How to Infiltrate Exercise Guidance in Chinese Reading Teaching in Primary Schools

"Reading is absorption, and writing is pouring out." Mr. Ye Shengtao said this when talking about Chinese teaching. Reading and writing, like human breath and breathing, are two inseparable and important parts in Chinese teaching. Talking about writing without reading is tantamount to talking on paper. It is difficult for students to improve their appreciation of literary works, lack sufficient reading reserves and write articles with rich connotations. However, in recent years, many Chinese teachers just separated the relationship between reading and writing, interpreted the text simply for seeking common sense, and made up teaching routines to cope with the composition exam, so Chinese teaching gradually lost its charm. Many teachers are worried about the lack of systematic writing materials, and often find it difficult to start composition teaching. Many students apply what they have learned, do not know how to absorb the nutrients of writing from reading, and write articles to make up for two and make up for three fakes, which has become a headache in Chinese teaching.

"Chinese textbooks are nothing more than an example. With this example, students should be able to draw inferences and practice reading and writing skills. " (Ye Shengtao). In fact, a large number of classic articles are selected in Chinese textbooks, and their ideas, contents and expressions have many merits, which should be excellent model articles for students to write. In Chinese teaching, combining reading and writing organically and infiltrating writing training in reading teaching can not only improve students' text appreciation ability, but also effectively promote the improvement of Chinese comprehensive literacy such as listening, speaking, reading and writing.

So, how to combine writing teaching with reading teaching organically? In teaching practice and exploration, I have summed up the following composition forms with strong operability:

First, lay the foundation for parody and explore the way to get started in writing.

Imitation is human instinct. Everyone's first language begins with imitation. The same is true of Chinese learning in Chinese subject. Imitation is undoubtedly the most basic and practical form of reading and writing, and it is an effective way for beginners to improve their writing level. In recent years, the forms of Chinese examination are flexible and varied, and the knowledge is very extensive. Among them, "imitation writing questions" once became a compulsory question in the senior high school entrance examination. However, many students can't do anything about it, even the most basic sentence expressions are not well mastered, which reflects a potential problem in Chinese teaching-reading and writing. Because of this simple and superficial teaching, some students can only use common sense of literary style to answer the fill-in-the-blank questions, but they will not use this common sense to appreciate the text, let alone apply these common sense and methods to their compositions.

In view of the disadvantages of students' "dead reading" and "dead reading", we must infiltrate writing training in reading teaching, start with imitating writing, and give a good introductory course in composition teaching. Imitation is also a skill, which can be multi-angle and multi-level: for example, in sentences, it can be used to imitate sentence structure, whole and scattered sentences; Such as rhetorical devices, common metaphors, personification, parallelism, duality, etc. For example, in terms of paragraphs, it can be the imitation of paragraph structure and expression; If it is full-text imitation, it can imitate the concept and material selection, typesetting and expression of the model essay. ...

Sentence imitation and paragraph imitation are the most commonly used exercises in reading teaching. The cultivation of the ability to choose words and make sentences is the basis of writing a good article. In teaching, I often catch those sentences with rich vocabulary, obvious sentence features and clever rhetoric application, so that students can imitate them and exercise their ability of accurate expression. Liushahe wrote in "Ideal": "Ideal is a stone that knocks out a single spark; Ideal is fire, lighting the extinguished lamp; Ideal is a lamp that illuminates the road at night; The ideal is the road that leads you to the dawn. " This poem vividly expresses the ideal meaning and uses real and comparative rhetoric. I ask students to imitate sentences with "ideal" (or "faith" and "friendship" as key words, learn to use life flexibly, and write many vivid and philosophical sentences in combination with life practice. Mr. Zhu Ziqing's Spring is a classic prose. The article describes the beautiful spring scenery such as spring flowers, spring breeze, spring rain, spring grass and spring festival. It accurately and vividly uses a large number of rhetorical devices such as verbs, adjectives and metaphors, personification, quotation, etc., and mobilizes different senses such as vision, smell, hearing and touch to describe spring. From reality to falsehood, the combination of reality and falsehood, dynamic and static contrast, and light words. On the basis of reading beautiful paragraphs, I guide students to pay attention to the seasonal changes in their hometown, choose a certain point or aspect, imitate writing from the aspects of expression and rhetoric, and pay attention to the beautiful scenery of their hometown with their own wonderful pen and enthusiasm. Because the subject matter is close to our real life, students are more interested, have something to say and have feelings to express. Finally, many paragraphs with good writing and good ideas emerged.

