Chang Xia's WeChat article push

The word "summer" in "long summer" means "big", which means that the plants sown in spring have grown upright. The following is my collection of WeChat articles about Changxia for your reference.

First, the origin of the Long Summer Festival

Long summer is a solar term established at the end of the Warring States Period (239 BC), which indicates the change of four seasons and the beginning of summer in four seasons.

In fact, according to the standard of climatology, the daily average temperature rises to above 22℃ steadily, starting from summer. Before and after the "Long Summer", only the area south of Fuzhou-Nanling Line in China is really "the trees are dark in midsummer, and the balcony reflects the pond", while some areas in the northeast and northwest have just entered the spring, and the average temperature in most parts of the country is around 18 ~ 20℃, which is ". In May, Sophora japonica blooms in many places. In the long summer, everything is thriving.

Second, the ancient records

Early summer

Long summer, April festival. Make a word to understand spring. Summer, holidays. At this time, everything is fake and big.

Tickle. Bug, bug, make a hole in the soil, go out good night, today people call it a local dog; Moles, moles and crickets have different dialects. Huai Nan Zi said, "The sound of cricket, the sound of cricket, the appearance of cricket, the beginning of Yin Qi, are two things." Summer: March is also a song. And there are five abilities, none of which are skills: flying over the house; The edge can't be bad; Can't swim across the valley; Acupoints cannot cover the body; You cannot continue. Therefore, Shuowen called Fei a five-skill mouse. Notes on Ancient and Modern Times is also called Gugu. "Yaya and Materia Medica are considered as bugs, while Lu Deming and Zheng Kangcheng think frogs are not.

The earthworm came out. Earthworms, that is, lumbricus, are also famous for their singing. In "Li Jie", it is said that those who bow to yin see through yang.

Wang Guasheng, as mentioned in the Illustration, can be seen everywhere, with wild ones, fields and walls, leaves like Trichosanthes kirilowii and Linderae, round hairs like thorns, creeping, May yellow flowers, seeds like flowers, green ripe, roots like kudzu, thin and complex, also known as Tugua, a crow melon, today. In The Book of Rites, Jacky pointed out: This is the curse. Materia Medica is China's cymbal book, and Tao lived in seclusion to distinguish its fallacies. He said that China cymbals have their own articles, but Wang Gua also has his own articles. It was ridiculous for Confucian scholars at that time to talk without consulting books.

Other historical materials

"Yi Zhou Shu Shi Xun Jie" says: "On a long summer day, it sounds like a song. On the fifth day, the earthworm came out. Another five days, Wang Guasheng. " That is to say, in this solar term, you can first hear the chirping of grubs (that is, slugs) in the field, then you can see earthworms digging in the soil, and then the vines of melon begin to climb and grow rapidly, which describes the phenological scene in early summer.

The book "Eight Chapters of Lotus Life" written by the Ming Dynasty said: "On the day of summer dream, heaven and earth began to merge and everything was beautiful." At this time, the summer harvest crops entered the late growth stage, the winter wheat blossomed and filled, the rape was close to maturity, and the summer harvest crops were basically a foregone conclusion that year. Therefore, there is a saying in agricultural proverbs that "see summer in the long summer". Rice planting and management of other spring-sown crops have also entered a busy season. Therefore, China has always attached great importance to the long summer solar terms. According to records, during the Zhou Dynasty, on the day of long summer, the emperor personally led hundreds of civil and military officials to the suburbs to "welcome summer" and instructed Si Tuleideng and other officials to encourage farmers to work hard.

"The Book of Rites and the Moon Order" explains the saying of Chang Xia: "When insects come out, melons grow long, and bitter vegetables are obvious." It shows that in this season, cockroaches are clamoring for the coming of summer, earthworms are also busy helping farmers loosen the soil, and wild vegetables on rural ridges are also being unearthed.

Third, the climate characteristics

Solar term temperature

According to the standard of climatology, summer begins when the average temperature of that day rises above 22℃. Before and after the "Long Summer", only the area south of Fuzhou-Nanling Line really entered the summer in China, while some areas in the northeast and northwest just entered the spring at this time, and the average temperature in most parts of the country was around 18-20℃.

