Who knows the story of Zhang Heng (a meteorologist)?

Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), a famous scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His birthplace is now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province. His grandfather Zhang Kan was a satrap and an upright official. His father died young, and Zhang Heng's family was poor. Rolling has been diligent and studious since childhood, and has long been famous in the village.

According to historical records, when he was 10 years old, he was already "proficient in the Five Classics and Six Arts" and could read from memory. He has a wide range of interests, often dabbles in natural science books, and writes well.

One day, Zhang Heng read four poems from a collection of poems, describing the changes of the Big Dipper in the evening of each season: "bucket handle refers to the east, and the world is spring; Guide to barrel handle, it's summer in the world; Bucket handle refers to the west, and the world is autumn; Bucket handle refers to the north, and it is winter in the world. " He thinks it's interesting. The stars twinkle in the sky, some like dustpans, some like buckets, some like dogs, and some like bears. What are their operating rules? This is simply wonderful. So Zhang Heng drew a sky map according to the content of the poem and referring to other books. Every night, as long as there are no clouds, he silently observes the night sky in front of the star map. How many mysteries are there in the vast starry sky? He observes, records and thinks. His mind is full of all kinds of questions and colorful fantasies. Later, he finally confirmed that the descriptions in those four poems were not accurate enough. In fact, the barrel handle refers to the northeast in early spring and the southeast in late spring.

The observation of the sun, moon and stars in his youth inspired Zhang Heng's determination to explore astronomical mysteries. Later, he twice served as the official in charge of astronomy in the central government, and made brilliant achievements in this respect. According to Ci Hai, he correctly explained for the first time that the eclipse was caused by the shadow of the moon entering the earth. 2500 stars visible in the Central Plains were observed and recorded, and the first relatively complete star map in China was drawn. He created the first seismograph in the world; Created a guide car, an automatic drum car and a wooden bird that can fly for miles.

Zhang Heng, who is eager for knowledge, always feels that he lacks knowledge. /kloc-when he was less than 0/7 years old, he left his parents and went to visit his teachers in other places to study alone. In the ancient capital Chang 'an, he visited the local places of interest and investigated the surrounding mountains, rivers, products and the world. At that time, he made many learned friends in Luoyang and Kyoto. One of them is Cui Yuan, who is proficient in astronomy, mathematics and calendar, and is also a famous calligrapher. Zhang Heng visited him for advice. It is precisely because of his open-minded and studious spirit that he has benefited a lot in all aspects. In addition to his outstanding achievements in astronomy, he also attracted worldwide attention in the study of seismology. His seismograph for waiting for the wind came out 1700 years earlier than similar instruments in Europe. He was also one of the six great painters in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his "Fu to the Second Capital" and "Deliberating the Expo in Ten Years" were talked about by people.

In the north of Nanyang County, there is a Zhang Heng's Tomb Heping reading desk. There is an inscription by Guo Moruo on the tombstone: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in the history of the world".

Zhang Heng: Ping Zi, surnamed Nanyang. Grandfather comparable, the word Jun you, less governance "Liang Qiu Yi", Guangwu people, for the prefect of Shu County, worship riding a captain, and later worship Yuyang prefect.

After his death, his wife was poor. Father is always unknown. China's famous astronomer and writer. Invented the world's first earthquake testing instrument-seismograph. Zhang Heng wrote:

And a generalist. He combined his scientific research, mechanical instrument manufacturing, political career and making friends all his life, and also wrote many words, some of which are still in the world.

More than 20 articles, including articles, inscriptions, letters patent, hymns, books, books and other forms; Among astronomical monographs, there are Lingxian, Illustrated Notes on Armies and Notes on Turning Water Leakage into Armies.

, "Xuantu" and the lost Lun Heng.

Foreword:

"Before Tai Su, you were quiet and quiet, lonely and silent, and you couldn't like it. There is only deficiency in syncope, and there is no deficiency outside syncope. If it is, it is permanent. Think about it.

