Where can I grow peppers in the countryside near Liuzhou, Guangxi?

Dabu Town, Liucheng County, located in the north of Liuzhou City, is one of the key towns in Guangxi, about 5 1 km away from the center of Liuzhou. It has jurisdiction over 9 administrative villages (Zhonghui, Zhengdian, Jingxi, Liuxiu, Nancun, Longtai, Liming, Mouton and Luogu) and 2 communities (south of the city and north of the city), with a total population of 43,800, including 2.33 agricultural people. The township is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the county, and all the nine administrative villages under the jurisdiction of the town have access to highways. There are 10 village primary schools, 4 teaching points and 1064 students in the town.

The Laoduliu vegetable base in Dabu Town (Chinese cabbage, taro and pepper), Wujiatun fruit base in Nancun (Nanfeng tangerine and Gaofu grape), Liu Yang watermelon base (iced watermelon), Zhengdian village edible fungi and sericulture production base, and Longqing Andrographis paniculata medicinal material production base are all very distinctive.

Pepper is native to tropical areas of Central America and Latin America, and its origin is Mexico. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, Columbus brought pepper back to Europe after discovering America, and pepper also spread to other parts of the world. It was introduced to China in Ming Dynasty. There is a record of pepper in Chen Haozi's "Flower Mirror" in Qing Dynasty. Nowadays, it is widely planted in all parts of China and has become a popular vegetable. Pepper is an axial placenta. Pepper is an annual or perennial herb with oval leaves and white flowers. Fruits are as many as pens, lanterns and hearts. The fruit is green when it is immature and turns red or yellow when it is ripe. Generally spicy, it is used for food and medicine.

Fresh pepper, commonly known as "pepper", refers to the fruit of this plant. Alias are red pepper, big pepper, spicy tiger, wide pepper and Sichuan pepper. The hottest is Indian devil pepper. Zanthoxylum bungeanum as medicine has fruit, root and stem. In June and July, when the fruit is red, it is harvested and dried.

Pepper is also known as pepper, sea pepper, Qin pepper and spicy eggplant. Pepper fruit is bright in color, good in flavor and rich in vitamin C. Besides being eaten fresh, it can also be pickled and dried, and processed into dried pepper, Chili powder, Chili oil, Chili sauce and so on.

I. Environmental requirements:

The temperature requirement of pepper is between tomato and eggplant. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 23 ~ 30℃, and it cannot germinate below 65438 0 ~ 5℃. Pepper seedlings need high temperature, low temperature and slow growth. At the beginning of flowering and fruiting, the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and 15 ~ 20℃ at night. The soil temperature is too high at the fruiting stage, especially when the strong light shines directly on the ground, which is not conducive to root growth and is easy to cause toxin disease and sunburn. If the light is insufficient, in addition to the low fruit setting rate. The requirements for soil conditions are not strict, and fertile sandy loam is more suitable. The demand for fertilizer (especially nitrogen) of sweet pepper type is higher than that of pepper type. The formation of capsaicin is related to nitrogen supply. Too much nitrogen fertilizer will reduce the spicy taste, and increasing potassium fertilizer will help improve the disease resistance of pepper.

Second, the main varieties:

1. Xiangjiao 6; Provincial authorized varieties, hybrid generation. Early maturity, high yield, high quality and disease resistance. Low temperature tolerance at seedling stage, compact plant type, suitable for close planting, long, thick and angular fruit, green and shiny color, moderate spicy taste, good commodity, single fruit weight of 30-32g, 1000-grain weight of 6-7g, and yield of 2000-3000kg per mu.

2. Tianyu 3: A new generation of hybrid pepper introduced from Korea. Its main characteristics are: first, medium plant type, compact plant type, suitable for close planting, large fruit, thick pulp, long lantern shape, many fruits, strong spicy taste and strong disease resistance; Second, less investment, short cycle and quick results; Third, the market demand is large, which can be exported to Taiwan Province Province, Japan, South Korea and other places, or further processed and extracted capsaicin and red pigment after being digested in the local market. The yield per mu is about 3000 kilograms.

3. Hexi Horn Pepper: Excellent local variety, medium maturity, heat tolerance, drought tolerance and wide adaptability. The fruit is trumpet-shaped, green in tender fruit and red in ripe fruit. The weight of a single fruit is about 22.7 grams, with moderate spicy taste and thick and high quality meat, which can be eaten fresh and processed. The yield per mu is about 2000 kilograms.

