What was Battle of Red Cliffs like in history?

Battle of Red Cliffs refers to the famous battle in which Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's army in Chibi of the Yangtze River (now northwest of Chibi, Hubei Province) in the 13th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, laying the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. The date of the war was July 2008 12. This is one of the famous examples in history.

Whip south

After Cao Cao basically unified the north, he returned to Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province) in the thirteenth year of Jian 'an (AD 208) and immediately began to make military and political preparations for the southern expedition.

Militarily: build Xuanwu Pool to train the water army, and send Zhang Liao and Lejin to the south of Xudu to prepare for the southern expedition; At the same time, in order to relieve worries, measures should be taken to the Guanzhong area where unrest may occur. The emperor named Marten Wang Wei, and his son Ma Chao was a partial general. He continued to lead the troops instead of Marten and let Marten's family move to Ye as hostages to reduce the threat from the northwest. Politically, the abolition of the "three publics", the appointment of prime ministers, imperial envoys, and the appointment of prime ministers further consolidated their dominant position; He fabricated charges and killed his political opponent Kong Rong many times to safeguard his political authority. In July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao adopted the strategy of Shang Shuling and Shi Zhongxun, his chief strategic adviser, to "take the beauty of the bay and the leaves, but not the progress between them, so as to cover up its surprise attack", and led his troops south to Jingzhou, heading for Wancheng and Yexian. In addition, Yang Wu's corps commander and advice doctor Cao Hong were sent to launch a surprise attack from Dongjing. In August, Liu Biao died in Jingzhou, and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to the throne. In September, Cao Hong, the pioneer of Jun, defeated Jingzhou Army in Wuyin and Wang Bo successively, and the vanguard of Jun has entered a new field. In addition, after Cao Cao captured Zhanglingjun, he ordered Zhao Yan to take Zhang Ling as the prefect and commander-in-chief to protect the army, and has been leading Zhang Liao, Yu Jin, Zhang He, Zhu Ling, Li Dian, Feng Kai and Zhao Lu to station in Zhanglingjun as backup and support from the east. When Liu Cong panicked, he accepted the persuasion of Kuai Yue and Fu Xun. When Fancheng had been preparing to resist Cao Jun, he did not inform the station troops to vote for Jingzhou Left General Liu Bei and secretly surrendered to Cao Cao. Liu Bei didn't know that Liu Cong had surrendered until Cao Cao's army arrived near Wancheng, so he sent someone to ask Liu Cong. At this time, Liu Cong sent Zhong Song to tell Liu Bei that Liu Bei was frightened and angry. In order to avoid being isolated, he had to abandon Fan Nan and flee immediately. When crossing the river to Xiangyang, Zhuge Liang, the counselor, advised Liu Bei to seize Xiangyang. Liu Bei refused to go south and sent Guan Yu to lead the water army to advance by water. But around Liu Cong and Jingzhou, many scholars defected to Liu Bei and fled with him. In this way, the speed of Liu Bei's army was greatly slowed down, and it could only travel more than ten miles a day. At that time, Jiangling (Nanjun Zhisuo) stored a lot of grain, grass, weapons and so on. Someone advised Liu Bei to leave the people and capture Jiangling first, but Liu Bei didn't want to. Cao Cao heard the news of Liu Beinan's departure, fearing that he would get Jiangling's army, so he gave up the trench and went to Xiangyang lightly. He also ordered Le Jin to keep Xiangyang, and Huang Xu to keep Fancheng, and personally pursued Liu Bei with Cao Chun and Jingzhou Wen Pin. According to "Han Shu Jin Chun Qiu", Wang Wei of Liu Cong once advised Liu Cong to capture Cao Cao alive with Indiana Jones when Cao Cao was unprepared to surrender, but Liu Cong did not adopt it.

