When avoiding forest fires, there is a principle called "you can't hide in the saddle part of the ravine". Who can explain the truth?

Forest police said: when putting out a fire, people should stand on the windward side, that is, people should put out the fire with the wind, because when putting out a fire with the wind, the smoke and high-temperature gas generated by the fire are easy to hurt people. At the same time, pay attention to the change of wind direction. If the fire is put out between mountains, the hot gas generated by the combustion will rise, which is easy to form convection between mountains and change the original wind direction in the mountains.

Therefore, the same is true when avoiding fire. I wonder if I can solve your problem. The following is the attachment "Forest Public Security Fire Control Rules".

First, the safety rules that should be observed in fighting forest fires.

(a) shall not mobilize the disabled, pregnant women and children to participate in fire fighting.

(2) Firefighters must receive fire safety training, especially the mass fire brigade, and must receive safety knowledge education before entering the fire.

(3) Firefighters must abide by fire control discipline, obey orders, obey orders, and it is forbidden to act alone.

(4) Keep communication smooth at any time.

(5) Firefighters should be equipped with necessary equipment, such as helmets, fire-proof clothing, fire-proof gloves, fire-proof boots and fire-fighting tools, especially kettles (water in kettles can quench thirst, even wet towels or clothes in an emergency, and cover your head or mouth to save yourself) and kindling (it can be ignited to save yourself in an emergency).

(6) Pay close attention to the weather changes at the fire site, especially the changes of wind direction and wind force.

(7) Pay close attention to the types and flammability of combustible materials in the fire to avoid entering the flammable area.

(eight) pay attention to the terrain conditions of the fire, fire fighters are not allowed to enter the area surrounded by mountains on three sides, saddle-shaped valleys, narrow grass ponds, canyons, sunny slopes and other areas to directly beat the fire heads.

(nine) when fighting forest fires, fire safety zones and evacuation routes should be selected in advance to prevent accidents. Once in a dangerous environment, keep a clear head and actively try to save yourself.

(ten) when fighting underground fires, we must first find out the scope of the fire, and make a good mark to avoid straying into the fire area.

(eleven) fire fighters must maintain strong physical strength, not excessive consumption of physical strength.

Second, the possible time and place of danger

In the process of fighting forest fires, firefighters should pay special attention to the following time and links:

(a) when the purpose and requirements of accepting the task of thousands of people are not clear:

(2) When there is a fire nearby but you can't see it, and you can't get in touch with anyone:

(3) When Fei Huo flies overhead, which may cause a new fire point:

(4) When directly knocking the rotor:

(five) when the situation around the fire is unknown;

(6) When putting out the fire at night;

(seven) in the steep slope, near the cliff fire;

(8) When putting out a fire in a ravine;

(9) When there is nowhere to rely on:

(10) When the weather is getting drier and hotter:

(1 1) When extinguishing a fire in a place with changeable wind direction;

(12) There are hanging objects and loose stones above you;

(13) When you feel dizzy, dizzy, nauseous and weak when putting out the fire:

(14) When you lose your way:

(fifteen) panic, negligence, recklessness or casualties.

Third, the main causes of fire casualties

(1) The leaders didn't pay enough attention to it, and didn't give firefighters safety knowledge education and self-help technical training at ordinary times; Newly recruited team members or newly mobilized mass firefighting teams were sent to the fire without fire safety education.

(2) The victim was unclear about the fire, panicked when he saw the danger, and did not take emergency measures.

(3) Failing to select a safe area in advance, draw up an advance and retreat route and formulate a safety emergency plan.

(4) When surrounded by fire, escape with the wind or in the direction of fire development.

(5) When fighting a high-intensity fire or the meteorological conditions of the fire are very bad, directly beat the rotor or dispatch troops to the rotor.

(6) Firefighters are too hungry and tired, or they only pay attention to putting out the fire when striking a fire, but don't pay attention to clothes catching fire or sparks splashing on their bodies.

(7) Deploy troops to make fires or camp in extremely unsafe areas, such as concave mountainous areas, narrow gullies and ponds with two mountains and one ditch, saddle-shaped mountainous areas, and broken terrain.

