There are several kinds of grapes for wine making. What are they?

96 kinds of white grapes

Six kinds of dyed grapes ..

There are too many varieties. I won't introduce them one by one. I'll introduce you to some of the most commonly used models, and the quality is good.

Red grape variety

Cabernet Sauvignon

Alias to solve all difficulties, solve all difficulties, solve all difficulties. Originated in France, it is a traditional fine variety of red wine brewed in Bordeaux, France. All the countries that produce wine in the world have large-scale cultivation. China was first introduced by Yantai Changyu Company on 1892. L96 1 was introduced from the former Soviet Union, and after 1980, it was introduced from France, the United States and Australia many times. It is the largest red grape variety in China at present.

This variety has strong adaptability and high wine quality, and is the main variety of dry red wine in the world, but it must be blended with other varieties (such as Merlot) and stored in oak barrels to obtain high-quality wine. In China, it is also called "Three Beads" with Pinlizhu and Snake Dragon Ball. The varieties introduced in the early stage have small grains and low yield, which are not popular with growers. In recent years, excellent strains newly introduced from France have greatly improved their yield. In recent years, wineries all over China are booming, especially in Changli, Hebei Province, which has the largest planting area and the performance of grapes is impressive! ?

Cabernet-Fran

Alias Carmen Knight, original Cabernet Sauvignon. Originally from France. It is an ancient wine-making variety in France and is cultivated all over the world. It is a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. China was first introduced from western Europe to Yantai, Shandong Province on 1892, and is now cultivated in the main producing areas.

This variety is a world-famous ancient red wine variety. Its wine quality is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon, and its adaptability is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon. Its popularity is limited to some extent. In recent years, the newly introduced "Pinlizhu" nutritional system has greatly improved its cultivation characteristics, which deserves attention.

Merlot wine

Alias Lu Mei juice. Originally from France. In Bordeaux, France, it cooperates with other famous varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon) to produce excellent dry red wine. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. After 1970s, it was introduced from France, America and Australia for many times, and now it has been planted in major producing areas.

This variety is an ancient French wine-making variety. In recent years, causal dry red has been very popular as a mixed wine to improve the fruit taste and color of wine. Especially after the first success of Merlot 1978 in the United States, its planting area has developed rapidly. Although it was introduced in China for nearly a hundred years, it has not been popularized. In recent years, influenced by the outside world, it has been vigorously promoted and developed in major producing areas.

Carignane e

Alias Jiali wine, French red, Cabernet Sauvignon, fine wine. Originated in Spain, it is one of the ancient high-quality wine-making varieties in western European countries. It is cultivated all over the world. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. At present, Shandong, Hebei, Henan and other producing areas are planted in large areas.

This variety is one of the oldest red wine varieties in the world. The brewed wine is ruby red, with positive taste and good aroma, and should be blended with other varieties. Peeling can make white wine or pink wine. Although China has a cultivation history of nearly a hundred years and was once the main variety, it is difficult to brew high-quality dry red wine alone due to the poor quality of wine, and it has also decreased in recent years. However, it has the advantages of easy cultivation and high yield, and is very popular with growers. Therefore, it still has a certain area in production, and can be used as red wine to make brandy, so it still has certain promotion significance and development prospects in production.

Black Pi Nuo wine

Alias Pinot Noir, Pinot Noir, Black Pi Nuo, etc. Originated in France, it is an ancient famous wine-making species. It is cultivated in all wine-producing countries in the world. China first introduced Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in l 892, Changli, Hebei Province from Japan in 1936, and many times from France after 1980s. At present, it is cultivated in Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Anhui and other places.

This variety is the main variety of famous French champagne and pink wine, and it has strict requirements on soil and microclimate. Because of its early maturity, it can avoid the rainy season, reduce pests and diseases, advance the processing period of the winery, and brew dry white or champagne without skin fermentation.

