The first volume of geography in junior high school must be tested (Hunan Education Edition) 20 12.

General review materials of the first volume of geography in the first day of junior high school (Hunan Education Edition)

Chapter 1 Let's go to the fields.

Section 1 Geographical knowledge around us

1. The word "geography" first appeared in China in the 5th century BC. & lt easy copula >>；; In the west, Eratosthenes of ancient Greece synthesized the word "geography" for the first time in the 2nd century BC, and wrote the first monograph "Western Geography".

2. Geography and customs: bullfighting in Spain; The Netherlands has the title of "Low Country", and the second Saturday of May is "Windmill Day" every year. Arabs mainly live in West Asia and North Africa, wearing white robes to reflect sunlight and resist sandstorms.

How do we learn geography in the second quarter

1. The oldest existing map in the world is the original map carved on clay by Sumerians in West Asia more than 4,700 years ago, followed by the map of Babylon carved on clay by Babylonians more than 4,500 years ago.

2. Maps include natural maps (topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation maps, etc.). ) and socio-economic maps (industrial, agricultural, commercial, transportation, population distribution map, etc. ).

2. Map elements: direction, scale, legend and comments. There is a lighthouse on the map, and the arrow points to the north; A map without a lighthouse, "up north and down south, left west and right east"; Outdoor, with a map, facing north and south. Determine the direction of the northern hemisphere: compass, Polaris, sun, sun and watch direction. There are several ways to express scale: numbers, words and lines. Scale = field distance (distance on the map), the smaller the scale on the map, the more detailed the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the area and the rougher the content. The scale is a fraction, and the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale. Legends and notes: Legends are symbols used to represent various geographical things on the map. Text descriptions on the map, such as the names of mountains, rivers, countries and cities, and numbers indicating the height of mountains and the depth of the sea, are called annotations.

The four ancient civilizations in the world are ancient China, Indian, Egyptian and Babylonian.

Students study geography in order to make our life better. Resources, population and environment are the three major problems facing the world today. GPS global positioning system. The ways to learn geography may be through TV programs, libraries, surfing the Internet, traveling and so on. Among them, surfing the Internet is the fastest.

4. Maps, compasses, notebooks, telescopes, cameras, etc. You should be prepared for the field trip.

Chapter II The Surface of the Earth

Section 1 Understanding the Earth

1, covering the sky (the sky is round), Zhang Heng put forward the "muddy sky theory" in ancient China. (The sky covers the earth, but the shell of Judah covers the yellow). Magellan's global voyage (the theory of the earth sphere) began at 15 19.9 and ended at 1522.9. Modern cosmic observation and research (the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator). Magellan traveled around the world through the following oceans: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean. Magellan traveled around the world without going through the Arctic Ocean.

2. What natural phenomena in life can explain that the earth is spherical? (1) When you see a sailing boat coming in the distance at the seaside, you always see the mast first and then the hull; (2) The shadow of the earth during the solar eclipse; (3) climb high and look far.

3. How big is the earth? The surface area of the earth is about 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, and the average radius of the earth is about 637 1 kilometer. The equatorial circumference of the earth is about 40,000 kilometers, the polar radius is 6,357 kilometers, and the equatorial radius is 6,378 kilometers.

4. According to the shape of the earth and shrinking according to a certain proportion, people make a model of the earth called a globe. On the earth's surface, the circle drawn equidistantly from the north and south poles is called the equator, and the circle parallel to the equator is called latitude, and the latitude is marked. 0 ~ 30 is the low latitude region, 30 ~ 60 is the middle latitude region, and 60 ~ 90 is the high latitude region. At low latitudes (00-300), sometimes the sun shines directly; At mid-latitude (300-600), the sun shines obliquely all year round, with no distinction between day and night; There are extreme days and nights at high latitudes (600-900). On the surface of the earth, the arc connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called meridian. 1884, with the meridian passing through the former site of Greenwich Observatory in Britain as the starting line of the meridian, that is, the prime meridian, or 0 meridian.