(8) In case of a fire, the wind direction suddenly increases or changes, causing burns: in case of an underground fire, I don't know that the boundary of the fire site falls into a fire pit.

(9) When putting out a fire on a steep slope, you will be injured by stones and rollers stepped on by people above. When cleaning the fire, I was knocked down by wood and injured by "eating goods".

(ten) in the grass and miscellaneous irrigation to avoid the fire, into the fire, unable to escape.

(eleven) carbon monoxide poisoning, choking smoke or high temperature burns.

(12) Failing to pay attention to safety regulations in camping, eating and marching.

(13) The fire-fighting commander failed to fulfill his safety responsibility, only focused on directing fire fighting, and forgot to pay attention to the safety of firefighters and the changes of fire, weather situation and terrain.

(fourteen) firefighters lack adequate safety protection equipment or food poisoning.

Fourth, how to prevent casualties?

In the process of fighting forest fires, safety is the top priority, and leaders at all levels must start from peacetime. First of all, we should strengthen fire safety education and formulate effective safety rules and regulations. Second, popularize the knowledge of forest fire prevention, so that everyone can master and understand the characteristics of forest fires and know how to protect themselves in the fire. Third, do a good job in psychological quality training to avoid negative psychological reactions of fire fighters in the fire. Fourthly, we must equip firefighters with necessary equipment.

In order to effectively prevent casualties, fire fighters, especially fire commanders, must do the following in a fire:

(a) Always pay attention to the changes of fire weather; (2) Know the changes of the fire like the back of your hand: (3) Be calm and decisive in making correct decisions; (4) Arrange the advance and retreat of the fire brigade; (5) Pay attention to the possible dangerous places and links; (six) always maintain all-round contact; (7) When giving orders to the fire fighting team, it must be accurate and clear: (8) Grasp the action status of the team at any time.

Five, under what circumstances can't be transferred to the rotor?

In the following cases, you can't directly transfer troops or hit the rotor, but only hit the wing or the tail of the rotor:

(a) When putting out ground fires with moderate intensity above level 3; (2) When fighting high-intensity surface fires during the day; (three) there is no effective fire extinguishing machinery (such as water pump and other fire extinguishing machinery) to put out the crown fire; (four) when fighting fires, that is, when fighting mountain fires; (5)10–16 high fire risk period; (6) Under bad weather conditions; (7) When rushing into the surface fire under the conditions of extinguishing Damangang, Dacaotang ditch, scarp, canyon and high flammable and combustible load.

6. Matters needing attention in underground fire fighting

Pay special attention to the edge of the fire line to put out the underground fire. First, send experienced personnel to check the spread boundary of underground fire and make obvious marks. Under no circumstances should you lead troops into the fire area at will to avoid falling into the fire pit. Underground fires can only be put out by digging isolation belts.

Seven, put out the crown should pay attention to fire safety.

When putting out the crown fire, if there is no suitable fire extinguishing equipment, it is necessary to put out the fire indirectly, and it is not allowed to beat the fire head hard until the crown fire falls to the ground. To indirectly extinguish the crown fire, a 30-50-meter-wide isolation belt should be opened in front of the fire head.

Eight, how to judge when hot and take safety measures?

When the wind is strong and the temperature is high, flammable materials are easy to burn, and Fei Huo often appears with the wind. At this time, several or more Fei Huo will appear in front of the main rotor and on the wing, forming some small flames. When these small fires burn at the same time, the temperature of air and combustible materials in the unburned area in the middle will rise sharply, reaching the ignition point quickly and forming a hot fire. If firemen are in the middle, they will suffocate and burn to death. When putting out the fire, if there are too many Fei Huo with the above symptoms, it is forbidden to put out the fire directly, and the team should be quickly dispersed out of the fire site to find favorable terrain and adopt indirect fire extinguishing method.

Nine, how to prevent upper burns?

Pay special attention to three situations when putting out the fire to prevent burns. First, always pay attention to the sudden change of wind direction and speed to prevent the fire from suddenly increasing or burning people's backs; The second is to prevent the wind fire extinguisher from leaking oil, which is even more dangerous if it drips from the oil cylinder or oil tank; The third is to pay attention to the fact that Mars falls on the body. Because of the concentration when putting out the fire, Mars unconsciously falls on the body, and it is easy to be burned.

