Viewing Classical Chinese from Xiang Liang to Dingtao

1. Xiang Liang translated classical Chinese, what kind of person was Xiang Liang, and Xiang Liang translated Ding Tao:

Xiang Liang arrived in Dingtao, defeated Qin Jun twice, and Xiang Yu killed Li You, which made him look down on Qin Jun even more and showed his pride. Song Yigui remonstrated with Xiang Liang, saying, "After winning the battle, the generals are proud and the soldiers are lazy, and such an army will surely fail. Now the foot soldiers are a little lazy, and Qin Jun is increasing day by day. I am worried about you! " Xiang Liang just wouldn't listen. Went to Qi State. On the way, I met Gao Xian, the envoy of the State of Qi. I asked him, "Are you going to see him? In my opinion, Wu Xinjun's army is doomed to failure. If you walk slowly, you can avoid death. If you walk fast, you will catch up with the disaster. " As expected, the Qin Dynasty mobilized all the troops to reinforce Zhang Han and attack the Chu army. Ding Tao, the Chu army was defeated, and Xiang Liang died. Zhang Han ordered the king to leave and surround the stag. His army was stationed in the south of Julu and built a tunnel with walls on both sides to transport food and grass to them.

The emissary of the State of Qi asked for the king of Chu, saying, "I expected that the army would fail, and it did. When the army is not fighting, it can see the signs of failure in advance, which can be called fighting. " Chu Huaiwang appointed Yi Song as the general; Xiang Yu was the second general and Fan Zeng was the last. Other generals from all walks of life belong to Yi Song and are called champions of Qing Zi. Arrive in Anyang, stay for 46 days, and do not move forward. Xiang Yu said, "I heard that Qin Jun surrounded the King of Zhao in Dalucheng. We should lead the troops across the Yellow River as soon as possible. The Chu army attacked from outside, and the Zhao army met inside. Qin Jun will definitely be defeated. " Yi Song said, "That's not true. Now that the state of Qin has attacked the state of Zhao and won, the foot soldiers will be tired, and we can take advantage of their fatigue; If we can't win, we will lead the troops to beat drums and March westward, and we will certainly annihilate Qin Jun. "He also sent his son Song Xiang to Qi as prime minister, personally delivered him to Wuyan, prepared a banquet and invited guests to a meeting. The weather is cold, it is raining heavily, and the foot soldiers are cold and hungry. Xiang Yu said to the soldiers, "We all wanted Qi Xin to attack Qin Jun together, but he delayed for a long time. Now it is catching up with the famine, the people are poor, the soldiers eat taro mixed with beans, and the army has no food. When Liu Bei said that he did not lead troops across the river to get Zhao's grain, he joined forces with Zhao to attack Qin, saying, "Take advantage of fatigue. "With a powerful state of Qin attacking Zhao, it must be that Qin captured Zhao. When Zhao was captured, Qin became more powerful. What's the use of Qin's fatigue to you? General Shang did not show sympathy for the soldiers, but sent his son to Qi for personal benefit. This is not a real country of sages. " Xiang Yu beheaded him, then came out and ordered the army to say, "Heqi plotted against Chu, and the king of Chu ordered me to put him to death." At this time, the generals were afraid of Xiang Yu. So everyone asked Xiang Yu to be the general's agent. Xiang Yu sent someone to chase Qi and killed his son. Chu Huaiwang had no choice but to make Xiang Yu a general.

Xiang Yu killed the champion of Qing Zi, which was a great shock to Chu and became a famous vassal. Save the stag. Xiang Yu led the whole army across the Zhanghe River, sank all the ships, smashed all the pots and pans, burned all the barracks, and brought only three days' dry food to show that the foot soldiers would fight to the death. He met Qin Jun, fought many battles, defeated Qin Jun and captured Wang Li. He refused to surrender and burned himself to death. At this time, the Chu army was the strongest among the governors. There were more than a dozen battalions of governors who came to rescue the stag, and no one dared to send troops to fight. When the Chu army attacked Qin Jun, they all just watched in the camp. The soldiers of the Chu army all took one as ten, yelling at each other, and the vassal soldiers trembled. After defeating Qin Jun, Xiang Yu summoned governors and generals. When they entered the military gate, they all walked on their knees, and no one dared to look up. From then on, Xiang Yu really became the general of the vassal, and all the vassals were subordinate to him.

Xiang Liang, one of the famous peasant rebel leaders in the late Qin Dynasty, was a descendant of the King of Chu, the son of Xiang Yan and the uncle of Xiang Yu. In the war with the Qin Uprising, he was defeated by Zhang Han, the general of the Qin Dynasty, in Dingtao because he underestimated his enemies.

