The background of Wang Wei's hunting poems.

Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was famous and successful, with a high official and a generous position. He was originally from Qi (now Qixian, Shanxi), moved to Yongji, Shanxi, believed in Buddhism, and lived in Lantian in his later years. He was of Han nationality. He is good at drawing figures, bamboos and landscapes. There are two kinds of landscapes recorded by the Tang people: one is similar to Li's father and son, the other is painted by breaking ink, and the latter is his masterpiece. Unfortunately, no original works have been handed down from generation to generation. The Snow Stream Map and Jinan Mansion handed down to him are not original works. Obviously, Wang Wei has made higher achievements in the field of Tang poetry. He is a representative of the pastoral school in Tang Dynasty. Kaiyuan is the first scholar (that is, the champion). He has served as an official such as Da Lecheng and You Shiyi. When An Lushan rebelled, he was forced to assume a false post. He has made great achievements in poetry and painting. Su Dongpo praised him for "poetry has charm and painting has pictures;" Look at the picture. There are poems in it. "In particular, his achievements in landscape poetry are collectively called' Wang Meng' with Meng Haoran. In his later years, he was careless about his official career and devoted himself to being a Buddha. Later, he was called "Shi Fo". He is the author of Wang Youcheng's poetry anthology, with 400 poems.

[Edit this paragraph] The author's life

Wang Wei was very literary when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was the first scholar, and he was very happy. I joined the army in Jeju for some reason. After returning to Chang 'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat. Wang Wei was demoted to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the People", praising Zhang Jiuling's political views against planting party member for personal gain and abusing his title, which reflected his mood of demanding at that time. Twenty-four years (736), Zhang Jiuling went on strike. The following year, Jingzhou was relegated to a long history. Li's appointment as the secretariat was a turning point in Xuanzong period, and politics changed from relatively clear to increasingly dark. Wang Wei was depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was ordered to visit Cui, our envoy from Hexi. Later, he learned from the temple history that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, on the one hand, officials were tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, on the other hand, they were attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time. He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with the increasing negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. When he was young, he used to live in a mountain forest. After middle age, he once lived in Zhong Nanshan. Later, he found jobs in Wangchuan, Lantian and Song. So he travels among them with his good friend Pei Di and likes to write poems. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the Anshi rebels captured Chang 'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. Pretending to be ill after taking medicine, he was sent to Luoyang as a fake official. After the recovery of the two capitals, those who suffered from false jobs were convicted at different levels. He was praised by Su Zong for a poem "Ningbichi" that missed the Tang Dynasty, and his brother Wang Jin had a high official position, so he was only demoted to Prince Zhongyun, and later he moved something and finally became a senior official.

[Edit this paragraph] The original poem

The wind blew the horn,

The general hunted Weicheng.

Grass withered eagle eye disease,

Snow is as light as a horseshoe.

Suddenly passing by Xinfeng city,

Go back to Xiliuying.

Look back at the carving place,

Thousands of miles away, the clouds are light and the wind is light.

[Edit this paragraph] Notes

1, a poem entitled "Hunting and Riding". Poems of Yuefu and Ten Thousand Poems of the Tang Dynasty were selected as five-line poems from the first four sentences of this poem, with the title of Ronghun, and the whole Tang poetry was also recorded as Ronghun in volume 5 1 1, which were all wrong.

2. Weicheng: Xianyang City in the Qin Dynasty, renamed Weicheng in the Han Dynasty, located in the northwest of Xi 'an and north of Weihe River.

3. Xinfeng City: Located in the northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, it is a place rich in fine wine in ancient times.

4. Xiliuying: In today's Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province, it is the place where Zhou Yafu, a famous Han Dynasty soldier, was stationed. According to historical records, a family of Hou Jiang and zhou bo: "A gentleman is a general, and the army is careful to prepare for Hu." This refers to the barracks where the hunting general lives.

5. Horn bow: A bow decorated with animal horns.

6, eye disease: sharp eyes.

7. Twilight: The clouds in the evening are connected with the earth.

8. Shooting Sculptures: Hu of the Northern Qi Dynasty is proficient in martial arts. He once shot a sculpture called "Archer" to praise the general.

[Edit this paragraph] Translation

The arrow on the horn bow shot out, and the string sound roared with the strong wind! The general's hunting horse galloped outside the Acropolis.