In the long summer, the temperature in the north and south of China is very different, and fluctuates frequently in the same area. The temperature in the rest of South China is around 20℃. The low-altitude valley felt hot in summer as early as mid-April, and the temperature in long summer was above 24℃. Therefore, this period is also a period when crop diseases and insect pests are frequent and people are prone to catch a cold. As Heshui Zuo said, "The south is like the summer in the north and the spring in the north. The trees are green and beautiful. When you are sick, the insects disperse the medicine, and the medicine is hot and cold. "

Rainwater characteristics

After the long summer, Jiangnan officially entered the rainy season, and the rainfall and rainy days increased significantly. Continuous rainy days not only caused wet damage to crops. It will also cause the prevalence of many diseases. The heading and flowering period of wheat is the most susceptible period to scab. If warm but rainy weather is expected in the future, close attention should be paid to spraying chemicals from the early flowering period to the full flowering period. Cotton in southern China often causes outbreaks of anthracnose, damping-off and other diseases under the weather conditions of continuous rain or sudden warming and cold, resulting in large-scale dead seedlings and lack of seedlings. Necessary measures to increase temperature and reduce humidity should be taken in time, combined with chemical control to protect seedlings and strive for strong seedlings. "There are many kinds of seedlings in the long summer, and more millet is harvested in Man Cang", and it is the red season of early rice transplanting in the north and south of the Yangtze River before and after the long summer. Full-moon seedlings can be planted, but full-moon grass can't be planted. At this time, the temperature is still low. Immediately after planting seedlings, we should strengthen management, topdressing early, ploughing early, controlling pests early and promoting development early. Pay close attention to tail sweeping when sowing mid-season rice. At this time, the spring shoots of tea trees develop fastest. If we ignore them, tea leaves will get old. As the saying goes, "Grain Rain picks less, but doesn't pick it in the long summer", so we should concentrate our efforts and harvest it by surprise in batches.

Before and after the long summer, the temperature in North China and Northwest China rose rapidly, but the precipitation was still not much. In addition, the wind is strong and evaporation is strong in spring. Atmospheric dryness and soil drought often seriously affect the normal growth of crops. Especially, the dry hot wind before and after wheat filling and milk ripening is an important disastrous weather that leads to yield reduction, and timely irrigation is the key measure for drought resistance and disaster prevention. "hoes are everywhere for three days in the long summer", when weeds grow rapidly. "Don't mow the grass for one day, and don't mow it for three days." Intertillage weeding can not only weed, resist drought and prevent waterlogging, but also increase the ground temperature and accelerate the decomposition of soil nutrients, which is of great significance to promote the robust growth of crops such as cotton, corn, sorghum and peanuts at seedling stage.

After the long summer, it is the key period for planting early rice in a large area, and the arrival and amount of rain during this period are closely related to the future harvest. The farmer's proverb says well: "If it doesn't last long in summer, the plow will hang high." "There is no rain in the long summer, and there is no rice in the head." There is also a folk custom of weighing and fearing the heat in summer. Jiangxi also has the custom of drinking tea in long summer, saying that if you don't drink long summer tea, you will feel uncomfortable all summer.

Fourth, the knowledge of solar terms in long summer.

Custom activities of solar terms in long summer

1, Summer Welcome Ceremony

The word "summer" in "long summer" means "big", which means that the plants sown in spring have grown upright. In ancient times, people attached great importance to the customs and habits of long summer. In ancient times, on the day of long summer, the ancient emperor would lead hundreds of officials to the southern suburbs of Beijing to welcome summer and hold a ceremony to welcome summer. The monarch and his subjects all wear red ceremonial costumes and red jade ornaments, and even horses and car flags should be red to express their desire and good wishes for a bumper harvest. In the imperial court, it is also necessary to "open the ice in the summer and give it to Wen Wuda." Ice was stored last winter and given to officials by the emperor.

2. Xia Xia rope

In the old society, colored silk thread was tied to children's wrists and other places in summer, which meant that diseases in summer could not be avoided. This kind of silk thread is called "summer sickness rope" and "long life thread".

Step 3 eat long summer eggs

As the saying goes, "it's not summer when you eat eggs in the long summer." According to legend, since the day of long summer, the weather has been sunny and warm, and many people, especially children, will feel tired and weak, and their appetite will gradually decrease, which is called "summer in summer". Nu Wa Niangniang told the people that on the day of long summer every year, cooked chicken, duck and goose eggs were hung on the children's chests to escape the heat. Children will also play egg-beating games in groups of three or five.

4. Avoid sitting on the threshold.

There is also a saying that it is forbidden to sit on the threshold in summer. In Anhui, it was recorded in the "Taihu County Records" in the tenth year of Daoguang: "It is said that in summer, bamboo shoots and amaranth are used as soup, and it is forbidden to sleep at the threshold during the day, which is also called worrying about summer fatigue." It is said that sitting on the threshold on this day will make you tired and sick in summer. In the 1930s, the Annals of Ningguo County recorded: "Long summer. Weighing the human body with scales to avoid diseases means that you are not afraid of summer. It is said that sitting on the threshold in the long summer will be depressed for a year. " In summer, children should not sit on the stone steps. If you sit, you should sit on the seventh, so that all diseases can dissipate. Avoid sitting on the floor (threshold), which means that sitting on the floor on this day will lead to sore feet and bone pain in summer. If you sit on the first floor, you must sit on the sixth floor and synthesize seven numbers to solve the nightmare.

