Interpretation of important environmental geological indicators

Based on the environmental geological indicators of different types of wetland degradation in the previous chapters, combined with the difficulty of detection and application of these indicators, the environmental geological indicators of wetland degradation are given in the form of a list.

I. Wetland landscape

Name: Wetland Landscape

Brief introduction: Wetland landscape pattern is the comprehensive result of various ecological processes in wetlands, which has a significant impact on wetland functions and processes, and is the most comprehensive indicator in wetland succession monitoring. Wetland landscape indicators include: wetland area, area of various landscape types, landscape structure, landscape fragmentation and so on. Among them, wetland area is the most important and intuitive index in wetland landscape.

It is estimated that nearly half of the wetlands on the earth have disappeared since 1900. Since 1980s, with people's increasing awareness of the value of wetland landscape, the international community began to be keen on the study of wetland landscape area change. To observe the wetland area, we must first define the wetland boundary, which is not obvious, so observing the wetland area should be reflected by other indicators. Wetland area observation indicators mainly include direct indicators and indirect indicators; The direct index refers to the change of wetland water surface area. Because hydrological factors are the main factors in the formation and evolution of wetlands, the change of wetland water surface area can directly reflect the change of wetland area. Indirect indicators include wetland habitat and landscape change indicators, or indirectly obtained from factors affecting wetland change. The changes of different habitats of wetlands mainly include seasonal swamps, lagoons, wet meadows and other habitats, and the changes of wetland area and wetland types are described by habitat changes. Landscape change includes landscape structure, the area of each landscape, the degree of landscape fragmentation and the length of rivers in the observation area, which are quantitative indicators of wetland area change. The observation of wetland area can also be obtained from the factors that affect wetland change, such as land use change, river channelization, bank protection construction, river erosion and sedimentation rate.

Significance: At present, the phenomenon of reclaiming wetlands in China is quite serious, which leads to the deterioration of wetland landscape, the decrease of wetland area and the decline of wetland function. Judging from the current situation of wetland ecosystem, the fundamental cause of wetland degradation is serious human disturbance, and its most intuitive indicators are the change of wetland area and related landscape pattern. Therefore, the change of wetland landscape, especially wetland area, is an important indicator of wetland degradation, and it is very necessary to observe and analyze it.

Man-made or natural reasons: wetland landscape change and wetland area shrinkage are an inevitable stage in the process of wetland evolution, but under natural conditions, this process often takes thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. At present, due to the interference of human activities, the process of wetland degradation has accelerated, and the landscape and area have changed very rapidly.

Operating environment: each type of wetland itself.

Monitoring point type: Because remote sensing images and aerial photos are used for wetland landscape observation, the monitoring point type is not considered.

Measurement method: mainly rely on space remote sensing and aerial photos, and at the same time, it is necessary to arrange field observation points for mutual inspection or as control points for remote sensing interpretation. Remote sensing data can be interpreted and classified by remote sensing image processing software such as ERDAS IMAGINE and ENVI. On this basis, landscape analysis software such as FRAGSTAT and Patch Analysis can be used to analyze the landscape pattern and calculate various landscape indexes. At present, large-scale observations that do not require high observation accuracy can be obtained through the interpretation of space remote sensing images; High-precision observation still needs aerial photos; Radar remote sensing is also widely used, which makes the observation results more accurate. The application of GIS makes the observation data easy to store, manage and analyze, and provides a very convenient and fast platform for huge and complex observation results.

Measurement frequency: The change trend of wetland landscape can be obtained by comparing the observation indexes in different years, and the general observation frequency is once every 5 ~ 10 years.

Limitation of data and monitoring: the definition of wetland boundary is the primary problem of wetland area observation. At present, many measurement methods have their own advantages and disadvantages in obtaining data. For example, optical sensors have good time resolution, but due to the occlusion of clouds, they cannot detect the selected position under clouds. Hyperspectral data has the best ability to identify various wetland elements, but the high cost makes it limited to global observation.

Past and future applications: Through the comparative analysis of remote sensing images and aerial photos, we can intuitively obtain the dynamic process of wetland degradation and predict the future trend of wetland change.

Possible critical value: None.

Main references:

White, wait. Research progress of wetland landscape pattern change. Progress in Geographical Science, 2005,24 (4): 34-44.

