What are the environmental problems in China?

Question 1: What are the environmental problems facing China? 1. Air pollution.

In 2000, China's sulfur dioxide emissions were19.95 million tons, ranking first in the world. According to experts' calculations, in order to meet the environmental capacity requirements of the national weather, sulfur dioxide emissions should be reduced by at least 40% on the existing basis. In addition, in 2000, the national soot emission was11650,000 tons, and the industrial dust emission was10.92 million tons. Air pollution is the biggest environmental problem in China.

2. Water pollution

The pollution levels of the seven major water systems in China are: Liaohe River, Haihe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Yangtze River, among which 42% of the water quality exceeds Class III standard (can not be used as drinking water source), and 36% of the urban river sections in China are inferior to Class V water quality, which makes them useless. The water quality of large freshwater lakes (reservoirs) and urban lakes is generally poor, and the eutrophication of more than 75% lakes is intensified, mainly caused by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.

3. Garbage disposal problem

The annual output of industrial solid waste in China reaches 820 million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate is about 46%. The annual output of municipal solid waste in China is 65.438+0.4 billion tons, which is less than 654.38+00% of the requirement of harmless treatment. White pollution caused by plastic packaging and agricultural film has spread all over the country.

4. Land desertification and sand damage.

At present, the desertification land in China accounts for 27.3% of the total land area, and the desertification area is increasing at the rate of 2,460 square kilometers per year. The severe sandstorm weather in China increased from 5 times in 1950s to 23 times in 1990s. Land desertification led to the forced migration of residents in some areas of Inner Mongolia.

5, soil erosion problem

The total amount of soil lost in China is more than 5 billion tons each year, and the annual loss of soil nutrients is 40 million tons of standard chemical fertilizers (equivalent to the annual use of chemical fertilizers in China). Since 1949, the total cultivated land destroyed by soil erosion in China has reached 40 million mu, which is a huge loss of agriculture in China.

6. Drought and floods

In 1950s, the average annual farmland affected by drought in China was 65.438+0.2 billion mu, which rose to 380 million mu in 1990s. The Yellow River was cut off for the first time in 1972, and it has been cut off every year since then. In 1985, the number of cut-off days reached 227 days. According to the survey, experts predict that the drought in China will continue in the next 15 years. However, the frequency of floods in the Yangtze River basin has increased significantly. In the past 500 years, there have been 53 major floods in the Yangtze River basin, but in the past 50 years, there has been a major flood every three years, and the major flood of 1998 has caused huge economic losses.

7. Destruction of biodiversity.

China is a country whose biodiversity has been seriously damaged. There are 4000-5000 endangered species in higher plants, accounting for 15%-20% of the total species in China, which is higher than the world average 10%- 15%. "National time" at the United Nations? What happened to the muscle? Among the 40 endangered species in the world, there are 156 species in China, accounting for14 of the total. The phenomenon of indiscriminate hunting and indiscriminate killing of wild animals and large-scale predation of wild animals in China is still very serious and has been repeatedly banned.

8. WTO and environmental issues

China's entry into WTO will face two new environmental problems. On the one hand, it is the international green trade barrier. Because China's current environmental protection standards are generally lower than those of developed countries, the products of China's food, electromechanical, textile, leather, ceramics, tobacco, toys, shoes and other industries will be restricted in export trade. On the other hand, the huge demand for China's minerals, stones, medicinal plants, agricultural products and livestock products in the international market may aggravate the destruction of China's ecology, environment and natural resources. At the same time, China may become a place where foreign pollution-intensive enterprises are transferred and a large number of foreign industrial wastes are treated, which will greatly aggravate the environmental problems in China.

9. Environmental problems in the Three Gorges reservoir area

The Three Gorges Project is a huge water conservancy project being implemented in China. The project is scheduled to start power generation in 2003. The impact of the completion of the Three Gorges Project on the geological environment, water resources environment and ecological environment (involving both banks of the reservoir area and the whole upstream area) and how to effectively prevent and control the pollution in the reservoir area are major issues facing the builders of the Three Gorges Project at present. The Three Gorges Project has become an environmental problem attracting worldwide attention.