Occupy Jiangling

Cao Jun's butch rode at a speed of 300 days and caught up with Liu Bei in Nagano. At that time, although Liu Bei had more than ten people and thousands of treasures, there were very few soldiers who could fight. Liu Bei left his wife and children behind and fled with dozens of people, including Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and Zhuge Liang. Cao Jun won Liu Bei's army and countless treasures, and even captured Liu Bei's two daughters. Because Mrs. Gan and her infant failed to escape in time, Zhao Yun killed them again and rescued them. At the same time, Liu Bei ordered Zhang Fei to lead twenty riders to patrol. Zhang Fei pulled down the bridge first and immediately said, "I'm Zhang Yide, but I can come * * *!" No one dared to go near Cao Jun, and Liu Bei was able to escape, but Cao Cao did not pursue Liu Bei, but rushed to Jiangling. Prior to this, Sun Quan [1], the general of Wu Hou and Lu, who was entrenched in Jiangdong, was increasingly powerful. In the spring of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan defeated Liu Biao, who was guarding Jiangxia, occupied several counties in Jiangxia, opened the door to Jingzhou in the west, and annexed Jingxiang in full view. When Sun Quan heard that Cao Cao was going south, he accepted Lu Su's suggestion and sent Lu Su to Jingzhou in the name of Liu Biao's funeral. In fact, he wanted to find out the intentions and news of Liu Bei and others. When Lu Su arrived in Nanjun, news came that Liu Cong had surrendered and Liu Beinan had fled. Lu Su then went north and met Liu Bei in Osaka in Dangyang, and immediately persuaded Liu Bei to unite with Sun Quan. Liu Bei obeyed, turned around to the east, joined Guan Yu's water army from Hanshui River to the east, joined more than 10,000 people under Liu Qi, the eldest son of Liu Biao who came to reinforce, and then retreated to Xiakou together. After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling, he immediately took measures to stabilize the state officials and people, ordered "Jingzhou officials and people to work together and turn over a new leaf", and vigorously publicized Jingzhou's "submission". As a result, there were 15 members of the Jing nationality who were blocked. Han Song, Kuai Yue, Deng and others were appointed as Jingzhou celebrities, and Cai Mao was appointed as a captain engaged in corps commander, Sima and Changshui. At the beginning of Cao Cao's expedition to Jingzhou, Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang had already sent his subordinate Pu Yin to pay tribute to Cao Cao. In order to appease Liu Zhang, Cao Cao added Liu Zhang as a general. Soon, Zhang Su sent another driver to deliver munitions to Cao Cao, expressing his willingness to accept the call-up. Zhang Su was appointed as the rafter of the Prime Minister's House, and worshipped the prefect of Guanghan. After Cao Cao had occupied Jingzhou, Liu Zhang once again sent another driver to Zhang Song to see Cao Cao, but Cao Cao was too proud. He was deeply tired of Liu Zhang's constant bargain, so he ignored him. Master Yang Xiu advised Cao Cao to make Zhang Song his home, but Cao Cao refused. Zhang Song resented it, which paved the way for later persuading Liu Zhang to get along with Liu Bei. Cao Cao took the surrendered Jingzhou water army as the main force in the water war and prepared for the eastward expedition. Some people say that the target is Liu Bei, while others point out that this is a convenient way to corrupt Sun Quan's Jiangdong. Jia Xu persuaded the resources of Jingzhou, Cao Liyong to regulate the army and the people and stabilize the newly occupied land, but Cao Cao disagreed with him. Pei Songzhi, a historian in the Southern Dynasties, also thought that Jia Xu's statement was "inappropriate at that time".

