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Basic scientific name: poinsettia

English name: Poinsettia

Brief introduction of Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia plants

Alias ivory red, old pepper, Christmas flower, poinsettia.

Distribution of Origin Originated in tasco, Mexico. Long before it was introduced to Europe, it was used as a pigment and medicine by the local Aztecs (American Indian A). 1825 by Joel Poinsett, former American ambassador to Mexico? (JoelRobertsPoinsett) entered the United States. In Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other open cultivation areas, the plant can reach 2 meters.

How did Robert get his name? RobertBuist of Buyi gave this factory the scientific name "Poinsettia", which is still in use today. At the same time, through the evolution of Poinsettia's surname, "gorilla wood", as an English gorilla wood, has been used to this day.

evergreen shrubs

Morphological characteristics, 50300 cm, stems and leaves contain white milk. The stems are smooth, the branchlets are green and the old branches are dark brown. Leaves alternate, ovoid-elliptic, entire or undulate-lobed, sometimes violin-shaped, with narrow and lanceolate top leaves; Leaf hair, veinlets; The inflorescence near the top of the leaf is bract-shaped, with red flowers, which is the main ornamental area. Cyathium is arranged in an umbrella shape, with the end; The involucre is light green, the margin is toothed, and there are 1 to 2 large yellow glands; Male flowers stipitate, without perianth; Female flowers are solitary and located in the involucre of the central ring; The natural flowering period is 65438+February to the following February. There are white and pink varieties. I like warmth, humidity and plenty of light. Not tolerant to low temperature, it is a typical short-day plant. Direct strong light and insufficient light are unfavorable to its growth. Avoid stagnant water and keep the soil moist. Short days lead to early flowering. Poinsettia likes humid and sunny environment, with strong phototropism and low requirements for soil, but slightly acidic sandy loam with moist and good drainage is the best. The cold is weak, and the greenhouses in East China and North China must be moved before the first frost, otherwise the temperature will be low and the leaves will be yellow and deciduous. The winter temperature should not be lower than 5℃, and 16 18℃ is appropriate. Strict requirements for water, too wet soil, prone to root rot, falling leaves and so on. Poinsettia leaves easily, too high temperature, too wet soil or too weak light will cause leaves to fall.

Biological characteristics like warm, humid and sunny environment.

The optimum growth temperature of Poinsettia is 1825℃, 1824℃ in April and 13 16℃ from September to April. In winter, the temperature should not be lower than 10℃, otherwise, the bracts will turn blue, the yellow base leaves will fall off easily, and the QUOT will be broken and QUOT will occur. When the temperature rises in spring, it keeps sprouting from the trunk.

Poinsettia is sensitive to water. As long as there is enough water supply, the stems and leaves grow rapidly, sometimes the internodes are elongated and the leaves are narrowed. On the contrary, lack of water basin or dry and wet conditions will lead to yellow leaves falling off. Therefore, water control is directly related to the growth and development of poinsettia.

Poinsettia is a short-day plant. The demand for sunshine stems is increasing day by day to promote the rapid growth of leaves. In order to promote the red bud, the daily light control within 12 hours promotes the flower bud. Due to 9 hours of light every day, the bracts turn red after five weeks.

The soil is loose and fertile, and sandy loam with good drainage is better Potted soil, humus soil and sand mixed soil are better.

Common varieties Common varieties are white (Ike and QUOT white) products with white bracts. A powdery product (Rhodiola) has pink bracts. Yellow product (corpus luteum), bracts yellow. Crimson poinsettia has dark red bracts. Triploid poinsettia (Eckespointc- 1) has leaflike bracts and is bright red. Double poinsettia with grayish green leaves and red petals on bracts. HenriettaEcke, bright red bracts, petals, flat outer bracts, erect inner bracts, very beautiful. Spherical poinsettia SFlamingSphere), blood-red bracts, petals and bracts curl into a ball and grow slowly. Poinsettia (Bauhinia) has gray-green leaves with white stripes and bright red bracts. Mrs. PaulEcke, with broad leaves and blood-red leaflike bracts. In recent years, new varieties such as festive, dwarf, big bud and bright red have also appeared in the market. Petals are red, bracts are wide and crimson. The leaves are oriental and the bracts are red. Lilium neroli (Lilium neroli) has large bracts and orange-red color. Pearl with yellow and white bracts. Pichacho, a dwarf species with dark green leaves and dark red bracts, has no hormone therapy.