10, persistent organic pollutants

With the development of China's economy, persistent organic pollutants that are difficult to degrade begin to appear. The international community signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants this year, in which the first batch of 12 persistent organic pollutants were identified as prohibited substances. & gt

Question 2: What are the main environmental problems in China? 1. Air pollution.

China's sulfur dioxide emissions rank first in the world. Air pollution is the biggest environmental problem in China at present.

2. Water pollution problem

The pollution levels of the seven major water systems in China are: Liaohe River, Haihe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Yangtze River, among which 42% of the water quality exceeds Class III standard (can not be used as drinking water source), and 36% of the urban river sections in China are inferior to Class V water quality, which has lost its use function. The water quality of large freshwater lakes (reservoirs) and urban lakes is generally poor, and the eutrophication of more than 75% lakes is intensified, mainly caused by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.

3. Garbage disposal problem

At present, the comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste in China is about 46%. Less than 10% of municipal solid waste in China meets the requirements of harmless treatment. White pollution caused by plastic packaging and agricultural film has spread all over the country.

4. Land desertification and sand disaster

Desertification land accounts for 27.3% of the total land area in China, and the desertification area is increasing at the rate of 2,460 square kilometers per year.

6. Drought and floods

In the past 500 years, there have been 53 major floods in the Yangtze River basin, but in the past 50 years, there has been a major flood every three years, and the flood of 1998 has caused huge economic losses.

7. Destruction of biodiversity

China is a country whose biodiversity has been seriously damaged. There are 4000 ~ 5000 endangered species in higher plants, accounting for 15% ~ 20% of the total species in China, which is higher than the world average 10% ~ 15%. The phenomenon of indiscriminate hunting and indiscriminate killing of wild animals and large-scale predation of wild animals in China is still very serious and has been repeatedly banned.

8. WTO accession and environmental issues

China's entry into WTO will face two new environmental problems. On the one hand, it is the international "green trade barrier". On the other hand, the international market demand for China's minerals, stones, medicinal plants, agricultural products and livestock products has intensified the destruction of China's ecology, environment and natural resources. At the same time, China may become a place where foreign pollution-intensive enterprises transfer and a large number of foreign industrial wastes are processed with materials, which will greatly aggravate the environmental problems in China.

9. Environmental problems in the Three Gorges reservoir area

The Three Gorges Project is a huge water conservancy project being implemented in China. The impact on geological environment, water resources environment and ecological environment (involving both sides of the reservoir area and the whole upstream area) and how to effectively prevent pollution in the reservoir area are major issues facing the builders of the Three Gorges at present.

10. Persistent organic pollutants

With the development of China's economy, persistent organic pollutants that are difficult to degrade began to appear. In China, banned persistent organic pollutants are often detected in environmental media. This kind of organic pollutants have the characteristics of being passed on to the next generation, and its harm will not appear until many years later. Also called "environmental hormone" or "environmental hormone", it is very harmful.

Question 3: What are the environmental pollution problems in China? In recent decades, the ecological and environmental problems in China have become increasingly prominent. In agriculture, with grain as the key link, deforestation, grazing and reclamation, land reclamation around lakes and reclamation planting have been promoted, resulting in the destruction of forests, grasslands and other vegetation, intensified soil erosion, reduced wetlands, soil degradation and desertification, desertification and salinization; The abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides leads to the decline of land function and the inability of plants to survive. In industry, a lot of waste water, waste gas and waste residue are discharged without effective standard treatment, which destroys the natural form of the whole environment. In terms of urban construction, the layout is chaotic, and industrial areas are mixed with residential areas and commercial areas, which artificially destroys the zoning function. In the resource industry, blind mining of mines, deforestation and extinction of rare and endangered wild animals and plants have destroyed the biological chain, resulting in the failure to protect biodiversity, which has made the ecological and environmental problems in China reach a crisis level and become an important factor restricting economic development and affecting social stability.

