zhongshan forest grassland avalanches, Zhongshan grassland avalanches, alpine periglacial avalanches (rocky) avalanches, and alpine and extremely high mountain glaciers.

The dangerous areas in low mountain grassland or semi-desert areas are mainly distributed in the piedmont zone of Tianshan mountain system or the surrounding areas of intermountain basins. Because of the thin snow in this area, the intensity of avalanche activity is weak.

The avalanche danger zone of Zhongshan forest grassland is located on the northern slope of Tianshan mountain system, starting from Alatao Mountain in the north, 2400 meters, and reaching Jelke Tawu Mountain in the south, 3000 meters. The area is rich in precipitation, and the maximum thickness of snow can reach two meters. "Catastrophic avalanches in this area occur periodically every 10 years. In the long winter, avalanches often occur on the grass in forest valleys and hillsides, forests are destroyed, traffic is blocked, and people's lives and property are endangered. " The expert explained.

The avalanche danger zone of Zhongshan grassland is the area with the largest avalanche danger area and the most frequent avalanche activity in Tianshan mountain range. The area is located in the Tianshan Mountains at an altitude of 65,438+0,500m ~ 2,000m and 3,000m ~ 3,500m. "The vegetation-covered surface in this area is soft and smooth, and the snow is deep, lasting for four or five months. Its avalanche scale is large and the harm is serious. " Expert summary.

Generally, avalanches occur in late October of 165438+ every year here. The last avalanche was a full-thickness wet avalanche in mid-April next year, thus announcing the end of the avalanche crisis in this area.

The alpine periglacial zone is another avalanche danger zone. During snow melting, the snow in valleys and gullies often forms a torrent of snow water, causing great damage. The specific distribution range varies from mountain area to mountain area, with an altitude of about 2,600-3,500m.

In the middle of Tianshan Mountain, the mountain is more than 3,500 meters high and extremely high (glacier area), which is undoubtedly the most active area for avalanches. Avalanches can happen here all year round, especially in the second half of the year.

The researchers found that when the snow falls to 30 cm on a hillside slope with a slope of about 40 degrees, an avalanche is likely to occur, and snow on such a slope is untenable. In the short time when the temperature rises in spring, all the snow will fall from this slope. "At this time, avalanches will be concentrated and avalanches will occur in a large area." Xu Junrong, deputy stationmaster of Tianshan Avalanche Research Station, said.

According to observations, avalanches in spring usually occur around 14 of Beijing time during the day. At this point, the surface of the snow becomes soft and easy to spread out under the sunlight ... "As long as one place is loose, other places will follow suit, just like the domino effect." Xu Junrong said.

In winter, avalanches may occur in the morning, afternoon and night of heavy snow. Generally speaking, after a day or two of heavy snow, avalanches are prone to occur.

Interpretation of the geography of tianshan mountains. Snow article 4 Tianshan peaks wear snow crowns all year round. "Avalanches, as one of the forming factors of mountain ecosystems, have the function of regulating the climate and environment of different scales of mountains and different seasons. Avalanches can redistribute snow in mountainous areas. Of course, avalanches also have certain harmful effects. " Hu Ruji, the first stationmaster of Tianshan Avalanche Research Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, concluded this.

Hu Ruji said that due to the influence of westerly airflow, the precipitation in Tianshan area gradually decreased from west to east, so the frequency, scale and harm of avalanches also decreased. Avalanches in the Tianshan Mountains are mainly concentrated in the western Tianshan Mountains, and less in the eastern Tianshan Mountains.

After comparative study, experts found that Altai Mountain, like the western Tianshan Mountain, is also dry and cold snow, so the distribution of avalanche danger zone is similar to that of Tianshan Mountain. Kunlun Mountain is located in the northern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is influenced by topographic conditions and plateau climate. There is less snowfall in low-altitude mountainous areas. On the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, snowfall is mainly concentrated in the alpine region above 4000 meters, and the occurrence of avalanches is also mainly concentrated in this area.

Although there is more snowfall in Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, there are few avalanches in these mountainous areas because of dense forests, and snow damage is mainly caused by wind and snow. Most of them occur in low mountains and hills.

Because the mountain climate and geographical environment in Central Asia are similar to those in Xinjiang, such as Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and other countries, the distribution of avalanche danger areas in these countries is also similar to that in Tianshan, Xinjiang. The first batch of avalanche dynamic parameters in China were obtained.

At that time, the Yi (Li)-Yan (Mao) highway was 582.3 kilometers long, crossing the central Tianshan Mountains and connecting the north and south of Xinjiang. However, due to avalanches, snowstorms and other reasons, it is not normal to open to traffic in winter and spring in snowy years. 1967 In September, at the request of the Highway Bureau of the Communications Department of the Autonomous Region, the China Academy of Sciences and the People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region approved the establishment of the "Xinjiang Snow Disaster Investigation and Prevention Task Force" to investigate and study the prevention and control of snow, avalanches and wind-blown snow in Tianshan Mountain. At that time, Lanzhou Institute of Glacier and Frozen Desert, Xinjiang Institute of Geology and Geography, Highway Administration Bureau of Autonomous Region Communications Department, Highway Design Institute and Meteorological Bureau of Autonomous Region all participated in the research group.