be as close as lips and teeth—be closely related and mutually dependent

In October of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao left Coss to be stationed in Jiangling and led his army eastward. Zhuge Liang saw Cao Cao coming down from the east and said to Liu Bei, "It's urgent. Please order General Sun for help. " So he and Lu Su went back to Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to see Sun Quan. Liu Bei also moved to the south bank of the Yangtze River and was stationed in Fankou. After Zhuge Liang arrived in Chaisang, he first stimulated Sun Quan by goading. Then I realized that Sun Quan didn't want to be controlled by Cao Cao, but worried that Cao Cao was too powerful to match. Zhuge Liang later announced that Liu Bei's troops were still not less than 20,000, and he was capable of fighting Cao Cao. Then it analyzes the disadvantages of Cao Cao: the expedition of teachers and the fatigue of foot soldiers; Northerners don't learn water warfare; Jingzhou people did not really join Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang believed that Sun Quan and Liu could turn defeat into victory by joining forces, and made it clear that there would be a three-point world after the war, and Sun Quan was gradually persuaded. But at that time, Cao Cao was menacing, and some family members, represented by Zhang Zhao, advocated surrender, thinking that Cao Cao's name was Han Xiang, and it was unreasonable to rely on the emperor to conquer all directions. Cao Cao has occupied the Yangtze River, and there is no natural barrier to defend in Jiangdong. Cao Jun is under water and on land, and his offensive is very strong. Jiangdong was unable to resist, so he advised Sun Quan to see Cao Cao. At this time, Cao Cao sent a letter of surrender, which read: "Today, there are 800,000 water conservancy troops, and Fang and others will hunt in Wu." Intimidation is extremely heavy. Therefore, Zhang Zhao and others surrendered to Cao Cao more firmly, and Sun Quan had a hard time making a choice. Lu Su secretly followed Sun Quan when he went to the toilet, pointing out that Zhang Zhao and others were not qualified. He also said that if he surrendered to Cao Cao, he could be an official in the county, but if Sun Quan, the leader of one party, surrendered, Cao Cao would never tolerate it. Sun Quan lamented that Zhang Zhao and others were "very lonely", so he agreed to Lu Su's suggestion and recalled Zhou Yu stationed in Poyang. After Zhou Yu came back, he also insisted on resisting Cao. He analyzed Cao Jun's weaknesses one by one, roughly the same as Zhuge Liang's analysis: Cao Jun was exhausted and was bound to get sick; The weather is cold and the horse has no grass; Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is Cao Cao's future trouble; Soldiers in the Central Plains abandoned the advantages of cavalry, but did not learn how to fight water. Then, the actual strength of Cao Jun was further analyzed, and it was pointed out that Cao Jun from the Central Plains had only150,000 to 60,000 people, but he was tired after a long battle, and the 70,000 to 80,000 people who lost their lives were suspicious. So as long as there are 50 thousand chosen men, they can be defeated. So Sun Quan finally made up his mind, drew his sword in public and cut off the corner of the table, saying, "General, if you dare to speak again, be the one who welcomes the drill, just like this case!" Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu were appointed as the left and right governors, and Lu Su was appointed as the commander of Zan Army to help plan the strategy. He led 30,000 foot soldiers including Huang Gai, Han Dang, Lv Meng, Ling Tong, Gan Ning, Zhou Tai and Lv Fan to fight against Cao with Liu Bei along the river. Sun Quan, on the other hand, continued to be stationed in Chaisang as a backup, delivering supplies for Zhou Yu, and told Zhou Yu that if the war was unfavorable, "he would still be alone, and he would be alone with Meng De." At this time, many people in Cao camp thought that Sun Quan would kill Liu Bei if he didn't dare to resist Cao Cao, and then follow in Liu Cong's footsteps. This idea is also revealed in Cao Cao's surrender book, but Cheng Yu thinks that people lack understanding of Sun Quan, which may be a misjudgment of Sun Quan's courage. Liu Bei's reputation is abroad, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are ten thousand enemies, and Sun Quan knows that he can't support himself, so he will definitely support Liu Bei and unite Liu Bei against Cao Cao. Then as Cheng Yu predicted.