X. How to prevent injuries?

To prevent smashing, we should pay attention to four situations: first, when putting out a fire or walking on a steep slope, stones, wooden blocks or left-over items stepped by people above hurt people below; Second, the burning tree fell down and hurt people; Third, the "eating goods" formed by the opening of Mu Cha was injured by wind or vibration; Fourth, trees crushed to death by underground fires have fallen down, injuring people.

XI。 How to prevent feet from being pricked or eyes from being injured?

Wear protective shoes, not worn rags, and bring spare shoes. When putting out the fire, pay attention to your feet to prevent injury. Firefighters should wear glasses and helmets during fire fighting to prevent branches or tools from hurting eyes or head.

12. Matters needing special attention when using aircraft to extinguish fire.

If a helicopter is used to extinguish the fire, when the landing point is less than 500 meters away from the fire line, a dangerous situation will occur after the plane takes off. Because the rotation of the aircraft propeller took away the local air here, a small-scale strong convection phenomenon was formed, and the nearby fire line immediately turned into a fire and went straight to the landing site, which was quite fast, so special attention should be paid to the self-rescue work after getting off the plane. Be sure to get ready before boarding the plane. After getting off the plane, who is responsible for lighting the fire, who is responsible for looking after the goods, who is responsible for counting the number of people, and so on. We must do a good job of division of labor in advance and determine some emergency measures.

Thirteen, how to ignite self-help?

(a) ignite with an igniter; (2) ignite with a match or lighter. In case of strong wind and lack of oxygen, people or things can be used to ignite against the wind, or close to the ground or pour some fuel for ignition; . (3) Ignition with a wind fire extinguisher. If there is no other fire, unscrew the spark plug of the wind fire extinguisher, pour some fuel, twitch the wind fire extinguisher, and the spark of the spark plug can ignite the fuel.

Fourteen, how to find water to save yourself?

When saving yourself, find water to soak towels or clothes. If you bring your own back pot, use the water in the back pot. If there is no back pot, you can find nearby puddles, snow, wet mud, etc. In case of emergency, you can soak your clothes with your own urine, cover your face and prevent respiratory tract and head burns. Only by staying awake can we escape.

Fifteen, how to prevent and deal with carbon monoxide poisoning?

In fire fighting, we are often in the thick smoke, so we must master how to breathe in the thick smoke without being hurt. Smoke in a fire is generally divided into two types. One is diffuse and the other is smoky. If you can't breathe well in the diffuse smoke, you should avoid it as soon as possible. If you really can't hide, get down on the spot and keep your mouth close to the ground. The lower the better, so that you can breathe fresh air. It's easier to breathe in smoke. You can look for fresh air among the clouds. The main symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are: dyspnea, chest tightness, headache, weakness of limbs, and in severe cases, unconsciousness. If the above symptoms are found, immediately cover the patient's nose and mouth with a wet towel, and move the patient to fresh air for artificial respiration. If there is a hygienist present, hand it over to the hygienist. If the poisoning is serious, the patient should be sent to the hospital immediately.

Sixteen, the treatment of traumatic bleeding?

(1) Stop bleeding with your fingers; (2) Use bandages or substitutes in your first aid kit; (three) when the mountain blood is serious, a tourniquet can be used to stop bleeding if conditions permit, and it should be transferred to the hospital as soon as possible.

Seventeen. Treatment of fracture

When a fracture occurs, there is a hematoma at the fracture site, so you can't move. The treatment method is as follows: (1) Stop bleeding immediately when bleeding is found; (2) Fixing with splint; If there is no splint, use wooden sticks and birch bark instead; (3) Don't tie the injured part too tightly; (4) Send it to the hospital immediately.

Eighteen, the treatment of burns

(a) Don't break burned skin or blisters; (2) Apply burn drugs in time; (3) if there is no medicine, the town should use a small wash; (four) when the burn is serious, it should be sent to the hospital in time.