2. Read the following classical Chinese and complete the following questions:1:c: 2: a: 3: b: 4: d: 5: (1) The nearly ten monarchs you served were closely related, and they were distinguished by flattery in person.

(2) So Gaudi (proudly) said, "I didn't know the dignity of being an emperor until today." 1:item c, according to the content before "If you really despise Confucianism" in the third paragraph, "Two students in Lu refused to do it, saying,' The ten masters of public office all admire their relatives.

I can't bear to do it for the office. CCBA is out of date, I can't.

Come on, it won't hurt me! Uncle Sun Tong said with a smile, "You are really a Confucian scholar ..." The "Cao Gui Debate" in the article contains the sentence "Carnivores are contemptuous", while "Example" contains the sentence "The first emperor didn't mean it".

Question 2: Item A is the preposition "opportunity". Item B: Dao (verb)/De (auxiliary word).

Item c: according to (preposition) /in (preposition). Item D: Word structure, auxiliary words, translatable "de" or untranslated/quilt (preposition), passive sentences have a fixed sentence pattern "for ……".

Question 3: 2 was written by Gaudi, according to which A and C can be excluded; ⑤ What is written is the effect of Shu's helping to restore the ancient ceremony, which does not mean that he is "sensible, discerning right from wrong", so item D can be excluded. Question 4: Not all Confucian scholars refuse to cooperate.

Item 5: (1)3 points, the word "material" is translated as "clothing" and "near" is translated as "face to face". (2)3 points, "Nai" is translated into "Cai" and "Gui" is translated into "Gui", and the sentence is full of fluency.

Uncle Sun Tong is from Xue County. In the Qin Dynasty, because he was good at writing and knowledgeable, he was recruited into the palace, waiting to be appointed as a doctor.

When Xiang Liang arrived in Xue County, he defected to him. Later, Xiang Liang died in Dingtao, and his uncle Sun Tong followed Chu Huaiwang Xiong Xin.

Chu Huaiwang was named the righteous emperor by Xiang Yu, and his uncle Sun Tong left a feather for this matter. In the second year of Emperor Wudi's reign, Hanwang Liu Bang led five ministers to attack Pengcheng, and his uncle Sun Tong surrendered to Hanwang.

Hanwang defeated the Western Expedition, and his uncle Sun Tong followed him and finally took refuge in Hanwang. In the fifth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the world was unified, and the princes pushed Hanwang to be emperor in Dingtao.

Emperor Han Gaodi abolished all the strict etiquette laws and regulations in the Qin Dynasty and only drew up some simple rules. However, when ministers were drinking and having fun in the imperial court, they argued endlessly about their merits and demerits. Some of them got drunk, shouted wildly and even drew their swords to cut down the pillars in the court. Gaudi has a headache about this.

Uncle Sun Tong knew that the emperor hated this kind of thing more and more, so he advised him, "Those Confucian scholars are hard for you to attack and take away, but they can help you keep your achievements. I hope to recruit some Confucian scholars in Shandong and work with my children to formulate court ceremonies. "

Gaudi said: "I'm afraid it will be as cumbersome as in the past." Uncle Sun Tong said, "I want to mix the ancient etiquette with the etiquette of the Qin Dynasty and make a new etiquette." The emperor said, "You can try to do it, but make it easy to understand and consider what I can do."

Therefore, he was ordered to recruit more than 30 Confucian scholars in Shandong. Two Confucian scholars in Shandong refused to leave, saying, "Nearly ten monarchs you have served were close and distinguished by flattery in person.

We will do it for you against our will. What you did violated the ancient law, so we won't leave.

You'd better go, don't insult us! Uncle Sun Tong said with a smile, "You are really humble Confucian scholars, and you don't understand the changes of the times at all." Uncle Sun Tong went to the western capital with 30 soldiers. Together with more than 100 learned attendants around the emperor and uncle Sun Tong's disciples, they pulled up ropes in the suburbs to show politeness, and set up thatch to represent the pecking order.

After more than a month of exercise, Uncle Sun Tong said, "The emperor can try to inspect it." After the emperor visited, he asked them to salute themselves and said, "I can do this."

So he ordered all ministers to study, which happened to be 10, so that the actual rehearsal of the annual meeting could be carried out. In the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, Changle Palace was completed, and all the princes and ministers came to pay their respects to the emperor and attend the New Year ceremony.

Etiquette is: first of all, at dawn, the worshippers began to preside over the etiquette, guiding the princes and ministers and the civil and military officials to enter the temple gate in turn. The county government is lined with chariots, cavalry, infantry and palace guards, decorated with various weapons and set up various flags. Callers call it "small steps."