Question 4: What are the current environmental problems in China? What are the air pollution problems? In 2000, China's sulfur dioxide emissions were19.95 million tons, ranking first in the world. According to experts' calculations, in order to meet the environmental capacity requirements of the national weather, sulfur dioxide emissions should be reduced by at least 40% on the existing basis. In addition, in 2000, the national soot emission was11650,000 tons, and the industrial dust emission was10.92 million tons. Air pollution is the biggest environmental problem in China. 2. Water environmental pollution The pollution degree of the seven major water systems in China is: Liaohe River, Haihe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Songhua River, Pearl River and Yangtze River, among which 42% of the water quality exceeds Class III standard (can not be used as drinking water source), and 36% of the urban river sections in China are inferior to Class V water quality, which makes them useless. The water quality of large freshwater lakes (reservoirs) and urban lakes is generally poor, and the eutrophication of more than 75% lakes is intensified, mainly caused by nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. 3. Garbage disposal The annual output of industrial solid waste in China reaches 820 million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate is about 46%. The annual output of municipal solid waste in China is 65.438+0.4 billion tons, which is less than 654.38+00% of the requirement of harmless treatment. White pollution caused by plastic packaging and agricultural film has spread all over the country. 4. Land desertification and sand damage At present, China's desertified land accounts for 27.3% of the total land area, and the desertified area is increasing at a rate of 2,460 square kilometers per year. The severe sandstorm weather in China increased from 5 times in 1950s to 23 times in 1990s. Land desertification led to the forced migration of residents in some areas of Inner Mongolia. 5. Soil Erosion The total amount of soil lost in China is more than 5 billion tons every year, and the annual loss of soil nutrients is 40 million tons of standard chemical fertilizers (equivalent to the annual use of chemical fertilizers in China). Since 1949, the total cultivated land destroyed by soil erosion in China has reached 40 million mu, which is a huge loss of agriculture in China. 6. Drought and Flood In the 1950s, the average annual drought-affected farmland in China was 65.438+0.2 billion mu, which rose to 380 million mu in the 1990s. The Yellow River was cut off for the first time in 1972, and it has been cut off every year since then. In 1985, the number of cut-off days reached 227 days. According to the survey, experts predict that the drought in China will continue in the next 15 years. However, the frequency of floods in the Yangtze River basin has increased significantly. In the past 500 years, there have been 53 major floods in the Yangtze River basin, but in the past 50 years, there has been a major flood every three years, and the major flood of 1998 has caused huge economic losses. 7. Biodiversity Destruction China is a country with serious biodiversity destruction. There are 4000-5000 endangered species in higher plants, accounting for 15%-20% of the total species in China, which is higher than the world average 10%- 15%. What is the harm of muscle decline in the United Nations "national time"? Among the 40 endangered species in the world, there are 156 species in China, accounting for14 of the total. The phenomenon of indiscriminate hunting and indiscriminate killing of wild animals and large-scale predation of wild animals in China is still very serious and has been repeatedly banned. 8.WTO and environmental problems China will face two new environmental problems after its entry into WTO. On the one hand, it is the international green trade barrier. Because China's current environmental protection standards are generally lower than those of developed countries, the products of China's food, electromechanical, textile, leather, ceramics, tobacco, toys, shoes and other industries will be restricted in export trade. On the other hand, the huge demand for China's minerals, stones, medicinal plants, agricultural products and livestock products in the international market may aggravate the destruction of China's ecology, environment and natural resources. At the same time, China may become a place where foreign pollution-intensive enterprises are transferred and a large number of foreign industrial wastes are treated, which will greatly aggravate the environmental problems in China. 9. Environmental Problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area The Three Gorges Project is a huge water conservancy project being implemented in China. The project is scheduled to start power generation in 2003. The impact of the completion of the Three Gorges Project on the geological environment, water resources environment and ecological environment (involving both banks of the reservoir area and the whole upstream area) and how to effectively prevent and control the pollution in the reservoir area are major issues facing the builders of the Three Gorges Project at present. The Three Gorges Project has become an environmental problem attracting worldwide attention. 10, Persistent Organic Pollutants With the development of China's economy, persistent organic pollutants that are difficult to degrade begin to appear. The international community signed the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants this year, which set the first batch of bans. & gt

Question 5: What are the environmental problems in China so far? Environmental problems in China.

