A brief introduction to the process and results of the Song and Wei wars in the last years of Liu, Song and Yuanjia.

During Yuan Jia (AD 424-452) of Liu and Song Dynasties, Song Wendi Liu Yilong continued to carry out a series of reform measures after his father Song Wudi, which greatly improved the politics of Liu and Song Dynasties compared with the previous generation. At that time, social stability, economic recovery and national strength gradually increased, which was a famous well-off period in the history of the Southern Dynasties. At the same time, Tuoba Wei, who rose in the north, became stronger and stronger. Emperor Tuoba Tao, who was in power at that time, conquered several separatist regimes and unified the north. Emperor Mao was determined to unify the whole country and sent troops to invade the south several times. The increasingly powerful national strength is unwilling to sit in the south of the Yangtze River, and wants to recover the Henan land taken away by Wei. The contradiction between Song and Wei became more and more serious. In the last years of Yuanjia, a large-scale war finally broke out between the two sides.

Liu Song's Northern Expedition started with Liu Song's Northern Expedition, so Liu Song was in a strategic offensive position at the beginning of the war. In June of the 27th year of Yuanjia (AD 450), Song Wendi decided to take advantage of the abundant rivers and canals in summer to launch a massive northern expedition. Liu Kangzu, the general of Zuo Jun, thinks that this year is late, so please wait for another year, and Song Wendi won't allow it. Shen Qingzhi, a captain of the Prince Infantry, thinks that "the horse stance just look has been lost for a long time" and is eager to explore the north "for fear of humiliation, it is difficult to succeed". Song Wendi retorted, "Lu leans on the horse, the summer water is broad and sweaty, the river flows, and the boat points to the north, so X must go, and the slide is small and easy to return. Naturally, it is two defenses. The pavilion hangs people, and the tiger is not solid in Luoyang. " In winter, when the city guards meet each other, horses cross the river and become birds. (1) At that time, Shao and Huadu, who were guarding the Northern Expedition, advised the Northern Expedition, but they refused to listen and insisted on starting an army.

In July of that year, Song Wendi sent generals to the Northern Expedition in three ways. The deployment is as follows: the East Road Army is 60,000, with Xiao Bin and Qingji Secretariat as commanders; Taking the water army led by General Wang Ningshuo, Shen Qingzhi and Shen Tan who negotiated to join the army as pioneers, they entered the Yellow River through Huaihe River and Surabaya, and attacked X and Sliding Platform. , Xu, Yanzhou secretariat, led the troops to cooperate with land and water. The Middle Route Army, led by Prince Zuowei, rode 654.38+ 10,000 troops to Xuchang (now Xu Changdong, Henan) and Luoyang. Liu Wangshuo, the secretariat of Yuzhou and Nanping, led his men to cooperate. With Liu Dan, the secretariat of Yongzhou, as the commander in chief, the marked army attacked Hongnong (now Lingbao North, Henan Province) and directed at Chang 'an. Liu Xiuzhi, the secretariat of the Liang, Northern and Qin Dynasties, led the troops to harass ■ (the mountain name is in the southwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Long (the mountain name is in the area from Longxian County, Shaanxi Province to Pingliang, Gansu Province) to cooperate with each other. In addition, he sent special envoys to Qiu and stationed in Pengcheng to dispatch Jiangxia armies in a unified way.

In mid-July, East Song Jun first launched an attack on Wei Jun. Shen Yuanji, the Jianwu Sima, led an army to storm ` X, and Wei Jizhou (the governor of ` X) abandoned the city and fled, occupied ` X, stationed in ` X, personally took command of the front line and ordered Wang's troops to attack the slipway west of the Yellow River. Wang led hundreds of warships led by the prefect of Yuanhu as pioneers, and marched to Shijijin, the Yellow River ferry in the southwest of the berth 120, and the whole army entered the berth. Wang has a large number of soldiers and excellent equipment, and the Wei sliding platform is in jeopardy. However, Wang made a mistake in commanding, taking many thatched houses in the sliding platform city as protection, and suggested fire attack, which Wang refused to adopt. With the advent of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yuan suggested a storm, which was rejected by Wang. Due to Wang's command error, the fighter plane was lost many times, which led to the berth being surrounded for nearly three months and failed to conquer.