At present, the company and Dümmen of Paul Roark and Fei in the United States and Germany are the three largest poinsettia breeding and seed suppliers in the world, among which the United States is the oldest and largest poinsettia breeding company in the world. Paul Rock is a variety widely planted in any country in the world. In the United States, the output of Christmas red is about120 million pots per year, which is 75% of the varieties of Paul Roark. In Europe, the annual output of poinsettia is about 654.38+0.2 million pots, and 40% of other varieties come from Paul Roark. In Asia, the annual output of poinsettia is about 20 million pots, and Paul Loeger's varieties account for about 80%. At present, the varieties used in commercial production are free series (free? Family freedom? Red, free? Pink, free? Early red; Persistent series (persistent? The durability of the family? Red, enduring? Pink, lasting? White, enduring? Marble; Peter Star Series Peter Star? Marble, Peter star pink, Peter star red, Peter star? White; Winter rose series (winter rose? Winter roses for my family? Dark red, winter rose? Early marble, winter roses? Morning powder, etc. In addition to precious domestic varieties? (Eckadire), velvet red velvet? (Eckada), the Millennium pelfi& & chapter; Early Millennium, etc.

Daily maintenance Poinsettia, also known as Christmas flower, is enchanting and charming. It is a color-changing foliage plant native to Central Africa. Its small flowers are not easy to attract attention. Remind the plants at the top of leaves that they will become bright red after winter. The flowering period can last from1February to February of the following year, and Christmas, New Year's Day and Spring Festival are very suitable for festive atmosphere.

I like the warm and humid air environment, I can't stand the cold poinsettia, and excessive exposure to insufficient light is not conducive to the growth of fertilizer. Growth management is well done, which exceeds the maintenance period of set-top boxes.

Water it to prevent it from getting too wet, otherwise it will cause the lower leaves of plants to turn yellow and the branches to grow unevenly. When the weather is hot in summer, the amount of water should be increased appropriately, but it has not yet reached the basin area to avoid root rot. Other dry seasons and wet seasons depend on the specific river basin.

A taste of red soil will do. Generally, the requirements for fertile sandy soil are not strict. When changing pots, organic fertilizer should be added as base fertilizer in time, and the flowering period should be decomposed during the growing season, and chemical fertilizer should be applied once every two weeks or so. When autumn comes, fertilizers rich in phosphorus and potassium can be used to promote flower bud differentiation and ensure bright red and pure bud leaves.

When entering the growing season, poinsettia will grow faster. Then, we must pay attention to picking the heart and fixing the head, otherwise there will be too many new buds, which will not only affect the appearance, but also reduce the ornamental value.

The propagation of poinsettia can be carried out by cutting. Some branches are cut off in spring and summer, and some ash is put on the incision to avoid scratching and rot, and it can take root in about 25 days.

In addition, the juice of poinsettia is poisonous, so don't cut off the core to avoid skin irritation and touch.

The artificial propagation of poinsettia is mainly cutting propagation. If there are old branches and dead branches, you can cut them, but it is difficult to shoot them too tender to survive. More generally, annual branches with a length of 8- 12 cm, which are stable from February to March, are selected and cut into cuttings. In order to avoid milk flow, after the cuttings are soaked in water or ash, they should be inserted into well-drained soil or coarse sand after being slightly dried, leaving 2-3 buds on the soil surface, keeping them moist and slightly shaded. Rooting can be carried out at the temperature of 18-25℃ for 2-3 weeks, and then potted or transplanted in about 2 weeks. After the seedlings are planted, they should be given enough water and placed in the semi-shade for about a week, so that sooner or later, you can see that the sun has caused this place to exercise for about two weeks, and then they will enter the sunny place for maintenance.

Cultivation steps: poinsettia and erect Euphorbia deciduous shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptic to broadly lanceolate, long 10- 15 cm, hairy on the back, born on the relatively narrow branches of leaves (also known as bracts). Poinsettia is native to Central America, whether it is a potted flower in northern China. Flowering period is 65438+February to February of the following year.

Common breeding methods

Poinsettia cuttings mud pots or sinks, branches and dormant branches are available. Cuttings should be cut into dormant branches after flowering in early spring, each cut into 10 cm cuttings. 2-3 days after mowing and air-drying, or when the milk at the mouth of the plain sand is completely dry and has soot, the third mowing depth is about 5 cm, and the sowing water is placed in a ventilated semi-shady place, and the temperature is kept at 15 ~ 20℃, so it is better to keep the basin soil dry and wet. When new roots can grow in a month or so and new buds can grow in a small flowerpot, the time can reach 10 cm.

Second, cultivation and soil preparation.

Poinsettia likes loose and well-drained soil. Generally, 3 parts of garden soil, 3 parts of humus soil, 3 parts of humus soil and cake 1 part are used for ripening, and a small amount of combined slag is added.