Withered weeds can't cover up sharp and agile eagle eyes; The snow melts, and the galloping horseshoe is more like the wind chasing leaves.

In a blink of an eye, when the hunting horse passed through Xinfeng City and was stationed in the horse, it had reached Xiliuying.

Looking back, the hunting place, the vast land, dusk clouds shrouded the silent Yuan Ye.

[Edit this paragraph] Appreciate

The age of this poem is unknown, so it should be regarded as his later work. From the climax of hunting, a series of flight scenes began, and the last two sentences were gently compared, so that the gallop just now seemed to be vivid. The style is light and refreshing, and every sentence is unforgettable.

Huang Sheng's "Adding Tang Poems to Pick Up Banknotes" Volume 1: "When the law was enacted, the police were steep, and three or four sounds were repeated and agitated. Therefore, the five or six tones are melodious, and the seven or eight should be turned again, but it is like carving the tail and rising dozens of feet. "

Shen Qing's "Talking about Poetry" says: "Your hands are abrupt." Wang Youcheng's Bowing to the Wind Angle, Du Gongbu's The Vast Chung Shan Man, Armored All over the Sky, and Cenjiazhou's Collection of Birds in Fujian are all breathtaking. There is also: "Tang Xuanzong's" Eternal Dragon Slayer "and Wang Youcheng's" Eternal Dragon Slayer "have vivid charm, excellent composition, syntax and calligraphy." . This rhythmic poem is correct. "

Shi, a scholar in A Qing, said, "Bai Shangshu only reads poetry, saying that Zhang San is not as good as Zhang San. It seems that it is not a theory. Hu Shi said: Dawn rises in the east of the Forbidden City and surrounds the shallow grass. When the red flag is rising, the white horse suddenly faces the wind. Draw a gold cymbal on the back and turn over to control the angle bow. Ten thousand people point to the same thing, and a wild goose falls cold and empty. If you read it carefully, it will be completely different from your weather "(Yan Zhai Shi Hua).

Hunting Watching is a poem written by Wang Wei in his early years, which describes the general's hunting scene. The whole poem is divided into two parts. The first four sentences are the first part, writing the process of hunting.

In the first couplet, the identity of the hunter-the general, the hunting place-the rural area of Weicheng, the weather conditions-the strong wind blowing and the hunting method-is clearly stated in an inverted sentence. The sentence "Bow from the angle of the wind" is quite abrupt. The poem "Take the lead" makes readers eagerly look for the heroic image of archers with the sharp sound of bowstring in strong wind, creating a suspense for readers. Here, a word "strength" renders the strength and ferocity of the wind; The word "Ming" also embodies the power of "wind" and bow. The words "painting sound" in the first sentence successfully created a typical environmental atmosphere for the general's appearance, paved the way for later describing the general's heroic attitude, agility in action and joy in mood, and showed the general's indomitable spirit and temperament of "holding the bow to be strong", daring to gallop with lofty sentiments and bravely fighting difficulties. The images in Wang Wei's poems often have the form and dynamic feeling of painting, and absorb the essence of music, so it is particularly touching to combine the comprehensive charm of poetry and painting music.

Zhuan Xu's "grass withered and eagle eye disease, snow as light as horseshoe" mainly describes the scene when shooting. Here, "withered grass" and "exhausted snow" convey the seasonal information of late winter and early spring to us while painting scenery; The words "eagle eye disease" and "posture of light horse, fine horse and falcon when hunting" are written on the front, which do not directly describe the general's expression, but "illness" and "quickness" are the general's inner feelings, thus accurately rendering the general's dexterity and high morale when chasing prey with an eagle.