In addition to the fragment imitation exercise, you can also imitate the whole text. Most of the selected texts in the teaching materials are excellent works with both literary quality and beauty, and their conception, structure, language and expression have their own characteristics. On the basis of fully interpreting the text, guide students to "draw a gourd ladle" and try to imitate writing exercises to apply what they have learned. Some texts are easy to understand and close to students' real life, such as Woodcarving of Antelope, My Teacher and Just the First Time. It is easy for students to find emotional "* * * * singing points" in these articles, which can guide students to learn from the methods of selecting materials and conceiving, and combine their own life accumulation to write compositions with the theme of "growth"; Some texts are sincere and touching, such as "The Back", "Walking", "My Dad's Flowers Falling" and other emotional prose novels, which can guide students to experience the author's emotions in reading teaching, find their spiritual fit with the author, and mobilize their own life to accumulate writing; Some articles have beautiful language and exquisite structure, such as Autumn Soul, Good Summer, Ansai Waist Drum and so on. We can learn from the language features and artistic techniques of the article by appreciating the language beauty of the article, so as to imitate and practice writing. Some poems are exquisite and meaningful, fresh and lively, such as Autumn by He Qifang and Paper Boat by Bing Xin. On the basis of appreciating poetry, students can be guided to capture the "viewpoint" of life and try to write short poems. ...

Of course, parody is not plagiarism, nor a makeover. The essence of parody is the study of conception and the reference of methods and skills. The most important things in this process are "refining" and "thinking". Imitation is an effective way for beginners, but it can't replace fundamental literary creation. Only through continuous accumulation, reflection and summary can writing finally realize "taking the original road with your own legs".

Second, adaptation and expansion, text expansion and innovation

There are many literary works in Chinese textbooks, such as novels, fairy tales, plays and poems. , or portray vivid characters, or tell a tortuous and vivid story, or profound in content and rich in meaning. In the teaching process, we can grasp the blank points behind the text to expand and extend in many ways and at many levels, reasonably imagine, continue to write and rewrite on the basis of the original text, deepen students' interpretation of the text, stimulate students' creative inspiration and continuously cultivate students' literary innovation ability.

Adaptation is to change the writing angle into another genre or style according to the ideological content and expression form of the original text. On the basis of the original work, we can add or delete some plots, change the title, change the narrator, change the genre and change the order of articles. This writing form of "old wine in new bottles" can effectively stimulate students' imagination and gallop the wild horse of thinking, which is a good form to train writing thinking. For example, the popular Yuefu folk song Mulan Poetry is catchy to read and has a strong story and legend. When learning the text, you can supplement the introduction of relevant historical materials and explain the skills of novel writing, and then let students give full play to their imagination and rewrite the story of Hua Mulan joining the army into a historical novel. Similarly, Du Fu's Stone Trough can be put on the stage, and ancient poems such as Tianjingsha Qiu Si, a night-mooring near maple bridge, and Bai Xuege's Sending Rebellious Officials Back to Beijing can be rewritten into beautiful prose to reproduce a heavy or vivid history. Or replace the narrator of "The Last Lesson" with a historical fragment that calmly reproduces the Franco-Prussian War, or rewrite "The Emperor's New Clothes" into a textbook-style drama, focusing on depicting the ugly faces of the ruling class and the people ... The adaptation of articles often has unexpected effects, and students' whimsy can be displayed and their understanding of the text can be deepened. However, the adaptation of the text can not distort the essential characteristics of the characters at will, nor can it violate the laws of life aimlessly.