I, Gai, am the root of Tao. Doggett was made, but he was made out of nothing. Tai Su is budding, but it is not a good sign. The gas is the same color, and chaos is inseparable. Therefore, "morality"

As the saying goes:' Natural selection, since heaven gave the talent, let it be employed!'. Its gas-solid can not be obtained, and its extended solid can not be obtained. If so, it will be permanent.

. Beggars' Sect is Tao's work. The trunk of pottery is not only cultivated, but also mature. So the vitality is judged, the rigidity and softness are separated, and the turbid qi is ectopic and natural.

The ground is set inside. Celestial bodies are in the sun, so they move in circles; The earth is in the shade, so it is flat and quiet. Take action as action, combination as static, depression as essence and education as time.

Class, Si is Taiyuan, and Gai is the reality of Tao. "

-Zhang Heng's Ling County

Zhang Heng's Road to Success:

The Eastern Han Dynasty was a big country in the world at that time, and it was in a leading position in politics, economy and culture. The economy and culture are developed, prosperous and stable

The peaceful political situation provided a good social environment for Zhang Heng to study.

When he was a teenager, Zhang Heng was gifted, modest and studious, good at thinking, thirsty for knowledge and full of enthusiasm for learning. exist

When I was a teenager, I was familiar with classic works such as The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, Li Ji and Spring and Autumn Annals. At that time, only

Only by reading these classics can you become an official. However, Zhang Heng is open-minded and not bound by traditional ideas. He is not interested in being an official. On the contrary, he is right.

Literature likes it very much, especially the works of Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and other writers, which can not only be deeply understood.

And can recite. These works strongly shocked Zhang Heng's young mind, and he hoped that he would become their literature in the future.

Go home. At the same time, he is not satisfied with the life of "behind closed doors, studying sage books". He is eager to travel abroad, contact with reality and enrich himself.

Live to broaden your horizons and seek more knowledge. In 94 AD, 19-year-old Zhang Heng said goodbye to his relatives with the wish of traveling far away.

He left Nanyang, a beautiful hometown where he was born and raised, and embarked on a journey of visiting famous rivers, teachers and friends. Zhang Heng wandered between Weihe River and Weihe River.

In the region, I visited the magnanimous and rich Weihe Plain, watched the majestic and verdant Mount Zhongnan and the steep Huashan Mountain, and visited the people and asked about things.

Production, looking for historical sites, the magnificent capital buildings and street layout of the Western Han Dynasty were carefully investigated. Through this tour, he not only deepened his understanding of his predecessors.

The experience of literary works and the accumulation of a large number of literary materials laid a solid foundation for him to write the famous Xijing Fu later.

Zhang Heng is diligent and studious, with excellent moral character and outstanding talent, and has been inspected by Nanyang County Chief for many times. However, in his view, a gentleman does not worry about himself.

I don't respect my official position, but I'm afraid my moral character is not noble; I'm not ashamed of my salary, but I don't know much.

Bo is a disgrace. Therefore, his study is not limited to the Five Classics, but also includes astronomy, geography, meteorology and literature. As Cui Yuan commented on him.

: "I don't know what it is, it's a pity, but it's very gratifying to hear a kind word." This is Zhang Heng, a studious, unconventional and ambitious person.

Ambition, an aspiring young man whose responsibility is to contribute to society.

After five or six years of hard study and life in Luoyang, Zhang Heng's academic and literary creation level has gradually improved and become a veritable master.

A real young scholar. He has written many works such as Ding Qing Fu, Numerous Fu and Seven Debates, and began to conceive the creation of Erjing Fu.

. However, due to his poor family, he could not study in the capital for a long time, so he had to return to Nanyang as the main book at the invitation of Bao De Guan.

Because of his leisure time at work, he was able to concentrate on literary creation. With his love for his hometown, he also created a passionate "

Du Nan Fu praised my hometown for its magnificent mountains and rivers, fertile land and rich products. In addition, he also wrote the masterpiece Erjing Fu.

Namely: Xijing Fu, Tokyo Fu, and many poems, poems, essays and books.