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Li, a man. The decrease of wetland area and its reasons. Journal of Changchun University, 2004, 14 (6): 79-8 1.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005+082-222.

Ningdeng. Study on the change of wetland landscape pattern in Wuhan. Yangtze River Basin Resources and Environment, 2005, 14 (1): 44-49.

Wang Xianli, etc. Analysis of wetland landscape pattern in Liaohe Delta. Journal of Ecology, 1997, 17 (3): 3 18-323.

Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Wetland and urbanization. LLC:CRC Press, 200 1.

Related environmental geological problems: there are many reasons for the change of wetland landscape, including climate drought, water reduction, agricultural land reclamation, changing the use of natural wetlands, urbanization occupying natural wetlands, natural disasters and so on.

Overall evaluation: the change of wetland landscape is the most intuitive indicator of wetland degradation, and the observation of wetland area can well predict its development trend and provide decision-making basis for wetland protection.

Second, the wetland hydrogeochemistry

Name: Wetland Hydrogeochemistry

Brief introduction: The deterioration of wetland water quality caused by nature and man-made is one of the most important reasons for the degradation of wetland ecosystem in China. Generally speaking, the water element of wetland is the decisive factor for the formation and development of wetland. The water quality of wetland is determined by the interaction among soil, transport materials (organic matter, sediment), rocks, groundwater and atmosphere. Wetland water quality is also affected by human activities such as agriculture, industry, mining, energy development, urban and atmospheric input. Most of the solute in surface water comes from the basic flow of soil and groundwater, where the influence of water-rock interaction is very important. The selection of wetland water quality monitoring indicators is a complex problem, because there are too many indicators to be monitored, and these indicators have their own important positions in different fields. From the environmental geological indicators, select the following indicators:

(1) Basic indicators:

Metal elements and tracer elements: aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and zinc.

Nutrients: ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, orthophosphate and total phosphorus.

Main components and dissolved solids: calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, sulfuric acid, bicarbonate and total dissolved solids.

Direct field measurement: acidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, pH value, temperature and sediment thickness.

Organic compounds: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, phenol, chlorophenol, cresol, atrazine, paraquat, p-diaminobiphenyl, DDT.

(2) Additional indicators:

Important elements for human health: barium, beryllium, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and radioactive elements.

An important element of agriculture: B.

Thermal pollution: With geothermal development and industrial hot water discharge, thermal pollution may occur, leading to the release of fixed CO2 in peat wetlands. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water temperature for a long time in areas involving thermal pollution.

Significance: Wetland water quality is the decisive factor of wetland biological habitat. The water quality of wetland will affect the physical and chemical properties of soil. Therefore, strengthening the observation and analysis of wetland water quality is the premise of further study on wetland ecosystem degradation. In addition, water quality monitoring is also of great significance for wetland biological protection and comprehensive management of wetland pollution.

Man-made or natural reasons: under the condition that the water quantity is guaranteed, the wetland can absorb a certain amount of pollutants through a series of physical, chemical and biological actions. However, due to the excessive discharge of pollutants from industry, agriculture and cities, which exceeds the self-purification capacity of wetlands, the function of wetland ecosystem is destroyed, leading to the degradation of wetland ecosystem, which is often manifested as eutrophication of lakes and wetlands.

Operating environment: various types of wetlands themselves, especially those used as water source, freshwater aquaculture and sensitive aquatic environment.

Monitoring site type: The monitoring site depends on the local known pollution sources and the convenience of sampling sites. Water quality sampling of rivers and lakes should be carried out at or near the runoff meter observation station.

Measurement method: The sampling and analysis of water quality vary with site conditions and measurement elements. The collected samples can reflect the horizontal and vertical changes of water quality, and there should be enough samples for comparative analysis. Specific sampling and measurement methods can refer to various national standards (GB/ T6920- 1986, GB/T7477- 1987, GB/T7480- 1987, GB/T 165438+. T 1 189X- 1989，GB/t 1 190 x- 1989，GB/t 13 196- 199655。

Frequency of measurement: The water quality may change very quickly (for example, affected by weather changes and floods). Therefore, the continuous real-time monitoring system can provide the most comprehensive information. However, the comprehensive analysis of water quality monitoring is very expensive. For most indicators, sampling and analysis methods are usually used at specific time intervals, measuring 4 ~ 6 times a year, while radioactive nuclei and organic chemicals only need to be measured twice a year.