4. Xiangjiao 12: a provincial authorized variety, with mid-late maturity, high yield, high quality, disease resistance, heat resistance, moisture resistance, and fresh food processing. The plant height is 62 cm, the plant type is compact, the branches are many, the fruit is long and angular, and the spicy taste is moderate. The fruit is green, the mature fruit is crimson, the quality is good, the appearance is beautiful, and the goods are excellent. Generally, the yield per mu is 2700 ~ 3500 Jin.

5. Chicken intestine pepper: a famous local variety. Late maturity, high yield, high quality and wide applicability. The fruit is slender and curved, so it is named because it looks like chicken intestines. Heat and drought resistance. The fruit has low water content and strong spicy taste, and is mainly processed into dried red pepper or dried pepper powder. Per mu yield 1200 ~ 1500 kg.

6. Pepper: plant height 125 cm, conical fruit, fruit length 8.27 cm, transverse diameter 0.9 cm. The fruit stalk is upward, and the fruit surface is smooth and spicy. More processed dried peppers are exported. Drought and disease resistance, suitable for mountain cultivation. Late ripening, yield per mu 1000 kg.

Three. Key points of cultivation techniques

(1) Soil preparation and fertilization:

1, clod selection: according to the principle of 3-4 years rotation, choose loam or sandy loam with high terrain and deep soil layer to plant pepper. Pepper should not be continuous cropping, nor should it be continuous cropping with eggplant, tomato, potato and tobacco.

2. Deep ploughing: 25-30cm deep ploughing in autumn and winter to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and kill pests and diseases in the soil.

3. Adequate base fertilizer and topdressing: Generally, 3000-5000 kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, 50- 100 kg of calcium superphosphate, 20-30 kg of potassium sulfate or 50- 100 kg of cake fertilizer should be applied 7- 100 days before planting per mu (667m2). The methods of daubing, furrow application and acupoint application were adopted. Sow the organic fertilizer on the ground, turn it 25 cm deep, and apply the chemical fertilizer according to the planting ditch. The requirements for pepper planting land are "deep ditch, high ridge and dilapidated land; The soil is flat and big, and the water flows smoothly. "The width of the border is generally L.3 ~ 1.7 m (flat ditch), and 2 ~ 3 rows are planted. It is also 2.3 ~ 2.7 meters wide.

Four, pepper seedling technology

1, plastic shed cold bed seedling:

(1) Seedbed sowing: It refers to a traditional sowing method of selecting plots where solanaceous vegetables have not been planted for 2-3 years, making seedbeds with a width of 0.7- 1.2 meters, and sowing on the seedbeds.

(2) Nutrition ball (fat ball) seedling raising: It refers to a simple seedling raising method that the prepared seedling raising soil is made into solid cylindrical nutrition balls (fat balls) and planted in the center of the nutrition balls for seedling raising.

(3) Seedling raising in nutrient pots: it refers to a modern seedling raising method that the prepared nutrient soil is put into nutrient pots with different specifications (6.5cm×6.5cm or 8cm×8cm) and seeds are sown in the nutrient pots for seedling raising.

(4) Plug seedling: It refers to a modern seedling-raising method in which special seedling-raising substrates are put into different specifications (128 holes, 72 holes, 50 holes, etc.). ) and sow the seeds in the plug for (industrialized) seedling raising.

2. Types of nutrient soil

(1) General soil nutrient soil: refers to the nursery nutrient soil (the organic matter content of the nutrient soil is more than 5%) which is evenly mixed with the decomposed farmyard manure and the vegetable garden soil that has not been planted with solanaceous vegetables for 2-3 years according to the ratio of 1: 2-3.

(2) Special substrate for seedling cultivation

It refers to a special substrate for seedling cultivation, which is prepared from decomposed peat (decomposed residues of aquatic plants such as sphagnum, sphagnum and Carex), perlite and vermiculite powder.

3. Seed treatment

(1), dry heat disinfection: putting seeds in a constant temperature box at 70℃ for 72 hours can prevent viral diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases.

(2) Soaking the seeds in warm soup: Soak the seeds in warm water of 50-55℃ 15-20 minutes, and keep stirring until the water temperature drops to 30℃, and continue soaking the seeds for 4-6 hours, which can prevent diseases such as epidemic disease, anthracnose and scab.