5. Long summer "weighing people"

There is also a custom of weighing people in the long summer. People hang scales under outdoor trees to weigh children and old people and test their physical changes over the past year. There is a stool hanging on the scale hook, and everyone takes turns sitting on the stool to weigh people. When weighing flowers, the caller said auspicious words.

What traditional food do you eat in long summer?

1, eat mindong light cake.

East Fujian mainly eats "light cakes" (flour baked with a little salt) in the long summer. Zhouning, Fu 'an and other places in eastern Fujian soaked the light cake in water and made it into dishes, while Jiaocheng, Fuding and other places cut the light cake in half and ate fried bean sprouts, leeks, meat and waste vegetables. Some villages in Chunchi Town, zhouning county eat "long summer paste" and cook soup in a big pot. The content of soup is extremely rich, including meat, small bamboo shoots, wild vegetables, chickens and ducks in water, tofu and so on.

2. Eat "Seven Porridges" and "Three Fresh Foods" in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

In the long summer, in rural Zhejiang, you must eat "Qijia porridge", also called "Qijia tea". Seven porridge is a big pot of porridge made of rice, beans and brown sugar from the neighbor's house. Let's share it. Seven families brought white baked tea, mixed it, cooked it or soaked it into a big pot of tea, and then everyone got together to drink it.

There is a saying in Suzhou that "seeing three new things in the long summer". "Sanxin" refers to newly matured cherries, plums and wheat. At the same time, Suzhou Changxia also wants to eat Haisi, gluten, white bamboo shoots, shepherd's purse, salted duck eggs and green beans. On this day, the long summer of each hotel gives free fermented white wine and soju to the old customers who enter the store, so the long summer is also called "feed festival".

Wuxi folks have always had the custom of "tasting three flavors in summer". Three fresh foods are divided into three fresh foods: ground, tree and water. The three fresh plants are broad bean, amaranth and cucumber; Three fresh trees are cherry, loquat and apricot; The three fresh waters are Hester, puffer fish and shad.

Hangzhou has the custom of eating "wild summer rice" in summer. On that day, children flocked to their neighbors to beg for rice and meat. Then go to the wild field to dig wild vegetables and bamboo shoots, build a pot stove with stones and burn it for free, which is called "wild summer rice" or "long summer rice" This custom is to compare yourself with beggars, thinking that you can avoid disaster. Long summer after dinner, adults brought a laundry list, a big scale. Weigh the children and see how much heavier they are than last year.

Shanghai eats eggs in summer. On the long summer day, children always hang an egg with a red net around their necks. In Shanghai, there is also a saying called "Long Xia Ji Festival", which is called "eating vegetables and trying to be precious". It is a custom to eat pancakes made of taro and cauliflower on the day of long summer. At noon, men, women and children should be weighed.

5. Eat bamboo shoots, Sophora beans and "five-colored rice" in the southern region.

6. Every household in Sichuan and Yantan mountainous areas should eat bamboo shoots and Sophora beans. It is said that eating bamboo shoots has hard bones and is good for climbing mountains. Also eat green tea with green plums to prevent "eating summer". There is also the custom of eating tofu, saying that eating tofu is not afraid of rain or red bee stings.

7. In some places in the south, there is a custom of eating soft dishes (gentlemen's dishes) in the long summer, saying that after eating them, there will be no prickly heat in the summer, and the skin will be as smooth as soft dishes.

8. In some places, such as Guangxi, five-color beans such as red beans, soybeans, black beans, mung beans and mung beans are mixed with white rice to make "five-color rice", which is called long summer rice.

9. Eat black rice

Black rice, black and shiny, fragrant and delicious, is made by soaking glutinous rice in black leaves for several hours and then cooking. On this day of long summer, Jiangnan people love to eat. It is said that this custom originated from Sun Bin, a famous strategist in the Warring States Period.

10, eat "Long Summer"

Northeast Jiangxi has the habit of eating "long summer candied fruit", just like Tomb-Sweeping Day eats Ai, Zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival and osmanthus wine on Double Ninth Festival, which is handed down from the older generation. In order to get a "spring harvest" year.

Will it be cold after a long summer?

The north and south are vast, with long summer, cool north and high south. In ancient China, beginning of spring, Changxia, beginning of autumn and beginning of winter indicated the arrival of spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. Meteorology takes the average temperature of five days as the standard. When the average temperature stably passes 10℃ for five days after winter, it means beginning of spring; when the temperature is higher than 22℃, it means long summer. The average temperature in most areas of long summer is around 18-20℃, which is the mid-spring and late spring season when everything is flourishing.

In May, Sophora japonica blooms in many places. In the long summer, everything is thriving. China has a vast territory between the north and the south, with great temperature difference between the north and the south, and frequent fluctuations in the same area. The temperature in the rest of South China is around 20℃. The low-altitude valley felt hot in summer as early as mid-April, and the temperature in long summer was above 24℃. So the long summer is cool in the north and slightly hot in the south.

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