5. What is the purpose of warp and weft? The latitude and longitude net can determine the position anywhere on the earth's surface. Therefore, it is widely used in military, navigation, aviation, communication, meteorological observation and other fields. )

6. The longest latitude on the earth is the equator (00 latitude); Meridian connects the north and south poles and intersects the latitude vertically. Meridian 00 is also called prime meridian. Latitude connects the east-west direction (the shape of latitude is circular), and longitude connects the north-south direction. The equator is divided into 900 to the south and 900 to the north, which are denoted by n and s respectively. The prime meridian is divided into east and west 1800, the east longitude is represented by the letter e, and the west longitude by the letter w ... The equator is the dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres. Lines of longitude 200(200W) and longitude 1600( 1600E) are the dividing lines between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere (reason: lines of longitude 00 and longitude 1800 are avoided, and some countries in Europe and Africa are separated by more than two hemispheres). The length of the warp is equal, and the weft is shortened from the equator to two levels.

7. There is one thing on the earth: the eastern hemisphere is in the east, the western hemisphere is in the west, the southern hemisphere is in the south and the northern hemisphere is in the north. The coordinates of this point are (200W, 0). The western hemisphere is in the east, the eastern hemisphere is in the west, the southern hemisphere is in the south and the northern hemisphere is in the north. The coordinate is (1600E, 0).

8. Earth rotation direction: The earth rotates from west to east. The direction in which the east longitude increases and the direction in which the west longitude decreases are the directions of the earth's rotation. The earth rotates counterclockwise in the top view of the North Pole and clockwise in the top view of the South Pole. Judgment of the northern and southern hemispheres: in the top view of the North Pole of the earth's motion, if the earth rotates counterclockwise, the center point is the North Pole; If rotated clockwise, the center point is the South Pole.

9. With 0 longitude (prime meridian) as the starting line, the east longitude and west longitude of 0 longitude are increased to east longitude and west longitude; If the 180 meridian is taken as the starting line, the east of the 180 meridian is west longitude, the west longitude is reduced to west longitude, and the west longitude is reduced to east longitude. Assuming that there is no starting line of 0 or 180, the longitude increases to east longitude and decreases to west longitude along the earth's rotation direction.

10. The most fundamental principle for determining the direction on a map with longitude and latitude is that longitude indicates the north-south direction, latitude indicates the east-west direction, and so on.

(1) As long as it is on the same meridian, it is due south or north. (1) Both places are north latitude, and the northern value is large and the southern value is small; ② Both places are in the south latitude, with small values in the north and large values in the south; ③ One is north latitude and the other is south latitude, with north latitude and south latitude in the north; (4) A point on the North Pole, all directions around it are south; ⑤ All directions around the South Pole are north.

As long as they are at the same latitude, they are due east or west. (1) Both places are east longitude, with the largest value in the east and the smallest value in the west; (2) Both places are in the west longitude, with the small value in the east and the large value in the west; ③ One is east longitude and the other is west longitude: a If the sum of the longitudes of the two places is less than 180, the east longitude is in the east and the west longitude is in the west; B. If the sum of the longitudes of the two places is greater than 180, the west longitude is in the east and the east longitude is in the west; C If the sum of the longitudes of the two places is 180, there is no east-west relationship between the two places;

(3) Determination of the direction of two points that are neither on the same meridian nor on the same latitude If the two points are neither on the same meridian nor on the same latitude, first of all, we can determine that the two points are neither due east nor due west, nor due south nor due north. (1) combination method, first judge the north-south relationship between these two points, then judge the east-west relationship between these two points, and combine the north-south relationship with the east-west relationship. (2) substitution point method, to find the substitution point, the substitution point must be on the same longitude line with one point and on the same latitude line with the other point.

1 1, polar latitude and longitude network map. On the polar latitude and longitude network map, take the pole (point) as the center and the latitude as concentric circles; Meridian is a straight line radiating from the pole to the surroundings. Interpretation method of poles: ① According to the characters at the center of the circle, mark "South or S" as the south pole map and "North or N" as the north pole map; (2) According to the earth's rotation direction, draw the arrow of the earth's rotation direction on the side of the polar map. As the earth rotates from west to east, it rotates counterclockwise over the North Pole and clockwise over the South Pole (from north to south); ③ According to the longitude marked on the map, neither the South Pole nor the North Pole is marked on the polar map, but the longitude, east longitude and west longitude are marked. Judgment method: According to the law that the direction of the earth's rotation increases in east longitude and decreases in west longitude, draw the direction of the earth's rotation, thus judging the map of the north and south poles. On the polar map, the judgment of east-west longitude: starting from the 0 meridian, 0 ~ 180, which is consistent with the earth's rotation direction (from west to east), is east longitude, and vice versa.