Little Vito,

Also known as Wei Hefan. Native to France, Eurasian species. China was introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe on 1892. At present, except Yantai, Shandong, scientific research units in other places have a small amount of cultivation. It tastes tender and dark green. The young leaves are green and red. Annual branches are brownish red. The adult leaves are small, heart-shaped, and the petiole is mostly arched, and the autumn leaves are red. Amphoteric flowers. The ear is medium, conical, medium, small, nearly round and purple-black. 100-grain weight 150 ~ 180 g, each fruit has 2 ~ 3 grains, which is sweet. Berry sugar content 170 ~ 2 10g/L, acid content 6 ~ 7.5g/L, juice yield 70 ~ 75%. The wine is ruby red, rich in quality and good in aftertaste. Weierduo plants have moderate growth potential, moderate germination rate, moderate seed setting intensity, high yield and strong adaptability. This variety has strong adaptability, and the quality of the brewed red wine is excellent, which is a traditional fine variety for brewing red wine in the world. It will be a promising thoroughbred in North China and other parts of China.

Gamai (Gamai)

Also known as Mei Jia Mei Jia Mei Jia Grape, it is a famous grape variety in beaujolais. The wine produced in beaujolais is made of 100% Mei Jia grapes, which exudes the fragrance of bananas, cherries and strawberries, and is fresh and pleasant. For people who don't like bitter taste, Mei Jia grape is the best choice. It is generally best to drink Camry wine at 12℃~ 15℃, because if you drink Camry wine cooler (not the frozen one), its fresh fruit aroma will be better and more special.

Malbec (malbec)

Malbec's hometown is in France, and this "black wine" has a glorious history. At the wedding of L 'Aquitaine Eleanor and Henry II on 1 152, it was used as wedding wine. Pope John XXIII and Peter the Great chose it as their Eucharist wine; Francis I, a French fan, asked the winemaker in cahors to cultivate a malbec vineyard for him in Fontainebleau, a suburb of Paris. However, from 65438 to the early 1960s, a grape nodule aphid disaster swept through France and spread to Europe, which lasted for nearly half a century. The vineyards in continental Europe are devastated, and only grafting American grape rootstocks can bring them back to life. However, malbec, who lives in the "new world", survived the disaster. In this sense, when we drink a glass of Argentine malbec, we are actually tasting a lost taste, that is, the original flavor of 150 years ago.

Nebiolo (Nebiolo)

(Italy) or (Piedmont) is one of the most important grape varieties in Piedmont, Italy. The name of this grape is thought to come from the Piedmont word "Nebbia", which means "fog". The harvest season is usually at the end of 10. At this time, there will be dense fog in the lush Langue of Naypyidaw. Another (perhaps closer to the truth) common explanation is that when their fruits are nearly ripe, they will form a milky mist on them.

Grenner (Grenner)

Gehenna Grenache Noir is native to Spain and has no "blood" from Greece or Rome. It is generally believed that it originated in the northern Spanish province of Aragon (known as Garnache Tinta, Gallner), and later spread to rioja, then crossed the Pyrenees into southern France, and finally reached the Rhone Valley (Rh? Northeast Valley). Although the planting area of Gehenna grape almost exceeds that of any red grape in the world, most of it is concentrated in Spain.

Sila (Sila)

Silas is a Eurasian species. Originally from France. Ears are medium-sized, with an average weight of 275 grams. They are conical and have attached ears. The fruit is densely planted, with an average grain weight of 2.5g, round, purple-black, medium-thick peel, juicy meat, sweet and sour taste, soluble solid content of 18.6% and acid content of 0.7%. Beijing area matured in late August, and it belongs to a medium-mature variety. Strong or strong disease resistance. Shiraz is an excellent variety for making dry red wine. Can be developed in northern China.

Rufete (Rufete)

An early-maturing grape variety was first discovered near Salamanca, a city in western Spain near the northern border of Portugal. It is a rare and unique grape variety, which is homologous to Nuo Nuo with black skin. It evolved from Noire grapes brought by Burgundy immigrants to the south in the 11th century. Because of its good adaptability to the terrain, acidic soil and climate of Salamanca, it has survived to this day and gradually grown into the well-known Ruffitt grape.