Battle red cliff

In December of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Zhou Yu led an army to meet Liu Bei at Fankou. The two armies went against the current to Chibi and met Cao Jun who was crossing the river. At that time, Cao Jun had been affected by the plague, but it was difficult for the new water army to run in with the newly attached Jingzhou water army, and the morale was obviously insufficient, so Zhou Yu's water army defeated him in the first battle. Cao Cao had to "lead the water army to the north of the Yangtze River" to meet the army, lean the warships to the Wulin side on the north shore, practice the water army, and wait for the opportunity. Zhou Yu docked the warship at the Chibi side on the south bank and confronted Cao Jun. At that time, Cao Cao was not used to the northern foot soldiers taking a boat, so he connected the boat end to end, and both men and women were on board. Zhou Yu suggested to Huang Gai: "Today, being outnumbered, it is difficult to last. However, the military ship is connected with the ship end to end, and it can burn away. " In order to get close to Cao Cao's warships, Zhou Yu adopted Huang Gai's fire attack strategy to make Huang Gai surrender to Cao Cao. On the day of the war, Huang Gai had prepared ten light boats, full of firewood and oil, disguised as red curtains and flags. At that time, the southeast wind was urgent, and ten ships were sailing in front of Zhongjiang. Huang Gai saw the torch in his hand, and all the soldiers shouted in unison: "What's going on!" Cao Jun's officers and men were unprepared. "They all waited, watched and pointed at the words." . Two miles from Cao Jun, Huang Gai ordered the firewood to be lit, and at the same time he became very angry. The fire was fierce, and the ship flew like an arrow, burning up the north ship and extending to the camp on the shore. Smoke billowed in an instant, and countless people were burned and drowned. On the other hand, Sun Liujun crossed the Yangtze River and defeated Cao Jun in the chaos. Seeing that the defeat was irreversible, Cao Cao immediately set himself on fire and led his troops to retreat in the direction of Jiangling along Huarong Road (now Jianli North, Hubei Province). Zhou Yu and Liu Bei's troops went hand in hand, always following. Cao Jun suffered more than half of the casualties in this battle. After Cao Cao returned to Jiangling, he was afraid of losing Chibi and making the regime in the rear unstable. He immediately returned to the north, leaving Coss and Huang Xu in Nanjun (the place where Jiangling was ruled), and then appointed Lejin to guard Xiangyang, and Man Chong as Wei Fen's agent, stationed in Dangyang. Sun and Liu joined forces to win the victory in Battle of Red Cliffs. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao, Liu and Sun divided Jingzhou. Cao Cao occupied Nanyang and Nanjun (Xiangyang County and Nanjun were separated from Nanjun and Nanjun [Zhangling County] at that time), Liu Bei occupied Lingling and Wuling counties south of the Yangtze River, and Sun Quan occupied Jiangxia, Guiyang and Changsha counties. After the war, Cao Cao returned to the north and had no chance to go south on such a large scale. Cao Cao lost the possibility of unifying the whole country in a short time, while Sun and Liu took this opportunity to win the battle and began to develop their respective forces.

Sun Liu counterattacked.