Like all industrialized countries, environmental pollution in China is accompanied by industrialization. Before 1950s, China's industrialization had just started, its industrial base was weak, and the problem of environmental pollution was not prominent. However, after thousands of years of accumulation, the problem of ecological deterioration is hard to return. After 1950s, with the rapid development of large-scale industrialization and heavy industry, environmental pollution problems began to appear. But at this time, the scope of pollution is still limited in urban areas, and the degree of harm of pollution is limited. In the 1980s, with the reform and opening up and the rapid economic development, China's environmental pollution gradually increased, especially the sudden emergence of township enterprises, which made environmental pollution spread rapidly to rural areas, and the scope of marine damage was also expanding. Today, environmental problems, like population problems, have become two major problems in China's economic and social development. Although China has made a lot of progress in environmental protection, the situation is still very grim. The degree of air pollution is getting more and more serious, and Beijing has become one of the most serious cities in the world. Water environmental pollution is also increasingly prominent. Environmental pollution has spread from cities to rural areas. Some species extinction, vegetation destruction, land degradation and global environmental problems are seriously threatening China's economic development and environmental improvement. According to the conservative estimation of experts in China, the annual economic loss caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction is as high as 200 billion yuan, accounting for about 9% of China 1992 GNP. It is reported abroad that China is becoming a "big country with public hazards".

1. Urban environmental pollution

(1) The air pollution is very serious.

The air pollution in China belongs to soot pollution, among which dust and acid rain (sulfur dioxide) pollution are the most harmful and are developing. Urban dust pollution. According to the monitoring data of Beijing, Shenyang, Xi, Shanghai and Guangzhou, which participated in the global atmospheric monitoring, the average daily concentration of total suspended particles ranged from 200 to 550 μ g/m3, which was about 3 to 9 times higher than the hygienic standard of 60 to 90 μ g/m3 of the World Health Organization (WHO).

Acid rain pollution. So far, China has not taken effective measures to control the sulfur dioxide produced by coal burning, and the consumption of coal is increasing, resulting in serious regional acid rain pollution. Most areas in Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan Basin and Guizhou have formed acid rain areas in southwest and south China, and become one of the three largest acid rain areas in the world, alongside Europe and North America. Acid rain is very harmful. In addition to acid rain areas in southwest and south China, acid rain areas in central China, represented by Changsha and Nanchang, acid rain areas in east China, represented by Xiamen and Shanghai, and acid rain areas in north China, represented by Qingdao, have gradually formed in recent years.