Section 2 Distribution of Land and Sea in the World

1. The earth is called the earth because people live on land and know little about the ocean. It is called "water polo" because the surface of the earth is mainly ocean. Our earth's oceans account for 7 1% of the earth's surface area, while land accounts for only 29%. Therefore, the earth is vividly called "three points of land and seven points of ocean".

2. The names of the seven continents are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. Asia has the largest area. Asia and Europe are a whole, called Eurasia. Antarctica is the highest latitude continent in the world, which spans the longest longitude. Across the middle, low and high latitudes are Asia and North America; The continent crossed by the equator is Africa, and the continent crossed by the equator is Africa and South America. The mainland of China is Asia. To the west of Asia is Europe. The continental parts of Asia and Europe are called Eurasia, accounting for more than 1/3 of the world's land.

Mountains, straits, rivers, canals and oceans are usually used as dividing lines between continents.

① Asia-Europe dividing line: Urals, ural river, Caucasus and Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea).

② Asian-African dividing line: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea).

③ The dividing line between North and South America: Panama Canal. (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean)

④ The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

⑤ The dividing line between Europe and Africa: the Strait of Gibraltar.

The four oceans are Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean has the largest area, the highest water temperature and the deepest water body. Atlantic type s; The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean, which lies between Asia, Europe and the north shore of North America. The Arctic Ocean is the longest ocean in the world. A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two sea areas.

Section 3 World Topography

1, elevation (the vertical distance above the altitude of a certain place on the ground), and relative height (the vertical distance above another place on the ground, that is, the height difference between the two places).

2. The ups and downs of the surface are called topography. Land topography is usually divided into five basic types: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. Characteristics of five basic landforms:

Plain: low altitude, below 200 meters above sea level, flat land;

Plateau: high altitude, flat ground, steep edge, above 500 meters above sea level, flat top;

Mountainous area: the altitude is higher than 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes;

Hills: the ground is undulating, the altitude is not high, the slope is gentle, and the relative height is less than 200 meters;

Basin: high around and low in the middle.

3. The world's largest plain (Amazon Plain), the world's longest mountain range (Andes), the world's largest basin (Congo Basin), the world's longest trench (Mariana Trench11034m) and the world's highest plateau (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau). Greenland, the largest island in the world, is located in North America. The lowest point of the land is the Dead Sea, and the largest peninsula is the Arabian Peninsula. The largest archipelago is the Malay archipelago. The longest mountain system, the Cordillera mountain system, the highest mountain range, the Himalayas, and the largest plateau, the Antarctic Plateau. The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest. The largest square in the world, Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

4. The seabed topography includes three parts: continental shelf, continental slope and ocean floor, which consists of trenches, basins and mid-ocean ridges. The continental shelf is a natural extension of land to the ocean, with a gentle slope and a water depth of less than 200 meters. Volcanic activity in the mid-ocean ridge (ocean ridge) is relatively strong; The continental slope is a steep slope with the outward inclination of the continental shelf, and the water depth increases sharply to several meters. Trench is the deepest place at the bottom of the ocean, and the maximum water depth can reach more than 1 10,000 meters.

5. A map that uses contour lines to represent the ups and downs of the ground is called contour topographic map. Paint different colors between the uneven contours. This kind of map is called contour layered color topographic map. The coloring law of layered color topographic map: green represents plain, blue represents ocean, different shades of yellow represent hills, plateaus and mountains, white represents ice and snow, and brown represents mountains.

6. Contour line: On the map, connect all points with the same altitude into a line. On the same contour map, where the slope is large, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse. ▲ The part where the contour line protrudes from low to high is the valley, and the part where the contour line protrudes from high to low is the ridge. The contour lines of ridges are convex to the lower part, and the contour lines of valleys are convex to the upper part. ) Names of mountain parts commonly used in contour lines: peak, ridge, valley, saddle and steep cliff.