Sun Quan led the army to attack Hefei in the north, and Zhang Zhao led the army to attack Dangtu in Jiujiang County in the north (see Hefei World War I for details), but both were defeated. Zhou Yu and others also attacked Jiangling, where Coss stayed, and confronted each other across the river. Zhou Yu also sent Gan Ning to attack Yiling (now Yichang, Hubei), and Coss also divided his troops to besiege. Gan ning asked Zhou Yu for help. Zhou Yu used Lv Meng's plan to stay in Ling Tong, and then he and Lv Meng went to save him. After the siege of Gan Ning, he led his troops to the north shore. Wu Junxian surrounded Coss who came to fight Taurus, but later Coss broke into the army twice and saved himself. After the war between the two sides. Zhou Yu personally straddled the horse, but was shot on the right by a flowing arrow, which was quite badly hurt, so he returned it. Later Coss knew that Zhou Yu didn't get up, so he sent his troops to Zhen Wu. Zhou Yu got up and went to the barracks to encourage the officials and Cao Rengui to return. Then the two sides confronted each other. Lv Meng later recalled: "Yesterday, Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu were the left and right governors and attacked Jiangling. Although he was the master, Pu relied on himself for a long time and was a vassal, so * * * disagreed and lost several state affairs. " It can be seen that the internal contradiction between Zhou and Cheng is also one of the reasons why Jiangling has been unable to attack for a long time. On the other hand, Liu Bei listed Liu Qi, the satrap of Jiangxia, as the secretariat of Jingzhou, and led his army to quickly capture four counties in Jingnan, including Wuling (now Changde, Hunan), Changsha, Guiyang (now Chenxian, Hunan) and Lingling (now Yongzhou, Hunan). Four counties surrendered one after another, and Xu Lei of Lujiang County also led tens of thousands of Song rebels. Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang, a military commander, to supervise Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha counties, and to adjust taxes and exile the army. Liu Bei then went to Jiangling to assist Zhou Yu, put Zhang Fei and a thousand people under Zhou Yu's command, borrowed two thousand foot soldiers from Zhou Yu, and sent Guan Yu and Wu to wait until Xia Shui to cut off the northern road, block the connection between Xiangyang and Jiangling, and completely besieged Coss. Le Jin, Huang Xu and Man Chong led the troops to Xia Shui and Han Jin to crusade against Guan Yu, but Guan Yu was defeated. Later, Li Tong, the prefect of Runan, was ordered to lead a group of people to rescue Coss. He fought all the way, dismounted and pulled out his antlers himself, and won the title of general, but he fell ill and died on the way. Finally, after being besieged for more than a year, Cao Ren ran out of food and grass and suffered heavy casualties, so he was forced to leave voluntarily. Zhou Yu was stationed in Jiangling and was appointed as a partial general, leading the southern county satrap. He also admitted that Liu Bei occupied the land south of the Yangtze River in Nanjun County. In the fourteenth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei was in charge of Jingzhou animal husbandry, and set the governing place and the base camp in the oil mouth of the river, renamed the public security. In the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, after Zhou Yu's death, Sun Quan "lent" some Nanjun and Jiangxia counties of Jingzhou to Liu Bei, so Liu Bei occupied most of Jingzhou's territory and moved to Jiangling. During this period, many old officials and soldiers of Liu Biao defected to Liu Bei. The embryonic form of the world's three-thirds has begun to take shape, and the struggle for victory has opened a new prelude.