Question 6: What are the environmental problems in China, the reasons and the solutions? China is facing water environmental problems such as water pollution, shrinking rivers and lakes, functional degradation, over-exploitation of groundwater and serious soil erosion. By analyzing the causes of water environmental problems, this paper puts forward some countermeasures to solve the water environmental problems: taking improving the ecological environment as the fundamental starting point, making water resources protection plans to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources; Establish a water resources protection management model combining watershed management with administrative regional management, and implement unified management of water quantity and quality. Key words: water environment, groundwater pollution, soil erosion, water resources development and utilization. Current situation of water environment 1. Water pollution is the most important water environmental problem facing China. According to the water resources quality evaluation of more than 700 rivers in China, about 65,438+10,000 km, 46.5% of the river length is polluted (equivalent to Class IV and V); 10.6% of the river length has been seriously polluted (exceeding Class V), and the water body has lost its use value. More than 90% of urban waters are seriously polluted. From the perspective of regional distribution, the water quality of tributaries is generally worse than that of the main stream, the water quality of the downstream of the main stream is generally worse than that of the upstream, and the water quality of urban industrial and mining areas is the worst. The water quality of southern rivers is generally better than that of northern rivers, and the water quality of central and western regions is generally better than that of eastern developed regions. Among the seven major river basins in China, more than 70% of the reaches of Taihu Lake, Huaihe River and Yellow River are polluted. The pollution in Haihe River and Songliao River basins is also quite serious, and the polluted river reaches account for more than 60%. In China,14 people drink water that does not meet the hygienic standard. 2. Rivers and lakes are shrinking and their functions are degraded, and the salinization trend of some lakes in the water-deficient areas in the north is obvious. Due to the decrease of natural runoff, the increase of water intake and unreasonable development and utilization, the river cut-off and river shrinkage in plain areas have become another serious water environment problem. In recent 30 years, the water surface area of lakes in China has decreased by 30%. Jianghan Lake Group, known as "Thousand Lakes", had only 50% of the lake area in the early days of the founding of New China. The investigation shows that lakes in the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China are very dry, and the salinity and salinity of some lakes are obviously increased, and the trend of lake salinization is obvious. Bosten Lake in Xinjiang, due to the construction of water conservancy projects in the upper reaches, the amount of water entering the lake has dropped sharply, and the backwater from irrigation areas with high salt content has continued to enter the lake. In the past ten years, the salinity of the lake has increased six times, the water surface has decreased by 120km2, the water level has decreased by 3.54m, and Lop Nur, a famous large saltwater lake in the history of China, has also dried up. Reclaiming land around lakes is the primary reason for the shrinking area of lakes in southern China. Due to reclamation, 983 lakes have disappeared in Jianghan Lake Group, and the area has decreased by 204 1 km2. At present, only 83 lakes remain. In less than 40 years, the reclamation area of Dongting Lake area has reached 6,543.8+0.5 million hm2, and siltation and reclamation are mutually causal and vicious. 3. A large number of over-exploited groundwater Due to the lack of surface water resources and the intensification of water pollution, some areas have plundered groundwater, and the phenomenon of over-exploitation of groundwater is very serious, maintaining the water demand for industrial and agricultural production and people's lives at the expense of the environment. According to incomplete statistics, there are 49 regional groundwater drop funnels 149, with an area of158,000 km2, of which 67,000 km2 are seriously over-exploited, accounting for 42.3% of the over-exploited area. The average over-exploitation of groundwater for many years is 6.78 billion m3. 4. Extensive soil erosion China is one of the countries with the most serious soil erosion in the world. The national soil erosion area is 3.67 million km2, accounting for 38% of the national territory, of which the hydraulic erosion area is 6.5438+0.79 million km2. More than 5 billion tons of soil are lost every year, which seriously affects soil fertility. In China, the desertification area is increased by 2 100km2 every year due to soil erosion, and the land use value and carrying capacity are reduced. Every year, more than 70,000 hectares of cultivated land are lost due to soil erosion. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau takes away 40 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium every year, which is equivalent to the annual fertilizer production in China. The average annual sediment transport of the Yellow River is 65.438+0.6 billion tons, of which 400 million tons are deposited in the downstream riverbed, which makes the downstream riverbed rise at a rate of 654.38+00 cm per year. The Yellow River has become a world-famous suspended river. At the same time, nitrogen and phosphorus carried by sediment are one of the main causes of non-point source pollution in rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Second, the causes of water environmental problems 1. Uncontrolled discharge of untreated wastewater is the main cause of river and lake pollution. With the development of economy and society, the scale of the city is expanding, the water consumption is increasing, and the wastewater discharge is also increasing ... >>

Question 7: What are the main environmental problems in China?