Sangiovese (Sangiovese)

Sangiovese is a famous red grape variety in Italy. Some people even say that its red wine is the representative of Italian red wine, which is widely distributed in many Italian producing areas, the most famous of which is Tuscany, which etymologically refers to Cupid's blood. Because of the long history, numerous clones, different characteristics and different qualities, it is difficult to summarize their characteristics. Generally speaking, red pigment is low in content, strong in acidity, not round and high in tannin content. However, excellent clones can be used to brew high-quality red wine with depth, density and compactness in the classic Chianti wine producing areas, Brunello di Montacchino wine producing areas and Montpucciano wine producing areas. [

Snake dragon ball

Snake Dragon Ball belongs to Cabernet Sauvignon strain. Eurasian species. Originated in France, it is one of the ancient varieties in France. It is a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. 1892 attracted people to China. Now there are many cultivations in Yantai, Shandong Province. The background color of tender shoots is yellow-green, with dark purple-red additional color and sparse fluff. Leaf blade is small, thin, edge rolled down, round or heart-shaped, five-lobed, upper fissure is deep and closed, lower fissure is shallow, open, wrinkled, but not rough, with sparse fluff on the back of leaf, serrations and protrusions on both sides of leaf margin, open petiole, harp-shaped and pointed at the bottom. Flowers are bisexual. Ears are medium and large, with an average ear weight of 232g and conical shape. The fruit density is moderate, the average grain weight is 2.0 1g, round and purple-black, the juice yield is 76%, the soluble solids is 20%, and the acid content is 0.6 1%. The wine brewed with it is ruby red, clear and shiny, soft and refreshing, typical Cabernet Sauvignon, and of high quality.

Sinsant

Shenshu is a very active grape variety, which ripens in mid-September and early September. It likes high temperature resistance, wind resistance and drought resistance, but the output must be controlled well. Medium color. Elegant tannins, rich fruit aroma and low acidity are suitable for brewing pink wine and new wine. The claim originated in France, and it has been accompanied by the development of wine industry in languedoc region of southern France for centuries. Today, it is planted across Provence and Midi. Since the 1970s, the cultivation of the sacred lock in France has decreased. It is mainly used for blending wine, and today it is still an ingredient of the famous new castle wine in Rhone.

Mission (mission)

Yayoi, English name (Mission). From Spain.

Ruby Cabernet Sauvignon

Ruby Cabernet Sauvignon originated in the United States and is a Eurasian variety. 1948, the University of California is a hybrid of Calibre X Cabernet Sauvignon. China was introduced from the United States and Australia many times in the afternoon of 1980. At present, Shacheng and Changli in Hebei, Shanshan in Xinjiang, Zhengzhou and Shandong in Henan have a small amount of cultivation.

The shoots are yellow-green, with red stripes. The young leaves are light red. Annual branches are yellow-brown. Mature leaves are heart-shaped, petioles are narrow and arched, and autumn leaves are red. Amphoteric flowers. The ear of fruit is conical ~ cylindrical, and the fruit is extremely compact, small, nearly round and blue-black. The weight of 100 grains is 180 ~ 2 10g, and each fruit has 2 ~ 3 grains. It tastes sweet and sour and has the fragrance of "Cabernet Sauvignon". The sugar content of berries is 160 ~ 180 g/L, the acid content is 6 ~ 9 g/L, and the juice yield is 68 ~ 72%. The wine is deep ruby red, full-bodied, mellow and has a long aftertaste.

The plant has strong growth potential, moderate bud eye germination rate, strong fruiting, high yield and disease resistance, but it is prone to gray mold, which is suitable for the cultivation and pruning of short and medium branches.

This variety has the typical characteristics of "Cabernet Sauvignon", its cultivation characteristics are superior to other varieties of this type, and the wine quality is high. If blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, it can be made into high-quality dry red wine. Suitable for planting in North China and Northwest China.

Jin Fendall grape

Zinfandai was introduced to California from Italy in the19th century, and it is the largest variety planted locally at present. It is mainly used to produce general table wine, semi-sweet white wine and even sparkling wine. However, if planted on a cool gravel slope, the yield is small and the soaking process is long, and high-quality and lasting red wine can also be brewed. There are abundant flowers and fruits, and there are often various spices after aging. Dry Creek Valley, Alexandra Valley, Geyserville, Amador, Sierra Foothill and Paso Robles are the best producing areas.