Text expansion or continuation is also an effective form to strengthen writing teaching, which is mainly suitable for articles with strong stories. Continuation is the re-creation of changing the writing angle, enriching the writing content and supplementing the "blank" in language, psychology, scene and plot behind the text on the basis of the original text. For example, learning the fairy tale "The Emperor's New Clothes" can encourage students to imagine the plot development after the military parade, combine the background of the story, and grasp the characteristics of the characters to continue writing; After studying Mo Bosang's My Uncle Yule, students can be guided to continue to write novels, imagine the scene of Philip's family returning from a trip and meeting Yule again after the beginning of life, and further reveal the naked money relationship in capitalist society; After studying Lu Xun's Kong Yiji, students are encouraged to break the boundaries of time and space, and the dramatic scene of "Kong Yiji and Jin Fan meet unexpectedly" is fictional, so as to guide students to deeply explore the feudal education in China. After learning the fable "Better late than never", you can continue to write "After Mr. Nanguo escaped ……", and learning "The Last Leaf" can let students spread their imagination wings to fill the plot of "A Night Walk in Rain" … In teaching, if teachers can induce students to explore those factors that "reverberate around the beam for three days" as the material for writing training, it will undoubtedly affect students' thinking ability and language.

Third, thinking and understanding, mining the ideological connotation of the text

A good article can always give people aesthetic pleasure and ideological enlightenment. Many texts selected in the textbook always give people a feeling of wanting more after reading, which makes people think and remember. Teachers can "strike while the iron is hot", let students express their personal views boldly, deeply analyze the ideological connotation, and look for truth, goodness and beauty in their works and life.

For example, two classical Chinese texts, Shang and Sun Quan's exhortation to learn, are both about the influence of education and learning on a person's growth. There are similarities and differences between the two texts. Students are deeply touched by this, unconsciously write their reading experience, quote classics and analyze the relationship between education and success in a simple way. Impala's great choice in "Success or Death" and the tragic and calm face of death shocked the hearts of students. Many students couldn't restrain their inner excitement, and wrote down their thoughts on "survival", "life", "love" and "environmental protection". Some students wrote a letter to Hunting Party, expounding that "Be kind to life, the harmony between man and nature". Lin's "The Flowers of Dad" continued Eiko's growth story with a deep and calm tone, and revealed the hero's vision for the future with a faint melancholy atmosphere. The students read a deep fatherly love, a persistent sense of responsibility, and realized the truth that life needs experience. This profound emotional experience touched the inner world of students, so lines of emotional words flowed from the students' pens. Andersen's famous fairy tale The Ugly Duckling tells the story of an ugly duckling who persists in her ideals and beliefs, persistently pursues beauty and light, and finally becomes a beautiful white swan. The fascinating story of the text and the positive ideological significance shown in The Ugly Duckling bring students the enjoyment of beauty and the cultivation of their hearts. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the literary image of the ugly duckling, students can grasp the key words of the article, express their true inner experience, and write their persistent pursuit of a better life in combination with life practice. ...

The writing of post-reading feeling should be based on the original work and focus on "feeling". Reading is the basis of writing. Only by reading carefully can we deeply understand the content of the article, grasp the key points, grasp the thoughts and feelings of the article, and realize the organic combination of "reading" and "feeling".

Imitation, rewriting, expansion, continuation and post-reading are several common writing practice methods, which are not only conducive to in-depth interpretation of the text connotation and promote the understanding and digestion of the text, but also can cultivate students' language expression ability, problem analysis and problem solving ability, and constantly improve their writing interest. With the help of the model essay function of textbooks, it is a quick way to improve students' writing level by organically linking reading teaching with writing training and combining reading with writing. If reading teaching and writing training are separated, students will be too arrogant, apply what they have learned and their writing ability will be difficult to improve; Similarly, if writing teaching is divorced from reading teaching and students' writing skills are trained alone, writing will become water without a source and a tree without a root. As to which form of writing exercises to choose, Chinese teachers should constantly explore and summarize in actual teaching, give full play to the role of "reading guidance" and "guiding exercises" of textbooks, carry out reading and writing training according to local conditions, and continuously improve students' comprehensive Chinese quality.