Poinsettia likes warm temperature.

Afraid of cold. When entering the room from mid-September to the end of September every year, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation, so that plants can gradually adapt to the indoor environment, and keep the room temperature at15℃ 20℃ in winter. At this time, in the stage of bract color and flower bud differentiation, if the ambient temperature is lower than 15℃, flowers and leaves will be stunted. /kloc-enter the full flowering period after mid-February, and gradually ventilate.

4. Light

Poinsettia is a short-day plant, which likes plenty of sunshine and has strong phototropism. This year, we should get enough light, color and bud differentiation, and more importantly, blossom. Such as insufficient light, easy to grow branches, susceptible to diseases, dim color, long shade, no flowering, winter leaves. In order to advance or delay flowering, the light can be controlled, generally 8-9 hours of light are given every day, and flowering can last for 40 days.

5, fertilization

Poinsettia likes fertile sand. In addition to changing pots, organic fertilizer and horseshoe slices are added as base fertilizer, which blooms in the growing season, and the diluent fertilizer is 5 times, and sesame residue is fully matured every 10- 15 days. After autumn, there is also 0.3% compound fertilizer, which is applied once a week for 3-4 times in a row to promote the color of bracts and buds.

water

Poinsettia is not resistant to drought and humidity. Water should be based on the weather, pots and flexible growth of plants. Generally, water should be used to keep the soil moist and moist, but water should be reduced after flowering.

prune

Before and after the festival, it is necessary to replace the dormant old plants with pots, cut off roots and diseased branches, and popularize new technologies for germination. In the process of growing up, we should choose our hearts twice, in the late May of the first half of the year and the second mid-August. It is necessary to control the fertilizer and water in cultivation, especially in the autumn when the factory is finalized. To be determined, plastic bamboo shoots with a length of 20-30 cm are used as the beginning of bending, with the purpose of making the flower heads short and tidy, evenly distributed and improving the ornamental value.

2 parts of garden soil, 2 parts of humus soil, compost 1 part, and potted poinsettia. It likes light and should be placed in a sunny place, but it is best to be slightly resistant to shade activities in summer. Water the soil more and more frequently to keep it moist, not too wet. If the wet soil is too large, it will often cause root rot; If the soil moisture is insufficient, leaves will fall, but pay attention to it, even if it is watered. In order to reduce the amount of water, when in full bloom, too much watering will cause the leaves to fall off. A lot of nutrients and fertilizers are needed during the growing period, and they are applied once a week from April to September. It is advisable to apply fertilizer lightly and avoid centralized fertilization. It is necessary to increase the number of buds appearing in the sequence close to flowering P and K to promote economic growth and the application of brightly colored bracts. When the flowering temperature drops to 12- 15℃, the flowering period will be prolonged.

Poinsettia plants grow faster and are decorated with in-line plastics. Generally, it stays at the base of 3-5 knots, and the rest of the scissors promote its hair pulling; When hanging, the branch length is 15cm, which can be trimmed again. Trim around from the beginning to the end of autumn, and then you can shape and bend the shape to take. Take the bending of branches as an example. Generally, it is 18 cm at first. If you don't rest for two days and then water them, they will wither slightly and break easily. The working time is from 10:00 to 16:00, because shooting is soft and easy to bend at this time. When holding a bend, use a rope to pull the branches into an arch and fix them. It may bend in different directions from time to time, and once the branches are tied in a spiral shape, the plants will become short. It takes about 20 days to blossom before the last bend. Note that strong branches should be placed around, weak branches should be placed in the middle, and strong branches should bend downward to a greater extent, but in order to prevent broken branches and avoid "corners", curved shapes should be obtained. The curved shape makes the plants penetrating the leaves evenly distributed, highly consistent, the flowers neat, and the whole plant shape plump and beautiful. In addition, foliar treatment with CCC B9 and CCC or soil irrigation can also shorten internodes and short plant types.

Poinsettia is a short-day plant in1February and has a natural flowering period. In order to make it blossom as soon as possible, it is treated with short sunshine. A variety that blooms for 45-55 days in the shadow of stuttering when the sun is kept for 9 hours. At the beginning of August, the National Day flowering should begin to be shaded regularly, and the treatment time should be appropriately increased by fertilization, especially the phosphorus content, so that large green leaves can be spent.

Poinsettia bracts are brightly colored and have a long flowering period, which usually lasts for 3-4 months. The flowering period coincides with Christmas and New Year's Day, and it can be planted in gardens and potted plants. It is the most suitable green decorative material for balconies, living rooms and conference rooms.

Poinsettia is prone to diseases and insect pests such as gray mold, root rot, stem rot and leaf spot in greenhouse cultivation, and there are many targeted studies in China.