Limitations of data and monitoring: Long-term records of key indicators of water quality are very valuable to predict the trend of environmental quality, but the accuracy of these indicators may be reduced due to analysis and sampling methods or human reasons.

Possible critical value: according to the use purpose of different wetland water bodies, the critical value of each index is determined by the state and international organizations.

Main references:

Deng Wei, Jinming Hu. Research progress and scientific frontier issues of wetland hydrology. Wetland science. 2003, 1 ( 1): 12-20.

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Li Qingshan, Li Yiting. Practical handbook of water environment monitoring. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press. 2003.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005+082-222.

Wang Lijun, Tian, Zeng, et al. Research methods of chemical elements in water environment. Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press. 1992.

Xie Xianqun, Wang Lijun. Observation and analysis of water environment elements. Beijing: China Standards Publishing House. 1998.

Zhang and Bao Daming. Conception of monitoring methods for wetland resources. Forestry Resource Management, 2002 (2): 19-22.

Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Hirsch, R.M., W.M. Avery & ampW.G.Wilber 1988. Concept of national water quality assessment plan. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 102 1.

Maybeck, MD, Chapman & helmer Editorial Company 1989. Global fresh water quality-the first assessment. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Smith, J.A.P.J. Witowski &; T.V.Fusillo 1988。 Man-made Organic Compounds in America: A Review of Current Understanding. Us geological survey 1007.

Related environmental geological problems: There are many reasons for the change of wetland water quality, including acid deposition, urbanization, mining, agricultural development, land use, deforestation and so on.

Overall evaluation: Wetland water quality is the most basic and important wetland monitoring index. Hydrogeochemistry is also one of the important indicators of short-term evolution or degradation of wetlands when implementing remedial measures.

Third, wetland creatures.

Name: Wetland Creature

Introduction: Due to the differences in geology, climate and environment, wetland organisms are rich in diversity in ecosystem, species, heredity and landscape, and with the succession of wetland ecosystem, their species composition and biodiversity will change obviously, which can indicate the direction, process and speed of wetland succession. Common wetland biological monitoring indicators are:

(1) Wetland plants and their communities. It mainly includes: the type, area and distribution, coverage, diversity (species abundance and abundance) and biomass of wetland vegetation; Species and distribution of emergent plants, submerged plants and floating plants; Indicator species; Species and biomass of algae; The content of toxic substances in plants.

(2) Wetland wildlife. Mainly vertebrates living in wetland habitats and some invertebrates that are dominant or large in this wetland, including waterfowl, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, fish, shellfish, shrimps and some benthos. In addition, many studies often monitor the content of toxic substances in animals.

(3) exotic species. Refers to the taxonomic units of species, subspecies or below that have appeared in the past or now beyond their natural distribution and diffusion potential, including all parts, gametes or propagules that may survive and reproduce later.

Significance: Wetland biodiversity resources play an irreplaceable role in production, life and environmental functions. Historically, people have exploited it on a large scale, and the results have exceeded the self-recovery ability of biodiversity resources, resulting in the destruction of some ecosystems, endangered species and the disappearance of genetic diversity. Therefore, in order to protect wetland biodiversity, it is necessary to monitor wetland organisms.

Man-made or natural reasons: Wetland biodiversity changes with the evolution of wetland ecosystem, and the process is generally slow and gradual. However, due to the unreasonable exploitation of wetland resources by human beings, biodiversity has been seriously damaged in a short time. Therefore, human activities are the main reason for its destruction.

Operating environment: each type of wetland itself.

Monitoring site type: The fixed sample plot for wetland plant community survey should have the typical characteristics of plant community, and the sample plot should be arranged on the section that can represent the typical characteristics of plant community. The distribution area of wetland plant sample plots surveyed and monitored is too large, and the workload is too large to operate; But the area is too small to fully reflect the characteristics of the community. Therefore, it is suggested that the fixed plot area of wetland should not be less than 10hm2, and the monitoring point area should not be less than 1hm2. Animals usually have a large distribution area. So it is impossible to investigate all the distribution areas, even if it is difficult to investigate the number of animals in a certain area. Generally, according to animal habits and statistical principles, several typical plots are selectively set up to investigate the species and quantity of animals in the plots, so as to estimate the species and quantity of animals in the whole area.