(3) Chemical agent soaking: ① Soak the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20-30 minutes, or in 40% formaldehyde (i.e. formalin) 150-300 times solution for 30 minutes, or in 1% potassium permanganate solution for 20 minutes.

(2) Soak the seeds in cold water 10- 12 hours, then soak them in 1% copper sulfate solution for 5 minutes, or soak them in 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1 hour, or soak them in 800 times solution of 72.2% water repellent for 0.5 hours.

4. Seed germination

Generally, the sterilized seeds are put at 25℃ -30℃ to accelerate germination (the temperature can reach 30℃ -35℃ in the early stage and 25℃ -30℃ in the later stage). After the seeds are exposed, they should stop accelerating germination and sow in time. Note: If the seeds cannot be sown in time, the seeds should be placed in a cool place (5- 10℃) to control germination.

5, seedbed and culture soil preparation

(1) Seedbed Selection and Soil Requirements

Choose the plot with sunny lee, high and dry terrain and good drainage, which has not been planted for 2-3 years, such as peppers, eggplant, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco and melons, and is far away from the chicken mouth as the seedbed. It requires sandy loam with fertile, loose soil, rich organic matter, good aggregate structure, strong water and fertilizer conservation ability, good drainage, soil PH value of 6.5-7 and no pests and diseases.

(2) Preparation of culture soil

① Common culture soil: generally, it is self-prepared, and it is made by mixing decomposed farm manure and garden soil that has not been planted with solanaceous vegetables for 2-3 years according to the ratio of 1: 2-3. Culture soil thickness 10 cm, per square meter 100- 120 kg.

② Special substrate for seedling: refers to special seedling soil made of peat, vermiculite and perlite.

(3) bed soil disinfection

(1) Before sowing 15 days, spray the bed surface with 40% formaldehyde (formalin) and water 50- 100 times, with the dosage of 150 ml per square meter, and then cover the bed soil surface tightly with plastic film. After 5-7 days, the mulch film is removed, and the soil 1 harrow is left flat for 5-7 days to sow.

② Disinfect the soil with 200-300 times zineb solution or 500 times carbendazim, thiophanate or dichlorvos solution, and add 500 times phoxim solution or 500 times dichlorvos solution 3-4 days before sowing. When spraying, the liquid medicine is immersed in the soil layer 3 cm deep underground. After spraying, cover the plastic shed tightly or cover it tightly with film for 2-3 days to kill germs and pests.

(3) disinfection of seedbed and covering soil: mix 50% thiram with 50% carbendazim 1: 1, and mix 8- 10g medicine with 20kg semi-dry fine soil (or culture soil) per square meter of seedbed. When sowing, one third of the seedbed is covered with soil for seeds, and two thirds of the seeds are covered with soil.

(4) sowing

Winter seedling: winter seedling is raised in plastic shed or greenhouse cold bed or hotbed (hot, hot and geothermal hotline) from mid-June to early June 165438+ 10, and from mid-late June to 5438+February.

Spring seedlings: 1 cultivate spring seedlings in a cold bed in a plastic greenhouse from late October to mid-February.

Seed quantity and sowing quantity: 50g/ mu, 4-8g/m2 (excluding heel in seedling).

Sowing technique: Sow seedlings in seedbed. Before sowing, rake the clods or culture soil on the seedling box, water the soles of feet (the soil layer with the depth of 10- 15 cm should be wet), cover it with a thin layer of padding soil, and then sow. Sow seeds back and forth many times to make the seeds evenly distributed. After sowing, cover the seeds with 0.5- 1 cm thick sterile wet mulch. The drilling depth of nutrient ball (fertilizer ball) seedlings, nutrient bowl seedlings and plug seedlings is about 0.8 cm, and the covering thickness is 0.5 cm. Covered with white plastic film and fixed with plastic shed or greenhouse.

(5) Seedling management:

(1) Before emergence: heat preservation and moisture preservation are needed before emergence. The temperature after sowing is controlled at 25-30℃. After 70% of the seedlings are unearthed, the plastic film on the bed surface should be removed in time.

(2) After emergence: ① When the seedlings are in full bloom and the first true leaf is exposed (broken heart), the temperature should be lowered appropriately, such as 15-20℃ during the day and 12- 16℃ at night. Prevent the hypocotyl of seedlings from growing white and becoming "tall seedlings".

(2) From the seedling heart-breaking period to before transplanting: properly raise the temperature: 20-25℃ during the day and 15- 18℃ at night, and increase the light as much as possible to make the seedlings grow healthily.