Edit this war review

This battle was one of the "three major battles" in the Three Kingdoms period. Before Chibi, Cao Cao had great advantages: first, Cao Cao's "obeying the emperor and making the princes disobey" (people who opposed Cao Cao called it "relying on the emperor to make the princes obey"), and it was naturally difficult for other princes to contend with political correctness; Second, Cao Cao went south with the army he had just won, and his spirit was self-sufficient; Third, Cao Cao's strength is several times that of Sun and Liu. And the defeat of Cao Cao in Chibi, traditional historians emphasize his pride in underestimating his enemy. For example, Zhang Zuoyao's Biography of Cao Cao said: "Cao Cao is extremely excited and easily carried away by victory." Cao Cao didn't take advantage of the victory to completely defeat Liu Bei and missed the fighter plane. Pei Songzhi, a historian who has made annotations on the History of the Three Kingdoms, does not agree. He believes: "Cao Cao's first visit to Jianghan is a deterrent to YueYang; The water warfare tool endowed with Liu Biao, taking advantage of Jingchu, will be a good opportunity to shock and outline; If you don't take this opportunity to take Wu, will you be safe? " Pei Songzhi also commented: "As for the defeat of Chibi, there is luck. In fact, it is vigorously promoting the peak of disease damage, and the wind comes from the south and is used as a burning potential. This is true, very embarrassing? " In his view, Cao Cao's timing in Battle of Red Cliffs was correct, and the victory of Sun Liu's allied forces also had an element of luck. However, since Cao Cao has such an advantage, the record of Sun Liu's joint army is even more brilliant. In this battle, Sun Da praised the power of water warfare and skillfully attacked it with fire, which is a famous example in the history of China. Traditional comments generally ignore the popular factors. Cao Cao blamed the failure on illness. He wrote to Sun Quan, saying, "Battle of Red Cliffs, who is seriously ill, burned his boat alone and settled for the second best, making Zhou Yuxi famous all over the world." Chen Shou also mentioned many times that Cao Jun had an epidemic. Li Yousong's article "Discussion on the Relationship between Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi and Schistosomiasis" points out that the reason for Cao Cao's defeat in Battle of Red Cliffs is "disease"-acute schistosomiasis. The battlefield in Battle of Red Cliffs was precisely the area where schistosomiasis was seriously prevalent at that time, and it was the infection season of schistosomiasis at that time. Battle of Red Cliffs starts in winter, but Cao Jun migrates and trains in autumn. Cao Cao's water army was infected with schistosomiasis before the Middle War in Battle of Red Cliffs, and it took more than a month to get sick, which made it exhausted and vulnerable in the war. However, Liu and Sun's troops have been engaged in production and life in schistosomiasis endemic areas for a long time, and the soldiers have more or less developed certain immunity. However, this view is also flawed. Cao Cao's water army mainly comes from Jingzhou water army. The immunity of these soldiers to schistosomiasis should be similar to that of Sun Liu Lianjun, so it should be other diseases. The book History of Cao Cao's Hegemony, published and written by Chen, analyzes the reasons for Cao Cao's defeat. He blamed the main failure on the southeast wind. Cao Cao used soldiers like gods. As the saying goes, "Speak of the devil, and he will arrive", that is, Cao Cao fought like wind and invaded like fire. Liu Bei abandoned the army in Xuzhou because he was unprepared, and a similar situation occurred before the Chibi War in Jingzhou. Due to Cao Cao's cautious use of military force, the reason for Battle of Red Cliffs's defeat was not only Zhou Yu's own analysis, but also Zhou Yu's concealment of a climatic fact. In Dongting Lake area, due to the topographic wind, when the weather clears up, southeast wind may blow to confront it. This is unexpected for Cao Cao, who grew up in the north, and it is an advantage for people who grow up near the Yangtze River.

Edit this pre-war analysis

Nagasaka pursuit war

In the autumn and July of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao began to travel south. He asked Yu Xun for advice. Yu Xun said, "Now that you have unified China (the Yellow River Basin), the south has shaken. You should take advantage of the situation to get out of the leaf and bay quickly, make Jingxiang afraid and calm Jingzhou. " (Note 2) In August, Liu Biao died of illness. Sure enough, Liu Bei heard that Cao Cao abandoned Wancheng Xinye and left Xiangyang. Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao. At this time, everything is so smooth that Cao Cao has basically reached the strategy of going south. There is only one old enemy left, Liu Bei. At the moment, he is fleeing to Dangyang with "100,000 people" and is about to go to Jiangling, a military town. Therefore, Cao Cao sent his own elite troops "Tiger and Leopard Ride" with 5,000 men, "traveling for more than 300 miles a day and one night", catching up with Liu Bei in Changban, defeating Liu Jun's main force, "seizing the trench of his second daughter and collecting his scattered troops". (Note 3) The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Liu Bei said: "My late master abandoned his wife and rode away with dozens of people, such as Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, and Cao Gong was highly valued by his people." "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhang Fei" records: "Cao Gong chased him, one day and one night, in Dangyang, Osaka. When my late Lord heard of Cao Gong's death, he left his wife and made Fei ride twenty horses. Fly away according to the water, the bridge broke, he slammed a spear and said, "I'm from Zhang Yide, but I can come to die!"! "Invincible dare to close, so avoid it. Zhao Yunzhuan, the History of the Three Kingdoms, records: "When Cao Gong was chasing her in Osaka, Yang Chang, he abandoned his wife and went south, but he was weak, that is, the queen and Mrs. Hu Gan, that is, the queen. "In short, its form has many similarities with the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, except that Cao Cao has no 830,000 troops. It should be said that this pursuit war shows the powerful fighting capacity of Cao Jun elite cavalry, and also shows Liu Bei's military career all his life. Judging from the strength comparison, the two sides can be said to be invincible. The water army led by Guan Yu met Liu Bei in the Han and Jin Dynasties, so that he did not suffer from extinction, and Liu Bei fled to Xiakou. The attempt to occupy Jiangling against Cao Cao failed. Cao Cao led the troops to occupy Jiangling and obtained a large number of strategic materials for warships, which made Cao Cao decide to go further south and completely destroy Liu Bei and Sun Quan. As early as Cao Cao's southern expedition, Sun Quan dispatched troops to Chaisang and sent Lu Su to Jingzhou to explore the reality (Note 4). As a result, Liu Biao died and met Liu Bei. The two sides decided to form an alliance, and Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang as a special envoy to Soochow.