White grape variety

Chardonnay (Chardonnay)

Also known as Chardonnay, Chardonnay: the ear of the fruit is short and cylindrical, with an average ear weight of 264g and a maximum ear weight of 400g. The fruit is nearly round yellow-green, with an average single fruit weight of1.4g, juice yield of 8 1.3%, soluble solid content of 17.7%, and the average fruit branch. It germinates in late February, blooms in late March to early April and matures in early July. The average growth period is about 134 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 2492.7℃. Strong adaptability, consistent fruit maturity, high juice yield and high soluble solids content are the best varieties for brewing single-variety liquor.

Originated in Burgundy, it is the most popular wine grape in the world at present, belonging to early-maturing varieties. Because it adapts to all kinds of climates, it is cold-resistant, high and stable, and easy to cultivate, and it is planted in almost all wine producing areas in the world. Calcareous soil containing marl is the best soil quality. Chardonnay is the most suitable liquor variety for oak barrel culture.

Chardonnay grape

The aroma of wine is rich and mellow, and it will become more rich and mellow after long storage. Mainly dry white wine and sparkling wine.

With the change of environment, the characteristics of Chardonnay also change. In the calcareous primary areas with cold climate, such as Chablis and Champagne, wine has high acidity and low alcohol content, and green fruits such as green apples are the main aroma; Milder producing areas, such as Napa Valley and Magonne, have a soft taste, while tropical fruits, such as cantaloupe, are mainly ripe and rich. The sparkling wine brewed by Chardonnay is the best in champagne region of France, and Baiqiu is the most famous in this region.

China was first introduced into Shacheng, Hebei Province from France in 1979, and then from France, the United States and Australia for many times. At present, it is cultivated in Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Xinjiang. Qingdao and Shacheng in China use it as raw material for brewing high-grade dry white wine.

Riesling grape

Ilya thought is also known as Riesling, Lisling and Ilya thought. If Chardonnay is the king of white grapes, then Ilya is the queen of white grapes. The wine made from coix seed is slightly sweet and usually tastes like pears or fresh melons.

Its origin has always been a mystery, and the earliest planting record is in the Rhine region of Germany. It is the best and most detailed variety in Germany and Alsace. It is a late-maturing type, suitable for cold tolerance in continental climate (such as Rhine River), and is planted on sunny slopes and sandy clay with high yield, which is the highest among high-quality varieties.

Dragon emblem riesling

The grape varieties produced by Yilin have obvious characteristics, and the elegant floral fragrance is mixed with plant fragrance, often accompanied by honey and mineral fragrance. Acidity is very strong, but it can often be balanced with the sweetness of wine; Rich, meticulous and balanced, very suitable for long-term storage.

In addition to the production of dry-type liquor, the quality of late-picked expensive and rotten sweet liquor is excellent, and even if the maturity is too high, it often maintains a high acidity and has a rich and elegant aroma. After decades of aging, the quality can be comparable to Semillon.

Sauvignon Blanc (Sauvignon Blanc)

Sauvignon Blanc is a popular white wine grape. Picked when ripe, the brewed wine has the aroma of lemon, green apple or vanilla, and sometimes has the taste of pepper. The wine brewed with early picked Sauvignon Blanc has a strong grassy flavor. Sauvignon Blanc has higher acidity than Chardonnay, light body and generally dry. Most of these wines from Europe have no oak flavor, while those from California usually have oak flavor.

Smoked white wine

Sauvignon Blanc is native to Bordeaux, France, and is suitable for mild climate. Lime soil is the best soil quality, and it is often called white smoke. Mainly used to brew dry white wine suitable for young people, or mixed with Semillon to brew expensive rotten white wine.

The wine brewed by Sauvignon Blanc has strong sour taste, strong spicy taste, strong aroma and unique flavor, which is very easy to identify. Green apple and gooseberry mixed plant fragrance (such as grass fragrance and black tea deer tooth fragrance) is the most common, while flint smell and ginkgo smell are more common in calcareous soil, and cat urine smell is more common when it is over-ripe. But compared with other excellent varieties, it is simple and not rich and changeable.