(3) Pay attention to cold protection and heat preservation in winter, keep the topsoil dry and the subsoil moist, and the seedlings can grow healthily. After beginning of spring, the weather gets warmer and the water loses quickly, so it should be watered in time and ventilated. When the cold wave comes, we should keep warm to prevent freezing.

(3). Follow-in: ① Stage: 2 leaves 1 heart time of seedlings; Winter seedlings165438+1before late October, spring seedlings in mid-March. ② Row spacing: 8 8- 10/0cm, per hole 1-2 plants. ③ Temperature: 25-30℃ during the day and 20℃ at night after planting. 25℃ during the day and 18-20℃ at night after survival.

(4) 7- 10 days before the hardening seedlings are planted, the side windows and top windows of large and small sheds are uncovered.

V membrane laying and colonization

(1) Plastic film mulching cultivation: black plastic film mulching cultivation should be adopted.

(2) Timely planting: after the end of late frost, when the ground temperature of 5 cm is stable at 13 ~ 15℃, or when the ten-day average temperature is around 15℃, it is suitable to plant in the open field; Sichuan basin is generally from mid-March to mid-April. Pepper seedlings are suitable for planting when they grow to 7-8 true leaves. Signs of strong seedlings: developed roots and more white roots; Stems are stout and internodes are short; Cotyledons are intact, leaves are thick and dark green; Plants are free from pests and diseases.

(3) Reasonable close planting: general row spacing of 60 cm× 30 cm, nest planting 1-2 plants. There are 3700 nests per mu. Planting: The soil temperature for pepper planting should be above 65438 05℃. Planting pepper is premature, because the soil temperature is low, the growth is slow, and the flower falls, which can not achieve the goal of early maturity. Plant spacing: the row spacing of early-maturing varieties is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 26-33 cm, and each hole 1-2 plants; The row spacing of late-maturing varieties is 66-73 cm, the plant spacing is 50-60 cm, and each hole 1 plant. The density of varieties with large opening is low, the dry pepper type is generally denser than the long pepper type, and the sweet pepper type is thinner than the long pepper type. Sow in the afternoon on a sunny day, and water the seedbed in the morning to facilitate seedling pulling.

(4) Topdressing, irrigation and drainage

(1) topdressing: topdressing according to different growth stages and traditional experience,

For example, under the condition of medium fertility:

Types of fertilization concentration and times per mu during the growth period

Planting ~ bud 15%-20% decomposed human and animal manure 1000- 1500 kg +5 kg urea 1-2.

Flowering to pepper growth 20%-25% decomposed human and animal manure 1500-2000 kg +7 kg urea 1.

Results In the heyday, 30%-50% decomposed human and animal feces were 2,500-3,000 kg+3-4 kg potassium sulfate or 30 kg NPK compound fertilizer (concentration 1%)2-3.

Turning over autumn 40%-50% decomposed human and animal manure 3000-4000kg+ urea 15-20 kg 2① Plastic film mulching cultivation of general base fertilizer, seedling fertilizer is only applied once after slow planting. If autumn pepper is to be harvested, autumn fertilizer should be applied once in the middle and late July and once from late August to early September.

② Open field cultivation:

Planting ~ showing buds and topdressing twice. That is, once after slow planting and once after 10- 15 days. After flowering, the pepper grows completely, and the medium concentration fertilizer is topdressing. Results Fertilization was carried out 2-3 times in the peak period (after the pepper was harvested), and once every 10 ~ 15 days. Note: If autumn pepper is to be harvested, autumn fertilizer should be applied once in the middle and late July and once in the late August and early September.

(2) Irrigation and drainage

Summer drought often occurs in Sichuan from May to June, which coincides with the flowering and fruiting period of pepper. Irrigation in time according to the situation. However, summer drought often occurs in Nanchong and southern Suining from July to August, causing a large number of flowers and fruits to fall, and should be irrigated in time according to the situation. Irrigation methods include irrigation, furrow irrigation and sprinkler irrigation, and flood irrigation is prohibited.

The rainstorm in Sichuan occurred in May-September and concentrated in July-August. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare for drainage in advance: that is, do not plant peppers in low-lying plots that are easy to accumulate water and have difficulty in drainage. When planting pepper, the ditches and waist ditches around the pepper field should be well opened, and the pepper should be cultivated in deep ditches and high compartments. Drainage in time when the rainstorm comes.