The last four sentences: "I suddenly crossed Xinfeng City and went west to Liu Ying. Looking back at the carving place, the clouds are thousands of miles away. " It's about the general coming back from hunting at night. The symmetrical appearance of "sudden death" and "return" not only depicts the general's image of superb riding skills, magical hunting skills and full of energy after a day of hunting, but also shows the general's cheerful and light mood when he returns with a full load. Xiliuying: In today's Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province, it is said that the famous emperor Zhou Yafu of China once stationed troops here. Carving: "Northern History" says: "Hu tastes and hunts at Huanqiao. When Yun Biao saw a big bird, he shot it in the neck, shaped like a wheel, and spun it down. It was a sculpture. He sighed and said, "This archer is also." Here, the poet used two allusions of "Westward Camp" and "Shooting Carvings", which not only praised the talents of Zhou Yafu and General Hu, but also hinted at the brilliant achievements of this shooting activity. When entering the military camp, the general's "looking back" has a unique charm. On the one hand, it shows the general's lofty aspirations to go another day, on the other hand, it also makes the ending of the poem have an implicit beauty that echoes around the beam. Unforgettable This poem is very good at portraying characters by artistic means such as voice, side contrast and vivid allusions, so that the image of the poem is vivid and vivid, and the artistic conception is grand and implicit.

Looking at the whole poem, half of it is about hunting, half of it is about hunting returning, and it rises and falls suddenly, making a proud knot, lingering for two times at a time, bearing one turn at a time, and having an irresistible momentum of rhythm, which can reflect the five laws of combination from beginning to end. This is the beauty of composition. Three place names are hidden in the poem, which makes people feel unconscious, the allusions are blurred and the scenery conveys feelings. Three or four sentences are both extremely physical and beyond words, which is a wonderful syntax. Dry, tired, sick, light, sudden death and return, the choice of words and words is precisely tempered, and both salty and salty can be taken into account. This is the beauty of calligraphy. All these techniques well express the emotions and lofty sentiments of the angry people in the poem. Therefore, this poem fully deserves the reputation of a masterpiece in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Although this poem is about daily hunting activities, it vividly depicts the general's courage and appeal. In this poem, Wang Wei wants to express his thoughts and feelings, but he is eager to serve the battlefield and look forward to making contributions.

Appreciation and analysis:

The title of this poem is hunting and riding. Judging from the bold style of this poem, it is Wang Wei's early works. The content of the poem is just an ordinary hunting activity, but it is written with passion. As for its artistic skills, Shen Deqian of A Qing Dynasty marveled at it: "Its composition, syntax and typesetting are excellent. This is also rare in Tang poetry. " (Tang Poetry)

The poem begins with "Bowing at the Horn of the Wind". Before writing about people, we should try our best to write about its influence: the wind whistling and the strings singing. The sound of wind and horn bow (a hard bow decorated with horns) corresponds to each other: the strength of wind is heard through the vibration of strings; The wind blows the strings. The word "Gong Gong" brings out the meaning of "hunting", which can remind people of the shooting scene of "a horse flying like a bolt from the blue". What a good hand-eye you should have to shoot in the strong wind! This aroused the reader's suspense about the hunter. Full of momentum, the protagonist launched: "General Hunting Weicheng". The appearance of the general is exactly what readers expect. This initial stroke that wins everyone's attention can take the lead. "It is amazing to fall from a mountain without knowing where it came from" (Fang Shudong). Two sentences "If it is reversed, it is a pen" (Shen Deqian).

Weicheng is the old city of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty, in the northwest of Chang 'an, on the north bank of Wei River. At that time, the grass on the plain had withered, the snow had disappeared, and there was a breath of spring in the depression at the end of winter. The words "the grass is dead" and "the snow is gone" are as simple and vivid as sketches and quite picturesque. The eagle eye is particularly sharp because of the withered grass, the horseshoe is unobstructed because of the exhausted snow, and the couplet is extremely fine. The words "sharp eagle eye" and "disease" mean that prey will be found soon, followed by the words "light horseshoe", which means that hunting horses will catch up quickly. The words "disease" and "light" are both wonderful. The two sentences are reminiscent of Bao Zhao's famous sentence "The beast is fat and the spring grass is short, the flying grass is flat, and the ground is flat", but the meaning of finding the prey and then pursuing it is clearly written on paper, while Wang Wei puts the same meaning in obscure sentences, which makes people think deeply and feel meaningful. At first glance, three or four sentences seem to have the same meaning and are called each other; It is a "flowing couple" who understand the meaning of the party. Such subtle opposition is rare.

The above description of hunting only touches on three details, namely "Horn Bow", "Hawkeye Disease" and "Light Horseshoe", but does not describe the hunting scene. First, because of hunting opinions; Second, the fun of hunting is far from practical, only good for hunting and riding and its influence.