Xie Ning (Chenin Blanc).

Also known as Shiraz, this high-quality grape was originally widely planted in the Loire Valley of France, and now it is widely planted in California, Australia, South Africa and South America. Suitable for mild maritime climate and lime and silica, the produced wine often has honey and floral fragrance, rich taste and strong acidity. Its dry white wine and sparkling wine are of good quality, and most of them are suitable for young people to drink. Better ones, such as Savennieres in the Royal River, can also be aged.

Bai shining

White Xie Ning wine is a fruity wine, some are very dry, some are slightly sweet, and some are more sweet. The best quality white Xie Ning has high acidity, round texture, abnormal color and dark golden color after aging. Can be preserved for 50 years or even longer. Its fragrance is particularly reminiscent of the fragrance of fresh peaches. Shiraz brewed from grapes picked early has a faint scent of grass and herbs.

1990 was introduced from France many times. At present, it is widely planted in Shacheng, Changli, Beijing, Qingdao, Penglai, Longkou, Shanshan and Feng Dan, Shaanxi. This variety is a famous French variety, which is used to brew sweet white, dry white, sparkling and harmonious wine. The wine has excellent quality, light yellow color, full acidity and rich honey fruit aroma, and is one of the excellent varieties for brewing liquor. At present, many wineries in China have cultivated it, but it is a promising variety to prepare liquor by controlling the output and strengthening the prevention and control of white rot and gray mold.

Semillon (Semillon)

It originated in Bordeaux, France, but Chile has the widest planting area, followed by France, mainly in Bordeaux. Although it is not popular, it is produced all over the world. Suitable for mild climate, high yield, small grapes, high sugar content and easy oxidation.

Compared with other important varieties of Semillon, dry liquor has no obvious characteristics, light aroma, strong taste and often insufficient acidity. Therefore, Sauvignon Blanc is often mixed to make up for its deficiency and is suitable for drinking when young. Some producing areas, such as Bejsak-Leiaoliang, can be fermented in oak barrels to make their wines more fragrant and last longer.

Semillon is famous for producing expensive and corrupt liquor. Grape skin is suitable for the growth of botrytis cinerea. It not only absorbs water from grapes and increases the sugar content of Semillon, but also increases tartrate due to its chemical changes on grape skin, resulting in special rich flavors such as honey and candied fruit.

White Pi Nuo wine

Also known as Bai Gendi, Bai Mei Niang and Bai Pinle. Eurasian species. French origin, selected from grey Pi Nuo asexual variation varieties, many countries and regions listed it as the standard variety for brewing white wine and champagne. China was introduced from Hungary in 195 1 year. Now it is cultivated in China, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Henan, Beijing and other places.

The buds are green, purplish red, and the villi are sparse. The leaves are large, shallow, wrinkled, with sparse villi on the back, and the petiole is depressed and closed, almost closed. Flowers are bisexual. Ears are medium and large, with an average weight of 247.2g and a maximum ear weight of 430g g, which is conical or cylindrical-conical, with no secondary ears or small secondary ears. The fruit is compact or extremely compact, with an average grain weight of 2.03g, nearly round and yellow-green. The juice yield was 79.6%, the soluble solid content was 14.8% ~ 2 1.3%, and the acid content was 0.46% ~ 0.92%. The wine brewed with it is light golden yellow, clear and shiny, fruity and pleasant, full and complete, soft and refreshing, mellow and round, fat and beautiful, with a long aftertaste and excellent wine quality.

Plant growth potential is medium or strong. The fruiting branches accounted for 42.4% of the total number of bud eyes, and the average number of fruit ears on each fruiting branch was 65438 0.76, with a medium yield. The growth days from germination to full maturity are 133 ~ 150 days, and the active accumulated temperature is 3 100. 1 ~ 3368.5℃. From late August to early September in Beijing, Shacheng is a medium-mature variety in mid-September. Moderate disease resistance, no fruit cracking and no sunburn. Suitable for hedge cultivation and middle tip pruning.

White Pi Nuo is an excellent variety for brewing champagne and white wine. If pinot noir and pinot grigio are used, very high-grade champagne can be brewed. Suitable for cultivation in most parts of North China, southern Liaoning, Shandong and other places.