At the same time, Liu Shuo led a great army to attack central Wei Jun. Liu Shuo hit a soldier who joined the army, Hu Chengzhi. When he arrived in Tanzania, he would attack Changsheng (now Changgedong, Henan Province), Wei Changsheng's defender Lu Shuang failed, and Song Jun conquered Changsheng. Subsequently, the landlord Wang defeated Wei Yuzhou's secretariat, extended his domineering servant Lan, and entered Dadoucheng (in present-day Xingyang, Henan), and servant Lan surrendered to Hulao Pass. Liu Shuo sent Liu Kangzu, the Omani Sima, to Tanzania, and then jointly attacked Hulao Pass.

When Dong Song and China attacked Wei Jun, marked army actively cooperated. In August, Liu Dan sent China soldiers to join the army. Liu led generals Yin Xianzu, Fenwu Lu, Jianwu, Lueyang Taishou Qi and Guangwei Tian Yiren from Xiangyang to the north. In October, Song Jun occupied Hongnong. Subsequently, the soldiers attacked Shaanxi City (now the west of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province), defeated the government secretariat Zhang of aiding Korea, and captured Shaanxi City with 20,000 cavalry. At the same time, Song Jun Pangfa set out to capture Tongguan. Song Jun's victory made "the righteous in Guanzhong rise, the Qiang people in the four mountains and Hu Xian flourish". The Northern Wei Dynasty shook Guanzhong, and the situation of Song Jun's Northern Expedition was extremely favorable.

After the Northern Expedition in Liu and Song Dynasties, the armies were progressing smoothly. However, after Wei Jun changed from strategic defense to strategic counterattack, the war situation began to change in a direction unfavorable to Song Jun.

At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty's counterattack against Liu Song's Northern Expedition, all the ministers of the Northern Wei Dynasty asked Taizu to send troops to rescue them immediately. But Emperor Mao advocated attacking the enemy from behind. He thought it was too hot to send troops rashly. When the weather is cool and the horse is fat in 10, he can beat Song Jun in one fell swoop. In September, Taizu ordered Prince Tuoba Huang to send troops to the south of the desert to defend Rouran, and then led the army south, claiming to be a million, which was very prosperous.

On the seventh day of October, Wei Jun arrived at Fangtou (now Xunxian West, Henan Province). Mao immediately sent the ministers and grandchildren in the temple to lead the cavalry across the Yellow River from Shijijin, cutting off Song Jun's retreat; He also sent Hou Luzhen and others from inside Shanhaiguan pass to sneak into the sliding platform to comfort guarding city Wei Jun. The next day, Mao visited the front line and led the army to cross the river, rivaling Song Jun. His commander-in-chief, Wang, had been sliding for nearly three months. When he saw Wei's army approaching, he panicked and abandoned the water army, so he ran away in the battle. Song Jun lost his commander and the battle was in chaos. More than 10,000 people were killed and many military equipment was lost. Wei Jun captured Song Jun's warships with iron chains, blocked the Yellow River, and attempted to block the retreat of Song Shuijun west of the slipway. Yuan, the commander of the Song Water Army, led the army south bravely, cut the chain with a big axe, broke through three blockade lines, and the whole army returned. East road coach transfers troops and Wang Shou X; Keep a clear mouth with the altar and Yuanhu (now Dongping West, Shandong Province); Self-directed troops returned to Licheng. At this point, the defeat of East Road Song Jun has been decided. Defeated by the East Route Army, Wei Jun went south, and West Route Liu was not suitable for further entry, so he ordered Liu to withdraw. So Hongnong, Shancheng and Tongguan were all owned by Wei, and the brilliant achievements of the marked army were wasted. From then on, the Song army turned from east to west into a comprehensive defense, and the Northern Wei Dynasty also turned into a comprehensive counterattack accordingly.