So the officials took their positions, and the practitioners stood on both sides of the steps below the main hall, with hundreds of people on the steps. All heroes, liehou, generals and officers at all levels are arranged in order in the west, facing east; All civil servants are arranged in the east and face the west in turn from the prime minister.

Nine concierge officers arranged in big order turn pages from top to bottom. So the emperor went out of the palace in a "dragon chariot", and hundreds of officials raised flags to call the police, and then guided officials at all levels from princes to more than 600 stones to congratulate the emperor respectfully in turn.

There is no official under the vassal who is not afraid of this majestic ceremony. Wait until the ceremony is over, and then arrange the banquet gifts.

Governors, officials and others sat in the hall with their heads down and stood up to propose a toast to the emperor in the order of seniority. After nine rounds of drinking, the drinker declared the party over.

Finally, the supervisory officials enforce the etiquette rules, find out those who don't conform to the etiquette rules and take them away. From the audience to the banquet, no one dares to speak loudly, and no one dares to behave improperly.

After the ceremony, Gaudi proudly said, "I didn't know the dignity of being an emperor until today." So, he named Uncle Sun Tong Taichang and gave him 500 Jin of gold.

When Uncle Sun Tong came out, he gave all the 500 gold he got to the students. The students said happily, "Uncle Sun is really a saint. He knows the times very well. " .

3. Qin Yi, seven feet and five inches long, answers to classical Chinese reading (Beijing Volume) 2009 College Entrance Examination Chinese Beijing Volume (with translation) Second, there are five small questions on this big topic, each with 3 points, *** 15 points.

Read the following classical Chinese and complete 6- 10. Uncle Sun Tong is also a scholar.

And Xiang Liang's Xue's uncle came from this. Defeated by Ding Tao from Wang Huai.

Wang Huai is the emperor of justice, and his uncle and grandson are the kings of things. In the second year of the Han Dynasty, Hanwang entered Pengcheng from the Five Princes, and his uncle Sun Tong surrendered to Hanwang.

Hanwang lost to the west because he was a Han Chinese. (2) In the five years of the Han Dynasty, it has become one with the whole world, and the vassal state honored Hanwang as emperor in Dingtao.

Gaudi learned that it was very simple to remove Qin's harsh instrument method. The ministers of the group drank to win merit, or got as drunk as a fiddler, or made a hullabaloo about, drew their swords and hit the column, and Gaudi suffered greatly.

Knowing that he was tired of learning, Uncle Sun said, "Confucians are hard to advance, but they can keep up. I would like to invite Lu Wei to go to court with my disciples. "

Gaudi said, "Is it difficult?" Uncle Sun Tong said, "I would like to mix ancient gifts with Qin Yi." He said: "Give it a try, it's easy to understand and do what you can."

So Shu sent someone to find Lu. Two students in Lu refused to do so, saying, "Those who work in public offices are ten masters, and they are all admired by their relatives.

I can't bear to do it for the office. CCBA is out of date, I can't.

Come on, it won't hurt me! "Uncle Sun Tong said with a smile," If you really despise Confucianism, I don't know how times have changed. (4) Then, with 30 people recruited in the West, scholars and his disciples around, he said, "You can try. "

Seeing this, he saluted and said, "I can do this." Is to let ministers learn.

In the seventh year of Han Dynasty, Changle Palace became a success, and all the ministers were in court. I: Make it clear first, then wait for the ceremony, and then introduce it to the temple gate.

In the imperial court, Chen rode a bicycle to guard the palace and set up a military symbol. Rumor has it that "fashion".

Your highness, there are hundreds of doctors. Heroes, generals and officers, followed by Chen Hedong; Chen Dongfang, a native of Xixiang, is a civilian prime minister.

There are nine guests in the big bank. (5) So the emperor went out of the palace, and hundreds of officials were in charge of the police.

Take 600 stones and lead the princes to meet officials and congratulate them. Since the vassal king, don't be depressed and fearful.

After the ceremony, French wines will be reset. All the attendants sat in the temple and bowed their heads, thus starting their respectable lives.

After nine lines, the flatterer said, "Stop drinking". The law enforcement of the empire is not as good as paperwork, and it needs leadership.

No one dares to make a noise when buying wine, and no one dares to be rude. So Gaudi said, "I am called the emperor's treasure today."

Thanks to Uncle Sun Tong, I gave him 500 Jin of gold, which is too common. Both uncle and grandson gave the students 500 Jin.

All the students are happy to say, "Uncle Sun Chengshu is a saint and knows the world's major events." (Adapted from Biography of Uncle Sun in Historical Records) ① Study and Practice ② Rites: official name, taking charge of guests and complimenting.