Measurement method: When monitoring wetland plants and their communities in the field, in order to obtain accurate qualitative and quantitative data, and then judge the characteristics of the whole community, a quadrat survey must be carried out. The monitoring method of waterfowl number adopts direct counting method, and the optimal monitoring time of waterfowl should be determined according to the local phenological characteristics in important wetlands. The species, quantity and distribution of mammals can be monitored by transect method and transect method. The species, quantity, distribution and harm of alien species are monitored by direct investigation.

Measurement frequency: Considering the life history characteristics and seasonality of animals and plants, the survey is conducted at least four times a year, that is, once in spring, once in summer, once in autumn and once in winter, and the average of the four survey data is representative. Waterbird monitoring is divided into breeding period and wintering period twice.

Limitations of data monitoring: The sample plot should be representative. If the sample plot is set in the transition zone between two plant communities, the accuracy of survey data will be affected. At the same time, considering the topography, we should choose places with open terrain and relatively uniform distribution of soil and vegetation, and choose areas with relatively little human interference.

Possible critical value: None.

Main references:

Deng Wei, Jinming Hu. Research progress and scientific frontier issues of wetland hydrology. Wetland science. 2003, 1 ( 1): 12-20.

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing China Environmental Science Press, 2005,82-134.

Wang, Lan Tong. Wetland biodiversity. Forestry exploration and design, 1998 (1): 59-60.

Yan and Zhang. Study on evaluation index and method of wetland biodiversity value. Forestry Resource Management, 2000 (1): 4 1-46.

Protection and sustainable development of wetland biodiversity resources in China. Journal of Guizhou Education College (Natural Science Edition), 2006, 17 (2): 89-93.

Zhang and Bao Daming. Conception of monitoring methods for wetland resources. Forestry Resource Management, 2002 (2): 19-22.

Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Edward B. Barbier, Mike Ackerman and Duncan Noelle, The Economic Value of Wetlands. Ramsar Convention Bureau, 1997.

Economic evaluation of wetland benefits. Wetlands, biodiversity and development. Wetlands international, 1997.

Related environmental and geological problems: There are many reasons for the disappearance of biodiversity, including urbanization, agricultural development, indiscriminate hunting, mining, environmental pollution, land use and so on.

Overall evaluation: Biological indicators of wetlands are indicators that fundamentally reflect the status quo and development trend of wetlands, as well as the external performance of natural factors of wetlands, and are "indicators" of wetland ecosystems, which can completely and intuitively reflect the status of wetland ecosystems and predict their development trends. Therefore, plant community and animal indicators are one of the important indicators of wetland degradation.

Fourthly, the development of wetland resources.

Name: Wetland Development

Introduction: Wetland resources development mainly includes wetland land use and biological resources utilization. Due to the increasing population pressure and the scarcity of land resources, blindly reclaiming agricultural land, changing the use of natural wetlands and occupying natural wetlands for urban construction and tourism development have directly caused the reduction of the area and function of natural wetlands in China. The construction of large-scale water conservancy projects has also aggravated the loss rate of wetlands. In addition, due to the unreasonable utilization of biological resources, coastal wetlands and inland wetlands have been damaged to varying degrees.

Significance: Human activities are the main cause of wetland degradation. The intensity of human interference with wetlands and the degree of direct development and utilization of wetland resources have gradually intensified, resulting in different degrees of degradation of wetland ecosystems. Therefore, the monitoring of wetland resources development plays an important role in the study of wetland ecosystem.

Operating environment: the monitoring of wetland resources development is limited to the wetland itself.

Monitoring site type: None.

Calculation method: The monitoring indicators of wetland resources development can adopt direct survey method, local statistical yearbook or obtain relevant data from relevant departments, such as environmental protection, aquatic products, water conservancy and other departments.

Measurement frequency: 1 time /5 years or adjust the investigation frequency according to actual needs.

Limitations of data monitoring: generally, it needs to be obtained through relevant departments, so it is difficult to collect data; Because the impact indicators of human socio-economic activities are different from those of natural environment, there are some difficulties in quantification and comparability.

Possible critical value: None.

Main references:

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005, 227-228.

Zhang. Study on protection and development countermeasures of ecological resources in Zhalong wetland. Environmental protection, 2004 (2): 29-3 1.