Botrytis cinerea mainly occurs in winter, and at this time, in the blooming season of Christmas, it used to be out of control and wet in rainy days. Without sunlight, inflorescences, bracts, leaves and branches of poinsettia will be damaged. Generally, tidbits are soaked in places where skin lesions begin to appear. Pathological changes of meristem after being covered by pathogen, and pathogen continues to spread bracts. The faded bracts were soaked into spots in the first generation, and then gradually expanded into irregular shapes and pathogens, and then spread to branches, producing yellowish-brown to brown spots, and later sunken on branches with dark brown spots, and the serious skin lesions were dry, completely losing ornamental value. The pathogen botrytis cinerea, which is almost the pathogen of the whole greenhouse, can survive and die in plant tissues or other widely parasitic organic substances. At the temperature of 038℃, as long as there is water, it will exist. If the greenhouse is too humid, cold and lack of light, after 12d, when they start the free robe, they produce a large number of pathogens in plant tissues to infect the air.

Root rot and stem rot can infect adults and are hotbeds of infection, causing serious losses. The hot season generally occurs seriously, and the soil with high water content is easy to cultivate. Early plant wilting phenomenon, at this time, if the picture at the base of the stem shows light brown shrinkage, but there is no diseased plant and hydrolysis caused by infection and rot. Later, the disease spots gradually spread upward, and the wilting phenomenon was also very serious. The stems are slightly sunken, and the diseased spots are yellow-brown, which leads to the disintegration of the diseased spots in the later stage, resulting in the withering and death of plants that are seriously short of water. Sometimes the whole plant is soaked in yellow and eventually decays into visible white hyphae, near the surface. When root rot often occurs, it initially affects the normal growth of plants and leads to serious deaths. The main pathogens of this epidemic are Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia solani and pythium. Hairy roots are most susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani infection when cutting seedling pots, and the surface area of culture medium is salty, especially when drying or fertilizing; ! Time-rotting fungi appear in the adults of orangutans and can be invaded. When the environment is suitable for reproduction, it means deterioration and causes root rot and death. Overheating and irrigation (emphasizing the state) may lead to the infection of epidemic diseases.

Spot disease mainly occurs in spring and summer, which is more serious and begins with the lesions of old leaves. At the initial stage, the leaves were purplish brown spots, and the lesions were nearly round to irregular, and then gradually expanded. Most of the lesions can self-heal to form larger lesions, and the lesions gradually turn brown in the later stage. The severely diseased tissue is gangrene, which leads to twisted and dry leaves. The pathogen Cercospora.puleherrimaeTherp p. rain and wind spread and invade the leaf margin or wound.

Poinsettia pests include whiteflies, red spiders and thrips. Adults and larvae of whitefly like shady environment. The upper back poinsettia in the cluster sucks the mouth and sucks the juice, which makes the leaves fade or appear chlorosis spots. Photosynthesis leads to poor plant growth, and honeydew disease discharged by insects often leads to mold pollution. Adults have a tendency to turn yellow. Appears from 6:00 a.m. to 7:008:00 p.m., when the eclosion reaches the minimum. Among the first instar larvae, whitefly is the most vulnerable, followed by adults sensitive to drugs, which is suitable for spray control. When the humidity is high, many Bemisia tabaci will have a general high temperature, and the peak period is from late September to1late October 165438+. The suitable control period is late September and the spraying time is 6 10 in the morning.

Red spider, also known as tetranychus urticae, is a common pest in greenhouse. It occurs all year round, with more than 20 generations, severe drought and high temperature, from March to June and from September to 1 1. Mites or mites like to live on the back of old leaves, and the leaves of the victims have yellow spots. Examination can be found on parasites, eggs, screens and back secretions. The harm that occurs in the big net causes plant growth stagnation, leaf dryness, autumn and plant death.

The body length of thrips is only about 12 mm, and almost all plants find its harm in leaves or flowers in greenhouse. But in general, poinsettia is not very serious. Cheng, the nymph's yellowish or orange file suction device harms plants. The damaged places are buds, leaves, flowers, etc. Especially on the most severely damaged leaves and buds, the plant grows poorly and white stripes appear on both sides of the midvein of the leaves, which can be used to judge the characteristics of thrips. White or brown markings on damaged leaves can cause severe distortion of leaves. Flower victim is a pervert. The adult thrips stickleback is effective, but the paper effect of thrips stickleback is better.

