Weather forecast in Paris, France

1853- 1856, the Crimean war broke out between tsarist Russia and Britain and France for the Balkans, and Russia was defeated as a result. It was this war that led to the appearance of weather forecast. This is a huge naval battle.1854165438+10/4. When the two sides launched a fierce battle in the Black Sea of Europe, the storm suddenly came, the maximum wind speed exceeded 30 meters per second, and huge waves were set off on the sea, which almost wiped out the British and French fleets. Afterwards, the British and French allied forces were still concerned. The French War Department asked Le freire, director of the Paris Observatory, to study the cause and effect of the storm carefully. At that time, there was no telephone. Le Freire only wrote letters to astronomers and meteorologists all over the world to collect local weather information during the five days of1854112 ~16 in October. He received 250 letters at once. According to these data, after careful analysis, reasoning and judgment, Lefler Ray found that the Black Sea storm came from the vast Atlantic Ocean and swept across Europe from west to east. Two days before the accident, namely 1 12 and 13 in October, Spain and France in western Europe have been affected by it successively. Le freire looked at the drifting clouds in the sky, lost in thought: "This storm looks sudden on the surface, but in fact it has a process of development and movement. The telegraph has been invented. If there were weather stations along the Atlantic coast of Europe at that time, wouldn't it be possible to avoid heavy losses by telegraphing the storm to the British and French fleets in time? " So, 1855, 19 In March, Le freire made a report at the French Academy of Sciences, saying that if a network of weather stations was organized, the observation data were quickly concentrated in one place by telegraph, analyzed and drawn into a weather map, it would be possible to infer the running path of future storms. Le freire's unique idea has aroused strong repercussions in France and even the whole world. People deeply realize that accurate weather forecast is not only beneficial to marching operations, but also beneficial to industrial and agricultural production and daily life. Due to the needs of all sectors of society, with the active promotion of Le freire, France established the world's first official weather forecast service system in 1856. The birth history of weather forecast shows that meteorological conditions can affect the outcome of local wars or campaigns, and meteorological undertakings have been promoted and developed because of the needs of wars. So, what is the weather forecast? Weather forecast is to predict the weather conditions in a certain period in the future by applying the law of atmospheric change and according to the current and recent weather situation. It is based on the analysis of satellite cloud images and weather maps, combined with the comprehensive study of meteorological data, terrain and seasonal characteristics, and mass experience. For example, the satellite cloud image of China Central Meteorological Observatory was taken by Fengyun-1 meteorological satellite made in China. Using satellite cloud images for analysis can improve the accuracy of weather forecast. Weather forecast is usually divided into three types: short-term weather forecast (2 ~ 3 days), medium-term weather forecast (4 ~ 9 days) and long-term weather forecast (10 ~ 15 days or more). CCTV mainly broadcasts short-term weather forecast every day. The main contents of weather forecast are the future rain, maximum and minimum temperature, wind direction and wind force and special disastrous weather in a region or city. As far as China is concerned, meteorological stations can accurately predict the location and intensity of natural disasters such as cold waves, typhoons and rainstorms, and can directly serve industrial and agricultural production and people's lives. With the development of productive forces and the progress of science and technology, the scope of human activities has been expanded unprecedentedly, and the impact on nature has been increasing, so weather forecast has become an indispensable and important information in modern society. /kloc-Before the 6th century, people could only judge the change of weather or climate according to the astronomical phenomena observed by the naked eye. With the accumulation of scientific experience in observing the sky and measuring cloud cover, some prophetic cloudy phenomena have been sorted out and circulated, such as "don't go out in the morning, travel thousands of miles at night" and "the sun is in the east and the rain is in the west". Today, these proverbs are still widely circulated in rural areas of China. /kloc-in the middle of 0/7th century, the Italian Torricelli invented the barometer, and meteorological observation entered the stage of applying instruments. With the establishment of meteorological stations and the development of meteorological theory, a single station forecasting method has emerged to predict the future weather according to the evolution law of local meteorological data. /kloc-more than 0/00 years ago, with the advent of telegrams and sounding balloons, meteorological reports on the ground and at high altitude could be quickly transmitted and concentrated, and weather maps appeared in Europe. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, some scientists in Britain, France and other countries began to make weather forecasts by analyzing weather maps. Dutch C. H. D. Buys Ballot discovered the law of wind pressure in 1857. From 19 17 to 1928, Pieckness of Norway and Bejilong of Sweden established the theory of air mass and front; From 1937 to 1939, Rosby, an American Swede, founded the atmospheric long wave theory, which made the weather map forecasting method mature from shallow to deep. Nowadays, with the maturity of computer and space application technology, the scientific and technological level of weather forecasting has reached a higher level. References:

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