Ugni Blanc

Also known as Bai. Eurasian species. Originated in France, it is one of the three famous varieties used to brew brandy in France. China was introduced from Bulgaria on 1957 and from German and French in 1980s. Now Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi, Xinjiang and other provinces (autonomous regions) have cultivation.

The appearance of the tender bud is very similar to that of "Jialiniang", with yellow-green background, no additional color and dense fluff. The leaf blade is large, heart-shaped, five-lobed, with deep or deep upper split, closed, oval split, shallow lower split, open, smooth leaf surface, dense spider silk on the back of the leaf, straight serrations on both sides of the leaf margin, and concave oval petiole. Amphoteric flowers. The ear is large, with an average weight of 442. 1g, the largest ear is 780g, oblong and conical, with no secondary ear or secondary ear. The fruit is densely planted, with an average grain weight of 2.6g, round, yellow-green, medium-thick skin, soft flesh, 70% juice yield, sweet and sour taste, soluble solids 18% and acid content of 0.80%. The wine brewed with it is straw yellow, clear and transparent, mellow and refreshing, with a long aftertaste and excellent wine quality.

This plant has strong growth potential. The fruiting branches account for 38.3% ~ 50% of the total number of bud eyes, and the average number of fruit ears on each fruiting branch is about 65438 0.5, so the yield is high. The growth days of fruits from germination to full maturity are 65438 038 days, and the active accumulated temperature is 3300℃. From late August to early September in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, early September in Beijing and mid-September in Shacheng, it is a mid-late maturing variety. Weak disease resistance, susceptible to white rot, anthracnose, downy mildew and so on. , do not crack fruit, daily burning. Scaffolds and hedges can be cultivated, and short and medium tips should be trimmed.

Baiyouni is an excellent variety of brandy and dry white wine. Suitable for planting in arid and well-drained areas in northern China.

Colombard (Pigeon Valley)

Columbus was called Columbus. Native to France, Eurasian species. China was introduced from France to Beijing, Yantai and other places in 1974.

The white shoots and leaves in the pigeon cage are yellow-green. Annual branches are yellow-brown. In the mature leaves, the leaves are heart-shaped, the petiole is drooping and the autumn leaves are yellow. Amphoteric flowers. The ear is small, conical, the fruit is medium dense, medium size, oval and light yellow. 100-seed weight 190 ~ 240 g, per fruit 1 ~ 2 seeds. The meat is soft and juicy, and the taste is sweet and sour. Berry, sugar content 150 ~ 180 g/L, acid content 7 ~ log/L, juice yield 70 ~ 75%. The wine is light yellow, clear and transparent, fruity and slightly sour.

The pigeon cage white plant has strong growth potential, high germination rate, strong fruiting, medium yield, strong adaptability and strong disease resistance.

This variety, together with Bai Youni and Bai Fuer, is an excellent variety for brewing brandy. But from the comprehensive characteristics, it is not as good as the first two varieties, and it can be planted where conditions permit.

viognier

Viognier: A vigorous variety, which began to mature in early September. It is difficult to plant and sensitive to many diseases, so it needs to be planted in barren, dry and stony soil. High alcohol content, low acidity, harmony and roundness, with rich floral fragrance (violet, acacia) and the aroma of honey, musk, peach and dried apricot can be developed. In the past, this variety was only planted in Grille Castle in Condrieu on the Veron River, with an area of only a few tens of hectares. Now, its characteristics have been paid more and more attention, and the planting area has developed rapidly all over the world, covering the United States, Australia and other New World countries.

Trebbi Yano (Trebbi Yano)

Trebbiano is the most common white grape in Tuscany, Italy. It used to be the main ingredient of Chianti wine, and its taste was relatively mild. Its greatest value lies in its high yield, but at the same time it can maintain suitable acidity. In abruzzi, Sofa, Abreu is the most representative grape variety. Besides Italy, Zabiannu is also cultivated in other parts of the world. In France (known as Ugni Blanc), it is mainly used to brew brandy and Armagnac wine. In southern France, Zabianu will also be mixed with other grape varieties to make wine.