7. Vertical spacing: the height difference between two adjacent contour lines. Isobathymetric line: On the map, connect all points with the same depth in the ocean into a line.

The fourth quarter land and sea changes

1. When hot magma rushes out of the surface along the ground fissure, it is called volcanic eruption. When the strata move, it causes the ground to shake. This is an earthquake. A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two sea areas.

2. The surface morphology of the earth is in endless movement and change. The varied topography on the earth's surface is the result of the interaction between the internal and external forces of the earth. Land and sea changes: 1. The distribution of the earth's oceans and land is not fixed, but the land and sea are constantly changing. 2. Reasons for land and sea changes: ① Changes in the crust. (2) the rise and fall of sea level. ③ Human activities. 3. Examples of land-sea changes: ① Himalayan rocks contain marine fossils: the past ocean has become the present land. (2) There are traces of ancient rivers on the seabed in the eastern waters of China: the land in the past has now become an ocean. Analysis: the discovery of Himalayan marine fossils is due to the change of the crust; There are traces of ancient rivers on the seabed in the eastern part of China due to the rise and fall of sea level; Land reclamation in the Netherlands shows that human activities can also cause changes in land and sea.

3. At the beginning of 20th century, German Wei Gena put forward the hypothesis of continental drift (inspired by the coincidence of contours in Africa and South America, he began to study the theory of continental drift). The six plates mentioned in the plate structure (Eurasia plate, America plate, Africa plate, Antarctic plate, Indian Ocean plate and Pacific plate). The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean. The remaining plates include continents and oceans.

4. Generally speaking, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, and there are stretches, collisions and compressions at the boundary between the plate and the active crust, which are most prone to volcanoes and earthquakes. ★ Explain the following phenomena:

① The Mediterranean is shrinking and will disappear-the Eurasian plate and the African plate continue to collide.

(2) The Himalayas are rising-the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate are constantly colliding.

(3) The Red Sea will become a new ocean-the Indian Ocean plate and the African plate will continue to split and separate.

(4) The East African Rift Valley is formed, and the continuous expansion will form an ocean-the Indian Ocean plate and the African plate are constantly splitting and separating.

A member of the scientific research team discovered a rich coal field in the ice-covered Antarctica. Please use your geographical knowledge to explain why.

Due to crustal movement, ancient forests were buried underground for many years and then underground coal seams were formed. There are no forests in the extremely cold Antarctica, but there are abundant coal mines. There is only one possibility. A few years ago, Antarctica was located in a warm and humid temperate zone or tropical zone, and later it reached this position due to continental drift.

A: Because Antarctica was once located in the temperate zone or tropical zone a long time ago, the continent drifted before it came to the Antarctic region.

The Himalayas are the result of collision between Eurasian plate and Indian Ocean plate. The Atlantic Ocean is the result of plate tension. The mountain belt around the Pacific Ocean and the mountain belt across the southern Eurasian continent and northwest Africa are the most violent areas of earthquake and volcanic activity in the world. There are many volcanic earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean because it is located at the junction of the Pacific plate, the Eurasian plate, the Indian Ocean plate, the Antarctic plate and the American plate, and the crustal activity is frequent.

6. The highest active volcano in the world is llullaillaco volcano in Argentina. The highest mountain of life and death in the world is also in Argentina. The country with the largest number of volcanoes in the world is Indonesia. There are more than 500 volcanoes in China, including more than 70 active volcanoes/KLOC-0.

35. The dividing line between Asia and Europe (Urals, ural river, Caucasus, Turkish Strait), Asia and Africa (Suez Canal), South America and North America (Panama Canal).

Chapter III Residents of the World

Section 1 World Population

By 1, 1999, 10, 12, the total population of the world has exceeded the 6 billion mark. Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate. The natural growth rate of population is determined by birth rate and death rate. In economically developed countries, the natural population growth rate is relatively low (or slow), while in countries with low economic development level, the natural population growth rate is relatively high (or fast). Population density reflects the density of geographical distribution of population, expressed by the number of people per square kilometer. ▲

The geographical distribution of the world population is very uneven. Some places are densely populated and some places are sparsely populated. The vast majority of people in the world live in middle and low latitudes, and the population is more concentrated in plains and basins with mild climate and more precipitation. Population migration cannot be used to evenly distribute the population around the world. -Judgment) The four most densely populated areas in the world: ① East Asia; ② South Asia; 3 Europe; ④ Eastern North America; Distribution characteristics: coastal plain areas in middle and low latitudes. Distribution reasons: ① topography: vast plain; ② Climate: warm and humid; ③ Economy: Industry and agriculture developed earlier and the economy was developed. Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with too humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, and plateau mountainous areas with harsh natural environment.