(3) intertillage, weeding and ridging

Tillering and weeding in time before the harvest period of pepper, combined with fertilization before the full fruit period, is an important process of open field cultivation. Generally, intertillage weeds for 2-3 times, and the upper partition 1-2 times. Note: When the plant enters the full flowering stage, shallow cultivation should be carried out, but the cultivation method of black plastic film mulching can hardly eliminate weeds, and cultivation should be carried out in the middle.

(5) Pruning and vertical support

(1) Pruning: The side branches sprouting on the main stem under the first node are commonly called foot buds and should be pruned in time. After the plant is enclosed, the old yellow leaves and diseased leaves at the lower part should be removed in time, buried or burned centrally to reduce the breeding and spread of diseases and insect pests.

If you want to turn pepper in autumn, you should cut off the top branches of the plant in the high temperature season from July to August to control the continuous growth of the plant, accelerate the ripening of the fruit, promote the development of new branches and update the plant type.

(2) Erection of support: If no soil-raising measures are taken after the pepper is covered with plastic film, it is easy to be blown down by the wind, and the ventilation and light transmission are poor, which will affect the growth and development. Therefore, it is necessary to erect supports to support pepper plants. Varieties with early maturity, short plants and compact plant types, such as Chuanteng 4 Congjiao, may not be supported.

Matters needing attention in fertilizer and water management:

Water management: the water should be even, avoid dry and wet, avoid drought and rain and waterlogging, and water it in time after setting the value. After a week, slowly irrigate the seedling water, and then alternately irrigate it every time and replace it one by one. After delaying seedling watering, water the first layer of fruit when it is about 2 cm long, and then water it once a week according to the situation. When the fruit is ripe, it is necessary to control the water and eliminate the accumulated water in the field in time. Irrigation should be carried out on a sunny afternoon after the weather is cool, and it should not rain after irrigation.

Topdressing management: after planting, topdressing should be carried out in sunny days, and the dosage should not be too much or too thick each time, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth and delay flowering and fruiting. After the first and second layers of fruits are implemented, more fertilizers should be applied to promote the growth of fruits. After fruit picking, it is more necessary for the soil to have enough fertilizer and water for plants to grow and bear fruit normally. If it rains heavily before the soil is dry after watering, the phenomenon of falling leaves and dying will be quite common, especially during the period from ups and downs to beginning of autumn. Therefore, when irrigating, we must decide the irrigation time according to the weather forecast. The depth of irrigation shall not exceed three-quarters of the side ditch, and it shall be carried out at night or in the early morning, and emergency irrigation and drainage shall be carried out. (Urban garbage, industrial waste residue and organic fertilizer without harmless treatment shall not be used for production.

(6) Occurrence and prevention of flower drop, fruit drop and defoliation: The phenomenon of flower drop, fruit drop and defoliation of pepper has great influence on yield. Generally, the flower drop rate can reach 20%-40%, and the fruit drop rate can reach 5%- 10%. Too high or too low temperature and poor pollination and fertilization of pepper are the main reasons for flower falling. The main reasons of flower dropping in early spring are low temperature, rainy weather and insufficient light, which affect the normal progress of pollination and fertilization. On the other hand, poor cultivation management, such as excessive fertilization, too fast plant growth, too dense planting, poor ventilation and light transmission, or insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus, will all lead to falling flowers and fruits. Soil moisture imbalance, too wet, too wet or waterlogged, hinder the growth of roots, leading to the fall of fruits and leaves. In addition, some diseases can also cause. There is also a tall and complete plant, and the lateral branches at the base should be smoothed as soon as possible, and the diseased leaves of the old yellow should be removed in time. If the density is too high, one of the two distribution rights should be left to control the growth.

Five, pepper pest control technology

Pest control should be "prevention first, comprehensive management", based on agricultural control, physical and biological control methods should be actively applied, chemical control should master the correct application method, reduce the dosage of chemical pesticides, and implement the standards for safe use of pesticides, so that pesticide residues in pepper fruits will not exceed the standard.

1. Agricultural control: selecting insect-resistant varieties; Cultivate healthy seedlings of appropriate age; Strictly implement crop rotation; Adopt high ridge plastic film mulching cultivation; Reasonable close planting, scientific fertilization, timely irrigation and drainage, cultivating strong seedlings and promoting early ridge sealing (row); Clean the countryside, dig deep into the kang soil, and reduce the source of overwintering insects; Remove diseased leaves, pests and fruits in time, remove diseased plants in time, take them out of the field or shed, burn them or bury them deeply.