From 108 to11year, Zhang Heng lived in his hometown and devoted himself to studying. After unremitting efforts, I am studying.

I learned something by asking a lot of questions. During this period, Zhang Heng began to read Yang Xiong's Xuan Jing intensively. Ty Xuan Jing is a research book.

The philosophical works of Zhou phenomenon also talk about astronomical calendar and other issues. In particular, "Huntian Theory" is particularly attractive to Zhang Heng. But because it's written better than

Simplicity makes Zhang Heng feel dissatisfied, and he is going to do further research on this basis. In the process of studying Xuan Jing.

During middle school, Zhang Heng made great efforts, made detailed research and analysis while intensive reading, and once wrote notes and drew Xuan Jing.

I read The Mystery Map. Notes on Taixuan Jing and Taixuan Tu are Zhang Heng's experiences in reading Taixuan Jing. In these two books, reflect

This paper introduces some philosophical thoughts of Zhang Heng. Unfortunately, these two books have not been handed down. Through the study of Taixuan Jing, Zhang Heng also came into contact with a lot.

The legacy of materialism and atheism in China's ancient history. Xuan Jing's materialistic factors inspired Zhang Heng's pursuit of nature.

A thirst for truth. After reading Taixuan Jing intensively, Zhang Heng gradually turned from literary creation to philosophical research, especially for the greatest in the universe.

The laws of natural phenomena, such as astronomy, calendar, mathematics and other scientific theories began to learn. And make scientific instruments to realize astronomical phenomena.

Careful observation and long-term measurement.

While studying Xuan Jing, Zhang Heng also became interested in Mo Jing. Mo Jing is a disciple of Mozi and his later studies.

A book summarizing the development of Mozi's thought. It recorded and summarized a lot of knowledge about handicrafts in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and put forward the ancient

Many concepts and viewpoints in physics and mathematics. This book not only covers a wide range of social sciences such as epistemology, logic and economics.

Capacity also includes natural science knowledge such as time, space, material structure, mechanics, optics and geometry, some of which are asked.

The topic is well elaborated and thoroughly reasoned, which has very important scientific value and is a rare work in classical philosophy and natural science.

Treasure. However, Mohist thought has been neglected for a long time, and Mohist scientific achievements have been ignored. Zhang Heng can break through the shackles of Confucianism,

Committed to the study of Mohism, which required extraordinary courage at that time.

Zhang Heng reads ancient books and is good at extracting their essence, so as to forge ahead in scientific research and find another way. This is our ancestor.

The greatest and most glorious tradition in the history of China's science is worth learning by future generations.

Zhang Heng thought:

(A) celestial evolution thought:

How everything in the world originated and developed is the core of cosmology. "In the history of human understanding, from

Since then, there have been two views on the law of the development of the universe, one is metaphysical and the other is dialectical, and the two have formed mutual opposition.

Two world views. " (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume I, On Contradiction) The materialistic and dialectical view of the universe is positive to the law of the development of the universe.

It is true and scientific, and the idealistic metaphysical world outlook is a distorted and inverted reflection of the law of the development of the universe.

Zhang Heng's Original Picture and Lingxian are two important works that reflect his philosophical world outlook. In these two books, Zhang Heng

Inherited the materialism tradition from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, and put forward philosophical thoughts such as "Tai Zhi", "Tai", "Tai Su" and "Yuan Qi".

Category to discuss the origin of the universe. He said: "Yuan, intangible and the like, the root of nature, built in the beginning, is one of them." so-called

"The root of nature" refers to the root of everything in the world. Here, Zhang Heng clearly points out that the earliest origin of everything in the world is neither what.

The will of gods and gods is not an absolute theory, but an "invisible" and "yuan", that is, the beginning.

In Zhang Heng's view, the generation of heaven and earth can be divided into three stages. The first stage is called "I", which is a geometric space that has existed for a long time.

. "There is only emptiness in fainting, nothing outside fainting", and the whole space is silent, without any substance. However, there is everything in the universe.