Behind the necklace is "light horseshoe", but it means to go hunting and come back. Although the turning point is continuous with the meaning of the above words, it naturally flows away. "Xinfeng City" is in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and "Xiliuying" is in Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province, with a distance of more than 70 miles. These two place names can be found in Hanshu. Poets come to the meeting at will and get together for a while, which is elegant and tasteful, so it is unnecessary to refer to reality. When you say "suddenly pass" and "go home", you will see the speed of returning to camp, and it really feels like a thousand miles a day. "Xiliuying" was originally the place where Zhou Yafu stationed troops in the Han Dynasty. It is used to add another meaning, which seems to mean that the hunting hero in the poem was also named as a general, which is in line with his image of high spirit and dashing and heroic when shooting in front of him. These two sentences, together, not only vividly describe the hunting and riding scenes, but also truly show the hero's airy feeling and joy.

Speaking of hunting, it's very poetic. However, the tail couplet ends with scenery, but it is not the scenery of the camp, but the prospect of the hunting ground, which is already "thousands of miles away". This scene is far from the beginning of the article. The beginning and the end not only echo each other, but also contrast: the beginning is a storm, which corresponds to the tension of hunting; At this time, the wind will calm down, which is commensurate with the indecision after hunting. Writing about landscapes is all expressions, and seeing the ups and downs of feelings in the changes of landscapes is a wonderful stroke. Seven sentences have been published, History of the North. When Hu was hunting in the Northern Qi Dynasty, he saw a big bird on the cloud table, which shot its neck, shaped like a wheel and spun down. This is a sculpture, because it is called "archer". The phrase "shooting an eagle" implies that the general is muscular and superb in archery. This ending of the poem is meaningful and memorable.

Looking at the whole poem, half of it is about hunting, half of it is about hunting returning, and it rises and falls suddenly, making a proud knot, lingering for two times at a time, bearing one turn at a time, and having an irresistible momentum of rhythm, which can reflect the five laws of combination from beginning to end. This is the beauty of composition. There are three place names hidden in the poem, which makes people feel unconscious, the allusions are empty and the scenery is expressive, so that three or four sentences are both very physical and beyond words, which is the beauty of syntax. Dry, tired, sick, light, sudden death and return, the choice of words and words is precisely tempered, and both salty and salty can be taken into account. This is the beauty of calligraphy. All these techniques well express the emotions and lofty sentiments of the angry people in the poem. Therefore, this poem fully deserves the reputation of a masterpiece in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. ......

[Edit this paragraph] The author's achievements

There are less than 400 poems by Wang Wei. Among them, the most representative of his creative characteristics is the description of natural scenery such as mountains and rivers, pastoral and secluded poems. Wang Wei's high achievements in describing natural scenery made him unique in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became the representative of the pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and absorbed the freshness and naturalness of Tao Yuanming's landscape pastoral poems, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach a peak, thus occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Wang Jin collected more than 400 poems of Wang Wei in Biography of Wang Wei in Old Tang Dynasty. In addition, Wang Jin's "Entering Wang Youcheng Collection Table" was compiled as 10 volume. Shu Gu Tang originally contained the Collected Works of Wang Youcheng by Masha in the Southern Song Dynasty 10, and then it was returned to Lu Xinyuan □ Song Lou. Beijing Library has 10 volume of Wang Mosong Shu Engraving Collection, which was photocopied and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1982. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were six volumes of The Collection of Wang Youcheng, which were reviewed by Liu, and four copies were copied by You Qian, Lv Xiang and Cui Xingzong. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 10 volumes of Wang Youcheng's poems in the Tang Dynasty, among which 4 volumes of Selected Poems were the earliest extant annotations of Wang Wei's poems. Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng in Qing Dynasty is a good one so far. In addition to explaining all the poems, there are also notes to explain the author's suspicious poems, and occasionally textual research; Wang Wei's life information and poetry and painting comments were also collected as appendices. 196 1 year, Zhao Zhu was revised by Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company and printed and published. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo collated the four series with Zhao Diancheng's notes and other four versions, and included them in the World Library. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Both Gu's annotation and Zhao Diancheng's annotation are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronicle written by the annotator. There is a paper on Wang Wei's life story in Chen Yi today, and a chronology of Wang Wei is attached (on Tang poetry).