2. Physical prevention and control: manually remove the egg mass of pests to kill pests; Yellow armyworms were hung in the field to control aphids, whiteflies and liriomyza sativae, and sweet and sour liquid and black light were used to trap and kill the black cutworm; Sex attractants trap and kill pests; Incandescent lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps and vibrating frequency insecticidal lamps trap and kill Noctuidae pests; Spread silver-gray film or hang silver-gray film strips in the field to drive away aphids, insect nets to prevent insects (such as aphids, cotton bollworms and liriomyza sativae) and prevent diseases (virus diseases).

3. Biological control: natural control of aphids by protecting and utilizing natural enemies, such as ladybugs, lacewings, aphids, etc. Trichogramma control cotton bollworm and tobacco budworm; Microbial agents such as agricultural streptomycin are used to control pepper bacterial wilt, scab, soft rot and leaf spot, and entomogenous fungi are used to control tobacco budworm.

4, disease and prevention and control

Pepper wilt:

Primary prevention: 3kg copper sulfate is sprinkled on an acre (667m2) and ploughed into the soil; Found that the central diseased plant was pulled out immediately, and the diseased plant point was disinfected with lime. At the same time, 600-fold solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 2000-fold solution of cyazofamid suspension (trade name: Kejia, made in Japan) was used for spraying 1-2 times in the whole field.

B treatment: spraying 500 times of 58% Domil manganese zinc wettable powder on the lower part of the plant and the surrounding ground, and spraying 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder after 7 days. The two drugs were used alternately 1-2 times. You can also spray 500-fold solution of 90% ethyl phosphate or 69% Anke Mn-Zn wettable powder 1 1,000-fold solution, or 600-fold solution of 72.2% Prick aqueous solution or 2000-fold solution of fluazinam (trade name: Fushuaide, made in Japan), and use different chemicals alternately every 5-7 days for prevention and control.

Pepper virus disease:

Early control of aphids: spraying 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000-4000 times.

B At the initial stage, spray 500 times of 20% virus A wettable powder, or 200 times of 2% ningnanmycin, or 1.5% plant protection emulsion, 1000 times, or 600 times of copper moguanidine acetate (killing virus) for 3 times continuously every 7- 10 days.

Pepper anthracnose:

Spraying 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 600-800 times, or 80% anthrax thiram wettable powder 800 times, or 40% carbendazim gel suspending agent 600 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times, 7- 10 day, 2-3 times in a row.

5, pests:

Tobacco worm: the key is to seize the period from the peak of hatching to the peak of the second instar, and apply pesticide before the larvae eat the fruit. You can choose 1500-3000 times of Misha (2 1% synergistic cypermethrin EC), 2000 times of 2.5% fenpropathrin EC, 3000 times of Uranus (bifenthrin) 2.5% EC or 2000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin EC. The above drugs are used alternately every 10 day for 2-3 consecutive times. 2. Tatar mite (tea yellow mite or white spider)

The key to chemical control is to find the curved leaves of plants in the field center (or the mite rate of plants reaches 5%) and control them in time. Spraying focuses on the tender leaves on the upper part of the plant, especially on the back of the top tender leaves. You can choose 73% propafenone 1000- 1200 times, 35% propafenone 1000 times, or 20% pyridaben 1000 times, or 5% nisolone 2000 times, or/kloc-. Spray the medicine for the second time within 3-5 days after the first time, and the effect will be good. Then spray every 7 days 1 time, three times in a row.

Aphids: mainly harm plant leaves and cause leaf deformity. Production should be prevented in advance. When the aphid plant rate reaches 20%, 2000-fold solution of 10% imidacloprid, 2000-3000-fold solution of 50% imidacloprid wettable powder, 50% malathion EC 1000-fold solution, 2.5% deltamethrin EC or 20% mirex EC should be used.

6, timely harvesting

1. Green pepper: Picking green pepper refers to early-maturing varieties or early-maturing cultivation such as line pepper and morning pepper except vegetable pepper. Because of its early market and higher price, picking green pepper can obtain higher economic value.

Green pepper can be harvested and marketed 20 days after 15- flower withers. The same piece of land is usually harvested once every 2-3 days.

2. Red pepper: Red pepper can be harvested about 50 days after the flowers wither. As a dry pepper, it is necessary to harvest the red ripe fruit in time, otherwise it will affect the growth and fruit of the plant.