The world population growth rate is expressed by the natural population growth rate, which depends on the birth rate and death rate. Overpopulation and rapid growth in the world will bring problems: ① Environmental aspects: soil erosion, land desertification, over-reclamation, grazing, etc. ② Economic aspects: hunger, poverty, etc. ③ Social aspects: traffic congestion, employment difficulties, poor living conditions, poor education conditions and poor medical and health conditions.

4. Whether the population density of a country is appropriate depends on whether the population resources and environmental resources are rationally developed and utilized, and whether there is a virtuous circle of good economic benefits and ecosystem protection. Is the smaller the population, the better for a country's economic development? What's your opinion? (no. Small population and slow growth will cause problems such as aging population, increasing social burden of providing for the aged, shortage of labor force and shortage of national defense personnel. Therefore, it is unacceptable that the population growth is too fast or too slow. Population growth must be coordinated with resources and environment and adapt to social and economic development. At present, the continent with the fastest population growth in the world is Africa, the continent with the largest population is Asia, and the country with the largest population is China.

5. Population growth should be coordinated with resources and environment and adapt to social and economic development. China is a model of population control. China vigorously carried out the family planning policy, greatly reducing the population's pressure on resources and environment. In addition, the problems brought by the large-scale migration of rural population to big cities: it provides sufficient labor for the construction and development of cities, but it also brings many problems: urban food shortage, reduced employment opportunities, rising crime rate, environmental pollution, traffic congestion and so on.

The race of the world in the second quarter

1, skin color is an important symbol of racial division. Residents in the world can be divided into yellow people, white people and black people. Yellow people are mainly distributed in East Asia. Indians in America and Inuit (also known as Eskimos in the past) along the Arctic Ocean also belong to the yellow race. White people are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and Oceania. Black people are mainly distributed in central and southern Africa.

Section 3 World Language and Religion

1. At present, there are more than 2,000 languages in the world, of which about 30% are written languages. Many languages are used now, including Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic. These six languages are jointly identified as working languages. In today's world, the number of people who use Chinese is the largest, with a total of more than 65.438+0.2 billion.

English is the most widely spread language in the world. Countries such as the United States and Australia use English as their mother tongue, while countries such as India and the Philippines use English as their official language.

The three major religions in the world are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. The three major religions in the world all originated in Asia.

Section IV Settlement of the World

1. When people live closely together, a settlement is formed. The main forms of settlements include cities and villages.

2. A city is a residential area with a certain population and mainly engaged in non-agricultural industrial activities. Urban population is dense, which brings together a large number of social and economic activities, which has a significant role in promoting the development of surrounding areas. There are a series of urban problems in the process of urban development, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, domestic garbage pollution, employment difficulties and so on. Therefore, cities should strengthen management and protection, carry out reasonable planning and design, and pay attention to the relationship between man and nature in order to create a beautiful urban environment.

3. Houses around the world have different architectural styles. These dwellings can not only adapt to the local natural geographical environment, but also closely relate to the social and economic life of residents.

4. Comic book "Suffering Mother (Earth)" Question A. The mother in the picture represents the earth, and the children in the picture represent the rapidly growing population. B. What are the characteristics of current population growth and quantity? What are the problems caused by the current large population and rapid growth? Food shortage, employment difficulties, housing shortage, traffic congestion, medical care, education, etc. As a child of Mother Earth, what can you do for her? Publicize the family planning policy, save water and electricity, and take the lead in protecting the environment. )

5. What are the reasons for the population movement between different settlements and the migration from rural areas to cities? Urban living conditions are good, it is easy to find a job, and education and medical conditions are good. What problems have it brought to the immigrant area? The problems are traffic congestion, housing shortage, employment difficulties and rising crime rate. )

Chapter IV World Climate

Section 1 Weather and Climate

1. Weather refers to a specific state of the near-surface atmosphere in a short time. The outstanding feature of weather phenomenon is changeable. Climate refers to the average weather condition of a place for many years, which is relatively stable. Temperature and precipitation have the greatest influence on life and production, and are the most concerned climatic factors. It has a great impact on production and life. The weather is closely related to people's lives.