Forced change

After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling, he crossed the river to destroy Liu Bei. At the same time, Liu Zhang, with 300 soldiers and miscellaneous things, sent a letter to Tso who worshipped Su as the satrap of Guanghan. During this period, Liu Bei's strength can refer to Zhuge Liang's words recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Today, Guan Yu has 10,000 troops in the water army, and Liu Qibing has no less than 10,000 troops under the river." However, this statement is obviously put forward for the sake of improving the status of the alliance and obtaining equal treatment, so its moisture is not small. A The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Lu Su (which should be a joint biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Monroe and others, the same below) quotes the language of Lu Su in the Book of Wu: at first, the people in Yuzhou were different from each other. Even the "one school" soldiers were not enough, which shows that Liu Bei was really at the end of his tether. "Biography of Jiangbiao" records: Liu Bei "had 2,000 soldiers with feathers and flies, but Cao Cao had to withdraw his troops in December of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, and failed to continue south. So it can be seen that although Battle of Red Cliffs suffered a lot, the overall strength of Cao Jun is still far greater than that of Sun Liu, but it is not enough to continue crossing the river for the time being. You know, two years later, Cao Cao also defeated Xiliang. Therefore, although Cao Cao burned his navy warship, Cao Cao's army still maintained a considerable number, and the elite troops basically did not lose. Only because of the failure of the navy, Cao Cao could not cross the river, and with the plague, Cao Cao had to give up his attempt to land at Chibi. Most of these lost warships were left by the former Jingzhou, and their water army was also a local soldier in Jingzhou. This is where Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's direct losses came from, and although the troops indirectly lost due to the plague were not small (note 10), they were not too many compared with Jingzhou Water Army, which shows that it has always been a "clique"! B During this period, Liu Beijun's strength began to increase. According to Biography of the River Table, Zhou Yu was the prefect of Nanjun and was assigned to the South Bank as a backup. Beibie camped in Youjiangkou and changed its name to Public Security. When Liu Biao's officials saw that they belonged to the North Army, they rebelled and prepared. It can be seen that Liu Bei has not been idle in Jingzhou these years. Then Liu Bei took over the counties in Jingnan to further strengthen his own strength. Only two years later, Liu Bei can fight on two fronts. Biography of the Three Kingdoms: "The ancestors left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in Jingzhou and sent tens of thousands of people into Yizhou. ..... The late leader joined the army with more than 30,000 people, and his armored equipment was very rich. " Liu Bei is really not simple, but he succeeded a little late. According to the biography of the reflection of Lu Su, the reserve army wanted to see the influence of Beijing, asked the governor of Jingzhou, and Sue persuaded him to borrow it, but * * * refused Tso. Cao Gong heard the right to prepare the land industry before writing a book. C As for the strength of Wu Jun, there has been little change. Although some northern soldiers were recruited during the attack on Coss and many horses were obtained (note 1 1), there were also casualties, so it should still be only the original strength.