The law of change and development. With this foundation, we can create something from scratch. First of all, there are different kinds of material vitality, mutual

Mixed up, kept running, disorderly. This is the second stage, called "Pang Hong". After a long time, this group of Yuan

Air and polluted air gradually separate, the sky forms outside, and the earth settles inside. The harmony between heaven and earth gives birth to all things. This stage is called

"Tai Yuan". As a result, all kinds of celestial bodies were formed in the sky, and everything was produced on the ground. Zhang Heng believes that everything in the world is inseparable from the original chaos.

Develop from the vitality of. The primordial qi is material, including yin and yang with different qualities, and natural phenomena are also different and interact with each other.

Ring, reflecting the different material properties of yin and yang and their interaction. This is a primitive materialism of the origin of the universe and everything.

Generation theory. ? Zhang Heng's theory that the universe grows from scratch conforms to both the development law of the material world and the symbol.

The advanced law of matter immortality is more than 1600 years earlier than the nebula theory founded by the world-famous German Kant in18th century.

(2) infinite universe thought:

"The octupole dimension, after two, three, two, three hundred miles, ... passing by, unknown or known."

"The surface of the universe is infinite, and so is the end of the universe."

—————— Ling County by Zhang Heng

What is "Yu"? What is "Zhou"? Shi Jiao, the teacher of Shang Yang, a famous politician in the Warring States Period, gave a strict definition: "

The four directions are up and down, namely, going to ancient times and today. In other words, Yu refers to space and Zhou refers to time. On the question of whether the universe has boundaries, I

China has been arguing fiercely since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Some of them have expressed profound opinions with scientific ideas. However, these theories

Most of them are just philosophical reasoning, and rarely involve astronomy itself. As a great astronomer, Zhang Heng once went from heaven to earth.

Discuss the infinity of the universe from the perspective of literature. In this sense, it is more profound than the speculation made only from the philosophical concept, so

It is more valuable. Speculation is deeper and therefore more valuable.

In Zhang Heng's view, the sky has boundaries. What is the nature of the sky? Although there is no clear explanation in Lingxian, but

It can be inferred. The vitality forms the sky, and the essence of vitality forms the sun, the moon and the stars. Therefore, in addition to stars and vitality, the sky is

Nothing else. Zhang Heng thinks that the sky is just a sky composed of stars with fixed relative positions. There is no relationship between stars.

All fixed connections are not fixed on a solid spherical shell, and the celestial sphere surrounded by stars is the boundary of the sky. Riyue Wuxing

Celestial bodies, such as those that survey the sky, move in their own orbits in the celestial sphere. There are no celestial bodies outside the celestial sphere. What's there?

? This is unknown, so it is said that "those who pass by here are unknown or know." In other words, the universe and heaven and earth are not the same thing, heaven and earth.

There are sizes, the universe is boundless, heaven and earth are only a part of the universe, and the parts outside of heaven and earth are just invisible. So,

Zhang Heng further added: "The surface of the universe is infinite, and so is the end of the universe." The universe is infinite not only in space but also in time.

Is infinite. This is a very outstanding opinion and a very brilliant scientific dialectical thought. Zhang Heng's Thought of Infinite Universe and Marx's Master

Yi's understanding of the universe is completely consistent. Zhang Heng thinks that there are many celestial bodies in the actual celestial sphere, and they are free.

Sports, while at the same time, westerners have no such distinction. In the west, Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher in the fourth century BC,

It is pointed out that the real cosmic structure is like a transparent crystal ball, in which all the stars are embedded. This understanding was in the 2nd century AD.

Ptolemy inherited it at the age of Ji. Zhang Heng's infinite universe thought is much more advanced than the understanding of a crystal ball.

(3) Political thoughts:

"Gavin's first job is to go to school and help the country and the people."