Zhang and Bao Daming. Conception of monitoring methods for wetland resources. Forestry Resource Management, 2002 (2): 19-22.

Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Zhou Xiaochun. Utilization of wetland resources in Anhui. Anhui Forestry, 200 1 (3): 13.

M (short for meter) Coastal Ecosystem, Productivity and Ecosystem Protection: Coastal Ecosystem Management. AMBIO. 1993，22(7):46 1-467。

Related environmental geological problems: the development and utilization of wetland land resources will cause the decrease of wetland area and the change of wetland landscape; The development and utilization of wetland biological resources will reduce the biodiversity of wetlands; The development and utilization of other wetland resources (such as mineral resources) will cause changes in wetland soil, water quality and hydrological conditions, leading to wetland degradation.

Overall evaluation: the development of wetland resources belongs to the impact index of wetland degradation. Among many indicators of wetland degradation, the development and utilization of wetland resources is the most intuitive and rapid indicator that directly causes wetland degradation and affects wetland ecosystem.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) pollutant discharge

Name: pollutant discharge.

Brief introduction: The types of pollutants discharged into wetlands include domestic sewage, industrial sewage, tourist sewage, agricultural non-point source pollution, aquaculture feed, air pollutant deposition, sediment pollutant release, etc. Pollutant emission indicators include: the number of pollution sources, pollutant types, concentrations and total emissions. Among them, it is mainly to monitor the total discharge of pollutants.

In recent decades, with the rapid development of China's social economy, the emissions of various pollutants, such as urban domestic wastewater, industrial pollution and agricultural non-point source pollution, have increased rapidly, resulting in the continuous accumulation of harmful substances imported into the wetland ecosystem and the degradation of wetlands due to the deterioration of water quality, among which eutrophication of water bodies caused by excessive discharge of N and P pollutants is the most common.

Significance: Pollutant discharge is the main reason for the degradation of wetland water quality, especially the wetland ecosystem near the city. Through the monitoring of wetland pollutant discharge, we can analyze the characteristics of wetland water pollution, study the ways and mechanisms of water pollution, and then put forward effective control measures and management objectives to prevent wetland degradation.

Operating environment: The monitoring of pollutant emission indicators is mainly carried out in the surrounding areas of wetlands, so the natural watershed to which wetlands belong should be taken as the operating environment.

Measurement method: mainly obtain data from the environmental protection department, and directly investigate when the data is insufficient.

Frequency of measurement: Because pollutant discharge is closely related to social and economic development and has the characteristics of gentle change, the annual 1 survey can meet the needs of wetland degradation research. For areas with slow economic development or difficult monitoring, a 1 survey can be conducted every five years.

Possible critical value: Because of the different biological, hydrological and geological characteristics of different wetland ecosystems, there are differences in pollutant purification capacity and environmental capacity, so the critical value should be determined on the basis of calculating the environmental capacity of wetlands.

Main references:

Deng Wei, Jinming Hu. Research progress and scientific frontier issues of wetland hydrology. Wetland science. 2003, 1 ( 1): 12-20.

Problems and protection countermeasures of wetland resources in China. Journal of binzhou university. 2006，22 (3): 62-67。

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005+082-222.

Zhang and Bao Daming. Conception of monitoring methods for wetland resources. Forestry Resource Management, 2002 (2): 19-22.

Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Related environmental geological problems: the discharge of pollutants often leads to a sharp increase in nutrients in wetland water, leading to eutrophication of wetland water, phytoplankton explosion, extinction of aquatic animals and plants, and finally leading to the damage of wetland function and wetland degradation.

Overall evaluation: pollutant discharge is the impact index of wetland degradation and the main reason of wetland water quality degradation. Different from the development and utilization of wetland resources, the discharge of pollutants generally does not directly affect the wetland itself, but is generated on the land around the wetland, and then moves into the wetland with the water and soil. Therefore, the monitoring of pollutant discharge should be carried out in the basin, and its impact on wetlands is closely related to basin hydrology.