6. In the following statements, the incorrect explanation of the added words is that a. Uncle Sun knows that it is beneficial to hate knowledge: gradually b. Measure the degree of what I can do: measure C. If I really despise Confucianism, I will despise it: I have low moral character D. In fact, I will buy wine at the end of …

CCBA is out of date, I can't. Come on, it won't hurt me! Uncle Sun Tong smiled and said, "You are really Confucian scholars.

In the text "Debate on Cao Gui", there is a sentence that "carnivores are contemptuous", and in "Examples", there is a sentence that "the first emperor was not interested in his ministers". The basic method of thinking analysis is to substitute the original text and exclude or screen it according to the context. As for the analysis based on structure and grammar, it is better to read more classical Chinese (not too difficult) and accumulate some classical Chinese to form a sense of language.

7. In the following groups of statements, the meaning and usage are the same: A. ① Hanwang lost to the West, because I stayed in the Han Dynasty to drink and was told that I was the treasure of today's emperor B. ① and Xiang Liang's Xue ②, and was introduced to the temple gate, the civilian prime minister and the following Chen Dongfang D. ①, who was killed by Qin for decades. Analyze the answer to test point A. Item A analysis is the preposition "opportunity".

Item B: Dao (verb)/De (auxiliary word). Item c: according to (preposition) /in (preposition).

Item D: The word structure and auxiliary words can be translated as "de" or untranslated/quilt (preposition). The function words examined in the thinking analysis of passive sentence fixed sentence "Wei Suo" all come from the classical Chinese 18 function words specified in the syllabus. Contradictions come from textbooks or selected articles.

For the former, you can substitute the meaning and usage of this word in this sentence into the previous sentence to see if it makes sense. For the latter, you need to find out where the sentence is in the original text, depending on the meaning of the whole sentence or even a paragraph.

8. The following explanation of the sentence in the text does not conform to the meaning of the text: A. The vassal * * * respected Hanwang as emperor in Dingtao, and supported Hanwang as emperor in Dingtao. B. There are nearly ten owners who have served you, and you have gained trust and wealth by flattery in person. Put up a flag. D. Get up and go forward according to the identity order, and examine and translate the classical Chinese sentences for the emperor's birthday answers and analytical answers. It is not difficult to examine the translation in the form of multiple-choice questions, but candidates must carefully distinguish the nuances of their own translations according to the context.

According to the second and third paragraphs of the article, it can be seen that it was Shu who formulated the etiquette for Emperor Gaozu, so that the monarch and subjects were arranged in an orderly manner. Of course, there will be no fighting in court.

9. The following statements are organized into four groups, all of which show that Uncle Sun Tong has a vision and understands the times. One school is that Hanwang lost to the West, because he learned from Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty that Qin was strict with etiquette, which was difficult for a simple Confucian scholar to make progress, but he could keep up. If he really despises Confucianism, he does not know how to enforce the law. If it is not as good as etiquette, it will lead to Sun Chengcheng's sage and know the important things in the world. Analysis (2) is written by Gaudi, so that A and C can be excluded; ⑤ It describes the effect that Shu helped to restore the ancient ceremony, but it does not mean that he is "sensible and has eyes".

4. "This is the first edition of Ancient Society in 2005, page 29.

In the reference book, there is no record in the note: "Pei Gong and Xiang Yu attacked Dingtao, but Dingtao did not go down. Go, west slightly, to, big break, Li Zhubu. Still attacking the perimeter yellow, the perimeter yellow has not fallen. Xiang Liang starts from Afghanistan in the east, reaches Dingtao in the northwest, and then breaks Qin Jun; Xiang Yu and others beheaded Li You; Benefiting from Qin, there is arrogance. " This passage of Mr. Lu comes from Historical Records of Xiang Yu.

Pay attention to punctuation, here is a semicolon, "Xiang Liang from East Asia, northwest to Dingtao, and then break Qin Jun; Xiang Yu and others beheaded Li You "in order to lead to the following sentence:" Yi is lighter than Qin, there is no fear ","Xiang Liang started in East Asia, reached Dingtao in the northwest, and then broke; This part of Xiang Yu and Li You is actually a repetition of the above. Next, Xiang Liang despised Qin and refused the proposal.

There is only one Li You, the eldest son of Reese. "The prime minister's eldest son Li Youshou Sanchuan, Chen Sheng, the thief of Chu, is the son of the prime minister's county, so the thief of Chu went on a business trip and passed Sanchuan, but the city guard refused to strike. I heard that the documents were exchanged, and I didn't get the trial. I didn't dare to smell it. " "So, the second emperor put the prime minister in prison, punished him, blamed Si and Ziyou for rebellion, and arrested the Hakka." "Xiang Liang killed Sanchuan, which was done by II." Li sichuan