2. Weather forecast refers to the weather conditions released by meteorologists through the analysis of weather data, mainly including temperature, cloudy or sunny days, the possibility or intensity of precipitation, wind power and air visibility.

Temperature and precipitation in the second quarter

1, temperature refers to the temperature of air, usually expressed in degrees Celsius (0C). The difference of temperature is one of the main factors that cause the difference between natural landscape and our living environment.

2. The hottest continent is Africa; The coldest continent is Antarctica. The hottest month in the northern hemisphere appears in July, and the most Leng Yue appears in 65438+ 10. The southern hemisphere is the opposite. The highest temperature in a day appears at 2 pm (14 pm), and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise. Distribution law of world temperature: It gradually decreases from low latitude (equator) to high latitude (poles).

3. There are two basic conditions for the formation of precipitation: one is that the air contains enough water vapor and condensed nodules, and the other is that the air temperature drops to the point where water vapor can condense. There are three forms of precipitation: convective rain, topographic precipitation and frontal rain.

Up to now, there are two places with the largest annual precipitation recorded by people: one is Mount Kilapanchi in the northeast of India, and the other is Mount Kavikinney in the Hawaiian Islands, which is vividly called the rain pole of the earth.

5. Important factors of climate (precipitation, temperature)

(1) Weather and climate

Weather-short time and changeable weather conditions. The climate-the average weather conditions over the years-has not changed much.

(2) The temperature distribution (2: 00, 8: 00, 14 and 20:00/ day) gradually decreases from the equator to the poles: the isotherm is roughly parallel to the latitude, the temperature at the same latitude is roughly the same, and the temperature at the land-sea junction changes greatly; The temperature at high altitude is lower than that around. Use 65438+ October and July to represent high temperature and low temperature months.

(3) Precipitation (precipitation type: a convective rain with strong radiation and rainy in the equatorial region; B. There are many windward slopes in topographic precipitation; C frontal rain, cold and warm air confrontation, wide rainfall range. Distribution: there is more precipitation in the equatorial zone; Less precipitation in polar regions; There is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland, and less precipitation on the west coast on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer. There is less precipitation in mid-latitude inland areas and more precipitation in coastal areas. )

(4) can use climate data (monthly temperature and precipitation table or temperature curve and precipitation histogram) to analyze temperature and precipitation.

(5) The windward slope is rainy. The reason is that when the warm air flow is forced to rise, the temperature drops, which makes the air saturated and easy to form rainfall; There is less rain on the leeward slope, because the air sinks along the hillside, the temperature rises and the water vapor evaporates, which makes it difficult to form rain.

The main factors affecting the climate in the third quarter

1, the main factors affecting climate

(1) the shape and climate of the earth-the solar radiation decreases with the increase of latitude, so the temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to the poles. High latitude and low temperature; Low latitude and high temperature.

(2) the movement and climate of the earth (solar radiation is different from day to night-it is hot during the day and cold at night; Different radiation exposures throughout the year-hot in summer and cold in winter, extreme day and night-produce five regions.

(3) Land and sea distribution and climate (temperature: land high and sea low; Winter: the land is low and the sea is high, and the temperature difference between offshore and offshore is small, and the temperature difference between offshore and offshore is large. Precipitation: there are more windward offshore, less downwind offshore, less downwind offshore)

(4) Topographic climate (temperature: low on the mountain, high under the mountain, low on the shady slope and high on the sunny slope. Precipitation: there is more precipitation on the windward slope and less rainfall on the leeward slope; Under normal circumstances, the temperature drops by 0.60 degrees Celsius every time the altitude rises 100 meters. )

(5) Human activities and climate A Changing the ground conditions (artificial afforestation, reservoir construction and irrigation works) can make the temperature tend to be moderate. Arbitrary deforestation will worsen the local climate. B human production and living activities (carbon dioxide emissions, etc.). ) make the global temperature rise (ozone layer destruction), frequent droughts and floods (and endanger human health). C In cities with dense industries, the temperature in the central area is higher than that in the suburbs, the wind speed is lower, the updraft is obvious, and the fog and low clouds increase, which is easy to produce the heat island effect.