Geological disaster of intransitive verb

Name: Geological disaster

Introduction: Wetland disasters include: soil erosion, coastal erosion, sea level rise and seawater intrusion. The content and significance are briefly described as follows:

(1) Soil erosion refers to the whole process of soil erosion, migration and precipitation under the action of water flow. In the natural state, the process of surface erosion caused by natural factors is very slow. This kind of erosion is called natural erosion. Under the influence of human activities, the destruction of surface soil and the movement of land materials caused by natural factors have accelerated the loss process, that is, soil erosion has occurred. At present, the deposition rate of inland wetlands in China has far exceeded its natural succession process, resulting in the continuous reduction of wetland area, which has become an important reason for wetland degradation.

(2) Coastal erosion is a global natural disaster. With the influence of global warming and human activities, the scope and degree of coastal inundation and erosion are expanding. Coastal erosion changes the coastal wetland environment to the deep-sea environment, which directly leads to the loss of coastal wetland area.

(3) With the increase of the earth's temperature, the sea level is also rising. The consequences of sea level rise are salt water intrusion, water quality deterioration, groundwater level rise, and the ecological environment and resources of coastal wetlands are destroyed. Sea level rise mainly affects delta wetlands and mangrove wetlands.

(4) In the coastal areas, due to the massive exploitation of groundwater, the groundwater level is greatly reduced, and seawater invades the coastal aquifers and gradually penetrates inland. This phenomenon is called seawater intrusion. The direct consequence of seawater intrusion is that underground fresh water is polluted by seawater, coastal land is salinized and coastal wetlands are destroyed. Seawater intrusion is an extremely sensitive resource and environmental problem in the fragile ecological environment in coastal areas, and it is also a natural phenomenon triggered and aggravated by human activities.

Significance: Among the above geological disasters, wetland degradation caused by soil erosion is universal, which is one of the most important problems facing lake wetlands in China at present. Although the other three geological disasters are regional and only distributed in coastal areas, once they occur, the impact on wetlands is often devastating, and it is difficult to restore their original appearance. Their destruction targets are irreplaceable mangrove wetlands. The investigation of geological disaster indicators of wetland degradation can understand the above mechanism of wetland degradation, and provide basis for the prediction and early warning of wetland degradation and the proposal of prevention and control countermeasures.

Man-made or natural causes: Geological disasters are often caused by the interaction between nature and man-made. However, the number of wetland geological disasters caused by human activities is increasing, and the consequences are becoming more and more serious.

Working environment: soil erosion is generally used for inland wetland monitoring; Coastal erosion, sea level rise and seawater intrusion indicators are used in coastal wetlands, such as mangrove wetlands.

Measurement method: Direct investigation or obtaining information from relevant departments.

Measurement frequency: 1 time /5 years or adjust the investigation frequency according to actual needs.

Limitations of data and monitoring: due to the uncertainty and long-term nature of geological disasters, real-time systematic monitoring is needed, so monitoring is difficult and costly.

Possible critical value: None.

Main references:

State Forestry Administration. Technical specification for monitoring international important wetlands in China (for Trial Implementation) .2002,9.

Lv Xianguo, etc. Observation method of wetland ecosystem. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2005.224-227.

Wu Xiuqin, et al. Analysis on the relationship between wetland function decline and flood disaster in Jianghan Plain. Ecological environment, 2005, 14 (6): 884-889.

Xie Yonggang, Wang Mengxue. Talking about the influence of Zhalong wetland on flood and drought disasters. Research on Land and Natural Resources, 2003 (4): 55-57. Zhang, man. Monitoring indicators and methods of internationally important wetlands in China. Wetland Science, May 2007 (1):1-6.

Zhang Xiaolong, Li Peiying, Liu Yueliang. Storm surge disaster in the Yellow River Delta and its impact on coastal wetlands. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2006,15 (2):10-13.

Zhang Xiaolong, wait. Research status and prospect of coastal wetlands in China. Progress of marine science, 2005,23 (1): 88-95.

Related environmental and geological problems: Global climate change may lead to imbalance of local water resources, resulting in soil erosion, coastal erosion and sea level rise. Human activities such as deforestation and unreasonable exploitation of groundwater will aggravate soil erosion and seawater intrusion.

Overall evaluation: Geological disasters are indicators of wetland degradation. Usually, the impact of geological disasters on wetlands is irreversible. Among the four types of geological disasters related to wetland degradation, soil erosion is the most widely distributed, which is the main reason for wetland landization; Seawater intrusion, sea level rise and coastal erosion are the unique influencing factors of coastal wetlands or delta wetlands, which are closely related to global climate change and regional groundwater resources development.