Nineteen. Treatment of single loss

When moving in the fire, don't act alone to avoid getting lost and getting involved in the fire. If people fall behind, don't be too nervous and calm down. If you are not long behind and close to the fire, you should carefully look for the team and judge where to go according to the footprints. If you can't find it for a while, don't follow blindly, lest you get farther and farther away from your goal. You can choose a burning place with obvious targets and gather fire in it, which can not only keep warm and prevent wild animals from attacking, but also be easily found by people or planes.

Twenty, how to prevent mountains?

"Lost Mountain" means that fire fighters or teams can't reach the destination or return to the starting point in a certain area or time, and they lose their way. After the "lost mountain" accident, the light one caused great mental stimulation, and the heavy one may also cause personal injury or death. The specific preventive measures are: regularly carry out fire safety and discipline education to develop a good sense of discipline; In collective action, individuals should be prevented from acting alone, especially in the process of fire fighting. Once asleep, I don't know where the troops are going when I wake up. When putting out the fire, we should also prevent them from paying attention to the surrounding mountain landforms and forgetting where they came from and the direction of progress. Maintain group activities, check the charging of radios, walkie-talkies and batteries before departure, and bring topographic maps, compasses and GPS locators. Always keep all-round contact during fire fighting, and the fire fighting commander should always keep abreast of the team dynamics and the number of personnel.

Twenty-one, how to tell the direction after the "lost mountain"?

(1) Use the sun and the watch to determine the direction. Generally speaking, at 6 o'clock local time, the sun is in the east; At 12, due south; On 18, in the west. When judging the direction, people put the watch flat and aim at the sun with the extension line in the center of the dial and the half position of the hour pointed by the hour hand (24 hours a day). At this time, the direction from the center of the watch to "12" is the north. For example, in the morning 10, when it is 5 o'clock, the extension line connecting the center of the dial and "5" should face the sun; At 4 o'clock in the afternoon (16) and half past 8 o'clock, the center of the dial should be connected with "8" and face the sun, so the direction of "12" is the north.

(2) It is more accurate to tell the direction by looking at the solitary tree. Because the tree is straight, and the side with lush branches is south. In addition, the bark on the sunny side is smooth, while on the other side it is the opposite.

(3) Use tree rings to identify the direction. Look at the stump in the cutting area. If necessary, you can saw a single tree over 20 cm. The wide ring pitch is in the south and the narrow ring pitch is in the north.

(4) Look at the mountains or stones to identify the direction. The sunny side of the mountain is steep and few trees, and the soil layer is barren; On the other hand, on the north slope, it has moss.

(5) Use rivers to identify directions. Most rivers in Daxinganling flow from west or northwest to east or southeast. (Except Taha River, Pangu River, Huma River and the upper reaches of amur river).

(6) use Polaris to identify the direction. On a clear night, finding the North Star is the easiest way. In the area north of 40 north latitude, you can see the Big Dipper like a spoon at night, commonly known as the spoon star. The distance between the two stars in the spoon mouth is extended by five times, which is the Polaris.

Twenty-two, how to escape after "losing the mountain"?

If you are lost in the same body, you should prevent blind collision or one person has the final say. After the "lost mountain", people may be confused, depressed and have different views. In this case, leaders should be organized.

Let's recall the route, brainstorm and make a decision. It is necessary to strengthen unity, prevent division and avoid the phenomenon of losing small gangs. After judging the route or direction, walk firmly in one direction, and designate personnel to record the general situation of mountains, landforms, rivers and so on. If you are alone, climb the mountain early to watch the sun or watch the sunset at night, and judge the direction: find shelter or avoid places frequented by wild animals at night. In order to get out of the maze and meet something edible, you should pick up some and take them with you after eating.

Pay attention to the lights and listen to the sound at night. Don't move when the echo cannot be ruled out. Wait until dawn and see the direction before moving forward. Pay attention to observation during the trip, find someone or find a plane. If you find an airplane, you should rush to the open field quickly, wave colorful clothes or put them on the ground, so that the airplane can find the target.

People who are "lost in the mountains" can walk along the ridge during the day and observe tall facilities, such as high-voltage lines, railways, highways and bridges. At night, you can sound the alarm at the top of the mountain or on the beach in the river (pay attention to safety).