"Today's childe if good suppression of people for entertainment, forget the people for the enemy; Good things are used to poverty, and suddenly they are rebellious and annoyed. "

"Water carries a boat, so it's called capsizing the boat. Make ice in the frost, and the search for wood begins with tillering. "

"Shortcuts are evil, and I can't bear to take a step; I can't bear it. "

Zhang Heng:

Zhang Heng lived in the era of prosperity and decline in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During this period, consorts and eunuchs competed for power and profit and colluded with each other.

They seek their own interests, but they are extravagant. Relatives climb up and down, pay bribes in public, practise fraud, and politics is very chaotic. Zhang Heng wrote in Er Jing Fu

Tao: "If you are not poor, you will be happy to train and be frugal, and you will show kindness by not caring about things." "But, when the horse is a dung cart, why cherish the horse and let the rabbits fly?" He warned the ruler to cherish it.

People, material resources and financial resources will return hunting horses and vehicles to farmers to pull dung and farm, so as to strengthen agricultural production and not lead to "rebellion and concern for the people"

"Natural disasters. Zhang Heng's "Er Du Fu" is intended to "satirize and remonstrate". Compared with Ban Gu's Er Du Fu, Er Du Fu is impassioned.

Shouted out the voice of resentment and protest, full of severe warning words: "Today's childe is good at suppressing the people to steal joy, forgetting the grievances of the people as enemies; Haodun

Things are used to being poor, suddenly rebellious and troubled. ""husband, water carries a boat, so it is said that the boat is overturned. Hard ice in the frost, the search for wood begins with tillering. "idea

The thinking is: you like to do things that harm the people now, have fun by yourself, and forget that the people have long complained about you! you

Children like to squander their wealth and live a luxurious life, but they forget that once the people rebel, they will have great worries. Water can carry a boat or overturn it.

Overturning, hard ice starts with thin frost, and tall trees start with fine buds. Warn the rulers that if they are extravagant, they will waste people and money.

The people will rise up and overthrow their rule.

Zhang Heng "doesn't admire the official he lives in" and doesn't accept the dignitaries, so the official position "doesn't move for many years." In the face of some gossip and less

Under the sarcasm and ridicule of several people, Zhang Heng wrote an article entitled "Ying Jian", which means to answer slander. The article clearly expressed his behavior.

People and aspirations. He said: "A gentleman does not suffer from disrespectful position, but from disrespectful morality; Don't be ashamed of disagreement with Lu, but be ashamed of wisdom. "It means jun.

Children are not worried about status and honor, but about virtue; Not ashamed of low pay, but ashamed of lack of knowledge. Zhang Heng in Ying

"Also talked about his own personality, really admirable. For those who do whatever it takes to get promoted and get rich, attack them "with the capacity of a husband."

Men and women state "profit according to the situation, very contempt and hatred." Zhang Heng said: "Shortcuts are evil, and I can't bear to take a few steps;" I can't bear to work hard.

Side by side. "If you don't stop, you won't be stingy." It means that some people regard crooked ways as a shortcut to promotion, but I don't want to take a step;

I will never associate with those who please the powerful and pursue wealth. I didn't get the right method, so I can only feel ashamed. These words are like rivers.

The raging waves beat on the shore and stirred up the mountains and rivers, which fully demonstrated the iron character of Zhang Heng, the deputy scientist, and made people gasp in admiration after reading it.

At the end of Fu Xuan, Zhang Heng wrote: "Not long, just worry about the river ... go back to your ambition and come from Xuanzang.

How do you feel about getting what I want? "It means that although the heavens and the earth are long, the years keep passing, until the emergence of the prosperous times, it can only be

Self-care ... to get rid of those unrealistic ideas and do according to my own goals, as long as I get what I want, I still need it.

What do you want to consider? What Zhang Heng longs for is only scientific knowledge, not promotion and wealth. ? As can be seen from the "Four", Zhang

Balance is like a lotus, and mud comes out without staining. He does not flatter powerful people, is aboveboard, despises fame and wealth, and attaches importance to science; Cherish time and strive for self-improvement

I devoted my whole body and mind to the scientific cause of my motherland.