1, the total pollutant discharge is still quite large, far higher than the environmental self-purification ability;

2. The task of industrial pollution control is still quite arduous. In some places, repeated control has led to a significant increase in the proportion of urban domestic pollution;

3. Agricultural water quality and soil pollution are becoming increasingly prominent in many areas, and harmful residues of agricultural products in some places are seriously exceeding the standard, which affects human health and product export;

4. Soil erosion and desertification are still increasing in some areas;

Question 8: What are the main environmental problems facing China? What is the root of environmental problems? Environmental problem is a common problem in the international community, especially in China. Due to the special national conditions, China's environmental problems present unique reasons, and with the gradual deepening of the western development, the environmental legal system is particularly urgent, but there are many drawbacks in the current environmental legal system construction. This paper discusses the particularity of the causes of environmental problems in China, and puts forward some reasonable suggestions for the construction of environmental legal system today.

[Keywords:] environmental issues under the rule of law

The environment is relative to the central thing. The surrounding things related to its central thing are called the environment of this central thing. Different central things have different environmental concepts. Compared with human beings, the environment refers to "the sum total of various natural and artificially transformed natural factors that affect human survival and development, including atmosphere, water, ocean, land, mineral deposits, forests, grasslands, wild animals, natural relics, cultural relics, nature reserves, scenic spots, cities and villages, etc." (1) includes both living environment and ecological environment. Environmental problems can be divided into two types. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mudslides are the first kind of environmental problems, while "the phenomenon that environmental quality changes caused by human activities act on people's surrounding environment and the harmful effects of such changes on human production, life and health" (2) is the second kind of environmental problems, which the author will elaborate in this paper.

In recent years, China's environmental problems have become increasingly prominent, which is not only a link in social development, but also a major practical issue related to the overall development. Today, with the increasingly mature market economy and the gradual advancement of the legal system, it should be said that bringing environmental protection into the track of the rule of law and comprehensive management based on the rule of law is the best solution to the current environmental problems. This paper attempts to discuss the environmental problems and environmental rule of law in China.

First, the emergence of environmental problems and the analysis of the present situation and causes of environmental problems in China

(A) the emergence of environmental problems

Environmental problems have existed since ancient times. They developed with the development of social productive forces, and their environmental problems are different in different historical periods. According to different historical periods, we can divide environmental problems into two types. One is environmental problems in the traditional sense, which mainly refers to the environmental damage and resource waste caused by people's unreasonable development and utilization of natural resources before the industrial revolution, that is, soil erosion and resource waste caused by excessive reclamation, deforestation, overgrazing, looting and fishing. For example, "the residents of Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor and other places destroyed all the forests in order to get cultivated land, but they never dreamed that it would be like this. Today, it has become a barren land. Because they have made these places lose forests and lost the center for accumulating and storing water. " The other is the environmental problem in the modern sense, which means that with the rapid development of industry, agriculture and urbanization after the industrial revolution, in addition to the intensified destruction of the above-mentioned natural resources, more serious environmental problems such as "three wastes" (waste gas, waste water and waste residue) pollution, noise pollution, radioactive pollution and pesticide pollution are being caused, and the breadth and depth of pollution have greatly exceeded a large number of "environmental hazards" events (also known as environmental hazards, Refers to the social harm caused by people to the living environment and ecological environment, including environmental damage), such as the well-known1984 65438+Bhopal pesticide plant gas leakage incident on February 3, and the radioactive leakage incident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union on April 26, 1986. These two incidents still make people feel a sense of fear.

(B) China's environmental problems and causes analysis

1, current situation of environmental problems in China

At present, the pollution and destruction of the environment has developed into a world-wide major social problem that threatens the survival and development of mankind. There are three kinds of new global and wide-area environmental problems facing mankind: one is global and wide-area environmental pollution; Second, large-scale ecological destruction; The third is the sudden serious pollution incident.

At present, the environmental problems in developed countries are mainly environmental pollution, while those in developing countries are mainly environmental damage. In China, there are two kinds of environmental problems, environmental damage and environmental pollution, both of which are very serious. According to statistics, China is one of the countries with the largest emissions of environmental pollutants in the world, with the annual emissions of pollutants reaching more than 43 million tons (including 28 million tons of soot and 6.5438+0.46 million tons of sulfur dioxide). From 65438 to 0988, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China was 36.8 billion tons, of which industry > >