The key to control whitefly is to avoid a large population. Adult whiteflies attract insects to detect the attraction that is useful for bright yellow, so yellow sticks to paper. There are many drugs and whiteflies around, such as "chlorpyrifos" and "efficient hero", which we can try to use. What needs to be pointed out here is that before using a new drug, it is necessary to do a large-scale injury test, and it will not harm plants if it is used in a large area before confirming the dose.

Professional treatment The red poinsettia bracts that bloom in winter after delivery are unique and attractive. This is a public place to decorate the indoor environment of potted plants or hanging pots. It is full of brilliance and presents a warm festive atmosphere. Several pots are decorated on the windowsill, and the balcony or study is red and green, which is charming and moving. Poinsettia is sensitive to cold and hot wind during storage and transportation, and ethylene will cause plant wilting, so silver thiosulfate solution should be sprayed (the concentration is 0.30.8 mmol). At the same time, in the process of storage and transportation, the bracts and leaves of Poinsettia bend upward, which is caused by the internal accumulation of ethylene damage. Under the condition of 10℃, if the package is stored for less than 48 hours until the package is unlocked, it will freeze below 10℃, resulting in the upward bending of petioles and bracts above 10℃.

The toxicity of some people

It is considered that poinsettia in the whole factory is toxic, and the white juice in the stems and leaves will irritate the skin, which may lead to skin allergies and allergic reactions, such as eating leaves by mistake, vomiting, abdominal pain and even poisoning.

There are rumors that are considered poisonous and there is no scientific evidence. As early as 197 1, Ohio State University made a special study on the toxicity of poinsettia. After eating, a red-leaf mouse found that its diet and daily behavior were normal, and there were no more symptoms such as death and poisoning. The American Toxicology Index provides the research results of the Toxic Substances Information Center, and draws the conclusion that children weighing 500-600 pieces of red leaves, taking 50 kg, will not be poisoned. During the period of 1990, Kruger conducted a telephone interview, and the results showed that very few people felt uncomfortable with the white juice of poinsettia. 353 people were interviewed, of which 0.02% had red skin and 0.0028% had a runny nose. In addition, according to the investigation of the American Medical Association, no cases of death or serious poinsettia intake injury were found. In short, it turns out that poinsettia is not as toxic as some media claim, except for other flowers like poinsettia, which are for people to see, not to eat! Therefore, when buying or maintaining poinsettia, you can completely eliminate worries and enjoy the happiness of holiday poinsettia.

Poinsettia is cool and bitter, and has the effects of menstrual blood, blood phlegm and bone swelling.

Choosing poinsettia can treat the following diseases in moderation:

1, functional uterine bleeding: 20g poinsettia, decocted with water, or 0g poinsettia10g absinthe10g, 30g Eclipta prostrata, decocted with water.

2, traumatic injury, swelling and pain relief: fresh leaves of poinsettia, mashed and applied externally.

Poinsettia has a bright color and a long flowering period. It blooms at Christmas, New Year's Day and Spring Festival. Indoor potted plants can increase the festive atmosphere and are very popular with people. Meetings in public places are also arranged. The warmth of the south can be cultivated, landscaped and cut in the open field.

Purchase point 1, quantity: each branch is called flower head, generally less than 6 flowers, 6-8 flowers are moderate, and 8 points or more are excellent flower heads.

2. The flower heads are flush: the ideal poinsettia flower heads should be uniform in size, uniformly distributed in a spherical shape and closely surrounded, and the ratio of crown height should be greater than 1.0, preferably greater than 1.3. This finished flower looks very generous.

3, look at the foot leaves: poinsettia shares should be increased, from the foot leaves side, if a large number of yellow leaves fall off, it is a low-quality flower. Whether it is a stout branch is an important criterion to judge the quality of poinsettia. The long branches and long internodes are completely exposed from the side branches, and there are also defects.

4, look at the flowers: Poinsettia is beautiful, but not pleasing to the eye, let you spend money, but its bud leaves. But because it is on the real flower, orangutan wood helps to determine the quality. If most of the small yellow flowers at the top are open and there are many lateral buds, they are "open", so most of them are poinsettias with short flowering periods, so it is difficult to extend the display time when they are bought home.

5。 Hand: gently fiddle with the corolla. If you limp, you can't bloom for a long time. The leaves of the ideal poinsettia should be strong and give people a feeling of vitality.

1, transportation temperature: the temperature ranges from 12℃ to 18℃, and the optimum temperature exceeds 18℃, which makes the leaf bracts droop worse. If the transportation time is extended to 10℃ at 2℃, symptoms such as dead leaves and blue buds will appear.

2. Moisture-proof: Generally, it should be watered thoroughly the day before loading. When the soil is moderately wet, bag and box. Fertilizer: Fertilizer is transported to prevent the roots and bracts of previous leaves from being burnt out.