On June 26th of the same year, 165438+ built the only mountain avalanche research station in China in the upper reaches of Gongnaisi River, a tributary of Yili River, namely Tianshan Avalanche Experimental Research Station of China Academy of Sciences (referred to as "Tianshan Snow Station"). Hu Ruji, a researcher at Xinjiang Sheng Di Institute of China Academy of Sciences, became the first deputy stationmaster of the station. At an altitude of 1776 meters, it is an avalanche danger zone in Zhongshan forest grassland of Tianshan Mountain. "With the station as the center, up and down 12 kilometers are all avalanche danger zones. The station area is between 3500m- 1500m from the top of the mountain, and snow damage occurs every year. In such a place, engaged in the study of mountain avalanches, Tianshan Mountain is unique as far as China is concerned. " Hu Wei said.

After the establishment of Tianshan Snow Station, meteorological observation field, hydrological observation field, snow physics and solar radiation observation field, snow melt water runoff field and snow disaster prevention engineering test field have been set up here successively.

"The observation of avalanches is mainly to record their frequency, accumulation and damage degree, and how far the sliding path is." Xu Junrong said.

During the period of 1996, the research station and Japanese ice and snow experts conducted an avalanche test at Tianshan Snow Station, and successfully obtained the first batch of avalanche dynamic parameters in China.

In this avalanche test, experts recorded that the front speed of the avalanche reached 7. 1 m per second, and the maximum impact force of the avalanche appeared at the height of 1.45 m.

To record the runoff of snowmelt water, it is necessary to use a fixed sampler, such as a flowmeter, to sample on the ground every half hour and record the data. The observation of snow mainly measures the depth, density and hardness of snow. "Generally speaking, when the snow exceeds five centimeters, the observation begins. The deepest snow record is 1.42 meters. " Xu Junrong said.

Located in the deep mountains, the life of researchers is extremely inconvenient. "Before the 1990s, our material conditions were extremely bad. Even if spring blossoms, the food of researchers is still only stored winter vegetables. " As a stationmaster, Hu Ruji said: "At that time, boiled vegetables had to be eaten all winter. Because nutrition can't keep up, our nails are sunken. "

In 2009, Sheng Di Institute of China Academy of Sciences invested more than 300,000 yuan to build a small power station with complementary wind energy and solar energy. But the wind energy effect is not good. "When it is sunny, it can generate six to eight degrees a day, which is enough for four or five people to use electricity and lighting every day. If there are more people or the power consumption of equipment increases, it will not be enough! " Xu Junrong said.

Found a way to deal with the snow.

During the period of 1974, the research and prevention of snow, avalanche and wind-blown snow were listed as special projects for the first time in China. Tianshan Snow Station and relevant departments carry out the snow flow experiment project-the effect analysis of the light wind-proof snow flow corridor project. "We found a way to deal with the snow! It provides a possibility for China to study the close combination of highway snow disaster prevention and highway construction. " Hu Wei said.

Duku Highway is located in the hinterland of Tianshan Mountain, and the whole line 140 km is affected by avalanches and wind and snow. At the beginning of the construction, avalanches, wind and snow came at any time, which made many PLA soldiers sacrifice their young lives. But in Hu Ruji's view, such a dangerous area is an important place for scientists to study avalanches and snow blowing by wind. In winter, the wind carries snow particles in the air near the ground in the big tuyeres and mountain passes of Tianshan Mountains, such as Aikendaban and Laldundaban on Tianshan Highway, forming wind-blown snow, also known as "snow flow". "Often in a few minutes, the wind is wrapped in snow and a large section of the road is buried." Hu Wei said.

In order to effectively observe the hazards caused by snow, 1978, Hu Ruji and his colleagues set up a temporary observation point in Ladun Daban, 30 kilometers away from the snow station and 2,700 meters above sea level.

This is one of the most severe snowstorm sections of Tianshan Highway. In the nine valleys around the observation point 15km, strong winds above 25m/s often appear in the grooves. "When the wind blows, you can't see your fingers, the temperature drops sharply, and the water immediately becomes ice. At this time, if a car drives here, the water tank will freeze immediately and the driver will be in danger! " Hu Wei said.

In order to eradicate this vicious accident, researchers used foreign experience for reference and carried out various wind guiding engineering experiments in the local area. After repeated practice, it is proved that the vertical downwind scheme has the best effect and is more economical. In the end, a magnificent permanent wind guide project with concrete columns and lead wire mesh as baffles was formed, which basically achieved the above objectives and ensured the smooth flow of Tianshan Highway for half a year in winter, thus creating a new situation in the research of wind-blown snow prevention in China. Snow station experts and the First Highway Design Institute of the Ministry of Communications jointly launched the prevention and control project of wind-blown snow on Duku Highway and the design of wind-blown snow corridor.

For avalanches, experts suggest taking the principle of giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with control. In management, engineering measures, biological measures and mechanical removal are combined to protect saplings by engineering, and biological management and engineering measures are carried out simultaneously. In the aspect of project management, comprehensive supporting project types should be implemented, so that the types of stable, guiding, slow and resistance projects can be rationally allocated on favorable terrain, and their maximum functions can be exerted to achieve the goal of successful management and good results.

Experts believe that the main hazard of wind-blown snow in Tianshan mountain area is road safety, and it is suggested to adopt the principle of combining engineering management with mechanical removal. The engineering treatment is mainly snow guiding engineering (vertical downwind, eaves downwind, etc.). ), as well as snow prevention measures (snow barriers, snow walls, snow dikes, etc. ), road slope improvement, snow field excavation and subgrade improvement are combined for comprehensive management.

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