7. Cultivation techniques of sweet pepper in protected field: There are many plastic arch sheds for sweet pepper in protected field. The technical points are as follows:

(1) Variety selection: Early-maturing or middle-early-maturing varieties are mostly used for plastic greenhouse cultivation, such as Tianza No.2, Zhongjiao No.2, Shuangfeng, Haihua No.3, Tongfeng No.37, Liaojiao No.4, Jinjiao No.2, etc. Several middle-late-maturing varieties, such as Qiemen, Nongda No.40, Ji Jiao 1 and Liaojiao No.3, are selected.

(2) Planting density: When sweet pepper is cultivated in protected field, the plants in double open field grow vigorously, and the planting density should be sparse, and it is easy to drop flowers and fruits if it is too dense. It is best to plant in two rows with big ridges, with the spacing between big ridges 1m and the spacing between rows of 40cm.

(3) Field management: the daytime temperature is 25-30 degrees, the night is 18-20 degrees, and the flowering period is not less than 15 degrees. When the temperature exceeds 30 degrees, outdoor air should be released to cool down, and all the surrounding films should be uncovered, so that the film on the roof can play the role of shading, cooling, heatstroke prevention and rain prevention. When the temperature drops in autumn, reduce air release, and pay attention to cold and warmth. Water management: If the soil is dry after delayed emergence, it can be watered 1 time, at this time, the amount of water can be slightly larger, and then the seedlings can be squatted under water control. After the seedlings are harvested, the soil is often kept moist. Generally, it should be watered 1 time in the first 7 days, and watered 1 time in the 4-5 days when the fruit is in full bloom. Water should be done in sunny morning, and the amount of water should not be too large at a time. The relative humidity of the air is generally maintained at 80%, and the humidity in the shed should be avoided during the whole growth period. After the pepper is harvested, apply urea 12.5 kg or ammonium sulfate 20-25 kg per mu for irrigation. Top-dressing chemical fertilizer or human excrement and urine 1-2 times with water at full fruit stage. Generally, it is not pruned in the early stage, but for the middle-late maturing varieties with strong growth potential, the leaves and branches below the door pepper should be removed before and after flowering, so as to avoid the excessive growth of the plant affecting the normal flowering and fruit setting of the door pepper.

8. Key points of dry pepper cultivation technology: Dry pepper refers to the pepper used as seasoning after the fruit is dried.

(1) Selection of excellent varieties: As a variety of dried pepper, it should have slender fruit, deep red fruit, compact plant type, many fruits, concentrated parts, fast and orderly red fruit ripening, low water content in pulp, high dry pepper rate and high capsaicin content. Excellent varieties are: Jize Yang Jiao Spicy, Yongcheng Big Pepper, Xianyang Line Pepper, etc.

(2) Planting and density: soil preparation and fertilization are the same as sweet pepper cultivation, and the amount of base fertilizer can be slightly less. Dry pepper varieties are generally compact and suitable for close planting. Large and small rows, two or three plants per hole, the yield per mu can reach 12000- 18000 plants. Cluster planting and close planting not only increase the number of plants but also prevent lodging.

(3) Management method: Fertilizer and water management is similar to sweet pepper. However, due to the late planting period and high ground temperature, it is necessary to use permeable irrigation, and then lightly irrigate with slow seedling water a few days later, and then carefully cultivate and squat. Topdressing and irrigation after flowering and fruit setting will promote flowering and fruit setting. Dry pepper planting needs to harvest mature fruits, and besides nitrogen fertilizer, attention should be paid to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Pay attention to drainage, loosening soil, promoting roots and protecting seedlings after rain. After the fruit begins to ripen, water should be controlled, or even irrigation should be stopped, so as to promote fruit ripening, prevent plants from growing white and reduce red fruit yield. No topdressing is required at the red ripening stage, especially nitrogen fertilizer is avoided to control water and fertilizer.

(4) timely harvesting. General commercial dried peppers are harvested when the fruits are all ripe 1 time. In order to improve the yield and quality of red pepper and reduce the green fruit rate, it can also be harvested in stages, and finally the whole plant is reserved 1 time. There are two ways to dry peppers: one is to dry them, that is, expose them to the sun and dry them naturally; The second method is artificial drying, in which peppers are heated and dried. Generally, about 4 kg of fresh peppers can be made into 1 kg of dry peppers.