Those who are "lost in the mountains" can go down the river, and they will certainly find people's homes, villages, villages or settlements and be saved.

"Mountain fans" can climb trees or mountains and observe whether there are tall buildings nearby; For example, high-voltage lines and various iron towers, most people walked under these buildings and were rescued.

23. What food safety should be paid attention to when getting angry?

(1) When going to the fire, each team member should bring food for three days, including a certain amount of cooked food, in case there is no time to make a fire and cook.

(2) It is necessary to ensure that fire fighters have sufficient food supply to prevent shock or other accidents due to hunger and thirst.

(3) Food must be kept fresh, hygienic and not spoiled, and food poisoning should be prevented.

(4) Firefighters should not drink raw, cold or dirty water, but should drink precipitated or boiled water, and should not eat raw, cold, hard and spoiled food. If your body consumes too much salt, you can drink some salt water while drinking water.

(five) food distribution needs to be responsible for, to avoid uneven hunger, unreasonable distribution, affecting the fire fighting mood and combat effectiveness.

(6) Mushrooms, fruits of wild plants, wild vegetables, etc. , should be collected and identified by experienced people before eating.

(seven) cooking with a stove, open a good isolation belt around. When it is windy, it is forbidden to cook; When the fire fighting is over, the fire should be completely extinguished.

24. What safety should I pay attention to when marching on foot?

When marching on foot, there should be a guide to lead the team, and the commander should be familiar with the operation of topographic map; When crossing a river or a bridge, the bridge and water conditions should be explored in detail to ensure safety before people can pass, so as to avoid drowning accidents.

Walking into the fire, you can't act alone in case you get lost; When marching at night or delivering materials, keep up with the team. When a few people send goods or parade, they should pay attention to the direction and leave signs to prevent them from getting lost.

25. What safety should I pay attention to when riding?

(a) all kinds of motor vehicle drivers must abide by these rules. (2) Passengers are not allowed to grab or fight on the trunk board. (3) Put the fire extinguishing equipment firmly to prevent injury or damage. (4) Smoking is not allowed in the car, so as not to throw fire and cause mountain fires. You are not allowed to sleep in the car. When entering the informal expressway, the occupant's body should be under the guardrail to prevent the branches from being scratched. (six) found that the problem should be reported immediately, such as car oil leakage or forced urination. ? (seven) fire vehicles must bring their own spare tires, vehicle maintenance must meet the conditions of long-distance transportation. (eight) the number of people in the car shall not be overcrowded, and the three-wheeled motorcycle shall take three people; Dongfeng 140, Jiefang 14 1 and other ordinary vehicles should take 25 people: the extended car can take 30 people; Special vehicles are carried as designed; (9) No speeding. Roads below Grade III in forest areas (including Grade III), 25-40km/h during the day; Above the third-class highway in the forest area, it is 40–60 km/h during the day and less than 40 km/h at night. ? (10) In case of carsickness, the severe cases should take medicine as soon as possible or take corresponding treatment measures.

Twenty-six, what safety should be paid attention to by boat?

(a) it is forbidden to overload when taking a boat, and it is not allowed to walk around on the boat at will. When stopping the boat, you can get on and off. (2) Try to choose a ferry with stable water and shallow water. (3) If you are not sure, you can't cross the river, but you should explore the water situation. (4) Don't panic when there is an accident on the ferry, calmly rescue and save the day.

27. What safety should be paid attention to when flying to the fire?

(a) According to the regulations, the number of passengers should not exceed the load: tools should be placed flat and firm, and tools used for' TJm' should be wrapped with cloth to avoid personal injury or contusion. (2) Cars transporting fire fighters should be parked at a distance of 100 meters from the plane landing point. (3) When getting on and off the plane, it should be done in sequence. When getting on and off the plane, hats, flags and easily blown floating objects should be fastened to prevent accidents caused by being involved in the rotor. (4) Players should not approach the plane from the tail wing, and should not approach the plane from the uphill direction to avoid being injured by the tail wing. They should approach the plane from the sight of the captain in the front of the plane.