2. The geographical phenomenon caused by the earth's rotation is: alternation of day and night. The earth rotates, the tropics are always hot and the sun shines directly; Seasonal changes in temperate zone, direct sunlight, no extreme day and night; The temperature in the cold zone is low and extreme day and night. When the earth rotates, it revolves around the sun from west to east. The rotation direction and revolution direction are from west to east (due to the seasonal change of the earth's revolution), and the revolution time is one year. The reason why the earth's axis tilts is the result of revolution.

3. When the earth revolves around the sun, the axis of the earth and the orbital plane form a fixed inclination angle of 66.50. The place where the sun shines directly twice a year is the equator. Extreme days and nights appear at opposite times in the northern and southern hemispheres.

On June 22nd, the summer solstice, the sun was directly at 23.50 degrees north latitude (Tropic of Cancer). The farther north, the longer the day and the shorter the night, and the polar night phenomenon appeared in the Antarctic circle.

65438+From the winter solstice on February 22nd, the sun shines directly at latitude 23.50 south (Tropic of Capricorn). The farther north, the shorter the day and the longer the night, so the polar night phenomenon appears in the Arctic Circle.

On March 21September 23, the sun shines directly at the equator at the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, and it is equally divided day and night.

4. People divide the earth's surface into five zones according to the amount of sunlight and heat obtained in different places, whether there is vertical sunlight and whether there is extreme day and night. The tropical region (23.5 N ~ 23.5 S) has direct sunlight and a hot climate all year round. The cold zone (latitude 66.5 ~ 90) has extreme phenomena of day and night, and the climate is cold all year round; In the temperate zone (latitude 23.5 ~ 66.5), there is neither direct sunlight nor extreme day and night, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.

(1) Tropical: 23.5° N-23.5° S between the Tropic of Cancer (direct sunlight);

(2) North temperate zone: 23.5° N-66.5° N between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (with seasonal variation);

(3) South temperate zone: 23.5° s-66.5° s between tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic circle (with seasonal variation);

(4) Northern cold region: 66.5° N-90° N (day and night extremes) in the Arctic Circle;

5. South cold region: Antarctic circle 66.5° S-90° S (day and night extremes);

Note: From the distribution of five zones, Africa is the hottest and Antarctica is the coldest.

Section IV Main Climate Types in the World

1, tropical climate type

The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 20 degrees, which belongs to the tropical climate type.

Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round (annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, and monthly precipitation is relatively uniform). Such as Amazon Plain (South America), Congo Basin (Africa), Malay Archipelago (Asia), etc.

Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round (annual precipitation is less than 125mm). Such as the Sahara desert (North Africa)

Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, obvious in dry and wet seasons. The annual precipitation is 750- 1000 mm. (the most extensive in Africa)

Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, obvious in dry and wet seasons. The annual precipitation is about 1500mm, and it is concentrated in rainy season. (Indian Peninsula, zhina Peninsula, India)

2. Subtropical climate types

Subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate: hot in summer and cold in winter. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0oC, and it is hot and rainy in summer (the same period of rain and heat), with four distinct seasons.

Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer, mild and rainy in winter, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0oC. Distributed in the west coast of the mainland at 300-400 north latitude.

3. Temperate climate types

Temperate monsoon climate: warm and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. The annual precipitation is generally 500-600 mm.

Temperate maritime climate: there is no severe cold in winter, no heat in summer, and even precipitation within one year. Mainly in western Europe.

Temperate continental climate: the temperature changes all year round, with large daily range, hot in summer and cold in winter. Precipitation is relatively concentrated in summer.

Coniferous forest climate in sub-cold zone: winter is long and cold, summer is short, temperature difference is large, precipitation is scarce, and it is concentrated in summer. Mainly distributed in Eurasia and northern North America.

4, cold zone climate and alpine plateau climate