After Wei Jun won the first battle, the soldiers were divided into five roads and marched south: Wang Yongchang Tuoba ran from Luoyang to Shouyang; Grandson really went straight to Matou (now Huaiyuan South, Anhui Province); Tuoba, the king of Chu, was built in Zhongli (now northeast of Fengyang, Anhui); Gao Liangwang Tuoba went down to Pi (now southwest of Pi County, Jiangsu Province); Ming Taizu personally led the main force from Dongping (now east of Dongping, Shandong Province) to Zoushan (now southeast of Zouxian County, Shandong Province). At the beginning of November, Taizu's army captured Zoushan and continued south. Tuoba Jian entered Guantun Pengcheng, Xiao (now west of Xiaoxian County, Jiangsu Province) and Liu (now southeast of Peixian County, Jiangsu Province). Yanzhou secretariat, Jiangxia Wang Liu sent Ma Wengong to join the army, and the viceroy marched into Xiao and Liu respectively, and the two sides fought for the periphery of Pengcheng. Barto Ren Jun's suspended soldiers (now Runan, Henan Province) and Xiangcheng (now Shenqiu, Henan Province) are almost equal to Shouyang. Song Wendi was afraid of Shouyang's fall, so he sent Song Jun, who was attacking Tiger Prison, to Huiyuan Shouyang. When Liu Kang's 8,000 soldiers retreated to dozens of miles north of Shouyang, they were overtaken by Tabalun's cavalry. Liu Kangzu ordered his men to set up a car for the camp and enter along the avenue. Wei Jun was besieged on all sides, and Song Jun resisted desperately, killing more than 10,000 people. But in the end, Song Jun was outnumbered and wiped out. Liu Kangzu was hit by 10 and fell to his death. TaBaRen attacked Shouyang, and at the same time suited to harass Matou and Zhongli. Song, led the troops to stick to Shouyang. In December, Wei Jun ministries arrived in the Huaihe River. Zhao Kuangyin decided to ignore Peng Cheng, Shouyang and other cities, and ordered the army to go deep into the hinterland of Liu Song, pointing to the Yangtze River. 1February 3, Wei Jun crossed Huainan. Taizu's army failed to attack Xuyi (now Jiangsu) on the road and continued to March around the south of the city. Defenders from all over the Song Dynasty fled. On 15th, Zhao Kuangyin's army went to Guabu (now southeast of Liuhe, Jiangsu), across the river from Jiankang, Song Jingshi (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and all the other Wei Jun arrived at the north bank of the Yangtze River. Wei Jun demolished houses and cut reeds to make rafts, claiming to cross the river. Song Wendi was extremely afraid, and ordered the internal and external health * * *, so that the leading general Liu Zunkao led the Guards to guard Tianjin, and the water army patrolled along the river. He also let Shao's water army guard Shicang City (now west of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) and Danyang Yin Town guard Shicang City. Jiang Zhan, the official minister, is also the leader and the president's military post.

Although Emperor Mao claimed to cross the river, he was completely bluffing. Wei Jun used his improvisational military strength to fight from the north bank of the Yellow River to the north bank of the Yangtze River, and even crossed the land of Ji, Yan, Xu, Yu and Southern Yan. He burned and looted along the way and was strongly resisted by Jianghuai people. They used the method of strengthening the wall and clearing the field to deal with Wei Jun. Wei Jun plundered all the way without any gains, lacked military strength, was hungry and cold, and was trapped in it. Before that, there were natural barriers along the Yangtze River, and it was difficult to cross the river without a strong navy. After that, several fortified cities in Liu and Song Dynasties failed, and it was inevitable that there would be worries. At the same time, they fought along the road and lost more than half of their horses. In this situation, Wei Jun's withdrawal is the general trend. In the 28th year of Yuanjia (AD 45 1), in the first month, Wei Jun plundered more than 50,000 households and retreated to the north. After Wei Jun retreated, Song Jun did not dare to pursue actively along the way, and Wei Jun returned safely, and the war came to an end.