Introduce the Himalayas in detail

The Himalayas are located on the border between Xizang Autonomous Region and Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and other countries. It stretches more than 2,400 kilometers from east to west, and is about 200-300 kilometers wide from north to south. It is composed of several roughly parallel mountains, which are in an arc protruding to the south, and it is the main part of China. With an average elevation of 6000 meters, it is the most magnificent mountain range in the world. There are 40 peaks above 7000m above sea level and 8000m above sea level 1 1. These peaks are covered with snow all year round, which means "Himalaya" in Tibetan. Mount Everest, the main peak, is 8844.43 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the world.

The Himalayas can be roughly divided into three zones from south to north: the southern zone is the foothills with an altitude of 700- 1000 meters; The central belt is the small Himalayan belt, with an altitude of about 3500-4000 meters; The northern belt is the great Himalayan belt and the main vein of the Himalayan mountain system. It is composed of several alpine belts, with a width of about 50-60 kilometers and an average elevation of more than 6000 meters. Dozens of peaks are above 7000 meters above sea level, including Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world. The mountain peaks are covered with ice and snow all year round, showing a silvery world.

The terrain structure of Himalayan mountains is asymmetric, with gentle northern slope and steep southern slope. In the foothills of the northern slope, it is the lake basin belt of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, and there are abundant grasses near the lake, which are very good grasses. Almost all the great rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean originate from the northern slope and pass through the Great Himalayas, forming a grand canyon with a depth of 3,000-4,000 meters. These rivers flow like waterfalls and contain huge hydraulic resources. The continuous peaks of the Himalayas block the humid air blowing from the Indian Ocean. Therefore, the southern slope of the Himalayas has abundant rainfall and lush vegetation, while the northern slope has little rainfall and sparse vegetation, which is in sharp contrast. With the increase of mountain height, the natural scenery in mountainous areas is constantly changing, forming an obvious vertical natural belt.

The southern slope rises from the valley with an altitude of only more than 2000 meters to the peak with an altitude of more than 8000 meters. The horizontal distance of the valley is only tens of kilometers, but the natural scene changes rapidly: the lower part is warm and humid, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest grows luxuriantly, forming an evergreen broad-leaved forest belt; With the increase of altitude and the decrease of temperature, the evergreen broad-leaved trees that like temperature gradually decrease or even disappear, and the cold-resistant coniferous trees gradually increase, with the coniferous forest belt above 2000 meters; Further up, the heat is insufficient, and trees are difficult to grow, so shrubs replace forests and shrub belts appear; Above 4500 meters, it is an alpine meadow belt; Above 5300 meters is an alpine desert area; Higher up is the permanent snow belt.

The climate on the north slope is dry and cold, with little precipitation, and the vertical distribution of natural landscape is much less than that on the south slope.

The formation of Himalayan mountains

According to the geological survey, as early as 2 billion years ago, the vast area of the Himalayas is now a piece of Wang Yang sea, known as the ancient Mediterranean. It went through the whole long geological period, which lasted until the end of Cenozoic Early Tertiary 30 million years ago. At that time, the crustal movement in this area was in a state of continuous decline. During the decline, marine sedimentary rocks with a thickness of more than 30,000 meters were accumulated in the basin. By the end of Eogene, there was a strong orogenic movement in the earth's crust, which was called "Himalayan movement" in geology, gradually uplifting this area and forming the most magnificent mountains in the world. According to geological survey, Himalayan tectonic movement is not over yet, and it only rose by 1300- 1500m after the Quaternary Glaciation. It's still rising slowly.

China is located in the southeast of Eurasian plate, sandwiched between Indian plate and Pacific plate. Since the Early Tertiary, various plates collided with each other, which had an important influence on the modern geomorphological pattern and evolution of China. Since Eocene, the Indian plate has subducted northward, resulting in strong north-south compressive force, which led to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the formation of the Himalayas. This tectonic movement is called Himalayan movement. Himalayan movement can be divided into early and late stages. In the early Himalayan movement, the Indian plate collided strongly with the Asian continent along the suture line of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The Himalayan geosyncline closed and folded into land, merging the Indian continent with the Asian continent. At the same time, the eastern China and the Pacific plate cracked and the basin sank, which made the eastern edge of Chinese mainland enter the stage of marginal island development. Especially important is the late Himalayan movement from Pliocene to Pleistocene. Under the interaction of Asia-Europe plate, Pacific plate and India plate, there has been a strong differential uplift movement, and there has been a large-scale high-low differentiation of the national terrain. The intensity of differential movement changes from weak to strong from east to west. Due to the continuous expansion of the Indian Ocean, the rigid Indian plate was pushed and subducted to the southern edge of the Asian continent along the Yarlung Zangbo River suture zone, which led to the great rise of the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The strong compressive force of the Indian plate diving under the Eurasian plate with a small dip angle continued northward, and it met the resistance of rigid blocks (Tarim, China, Korea and Yangtze) with a long history of consolidation in the north, which produced a strong reaction force, which made the tectonic force highly concentrated, resulting in the superposition of the crust, intensified material movement in the upper mantle, and intensified deep and surface tectonic movements, which led to a sharp thickening of the crust and a sharp rise in a large area of the surface, thus forming the magnificent Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and forming the first in China. The Incomplete History of Climbing Mount Qomolangma The climbing activities of Mount Qomolangma began in the early 20th century. Since the 20th century, countries have climbed Mount Everest as follows: 1, 192 1 year, the British mountaineering team (captain Ke Hawad Barry) climbed Mount Everest for the first time from Tibet, China. They didn't cross the top of the northern depression, claiming that the height they reached was 6985 meters. Because of failure, they announced that this was a reconnaissance mountaineering activity. 2. 1922, the second British Everest climbing team (captain Gilbert) still took the route of the northern slope of Tibet. They crossed the northern depression, but when they reached the height of 8225 meters, they failed because of seven deaths. 3. 1924, the third British Everest climbing team (Captain F. Norton) was still climbing from the north slope of Mount Everest in China. Norton and others were forced to go down the mountain because of lack of oxygen when they reached 8572 meters below the "second step" on the north slope. Team members Mallory and Abin kept going and never came back. 4. 1933, the British mountaineering team (Captain Herr Lutoleggi) composed of 16 people still used the route on the northern slope of Tibet in China, but it also failed. When team members Wen Harris and weigel reached an altitude of 8,570 meters, the ice cone of Mallory, a member of the British Everest mountaineering team, was found at 1924, which was confirmed. 5. 1934, an Englishman, Mi Wilson, climbed the mountain alone with a light plane. As a result, the plane was damaged near Kampo Glacier, and he was slightly injured. Later, he hired some local Sherpas to help him climb the mountain, but after a storm, he froze to death on the glaciers in East Russia. 6. 1935, the British Everest expedition consisting of seven people (captain Shipton) only detected the elevation of the northern slope of Mount Everest in Tibet at 7000m, that is, the elevation near the northern depression, and returned. 7. 1936, the British Everest mountaineering team (captain Herr Luto Lequi) consisting of ten people reached the northern depression at an altitude of 7007 meters and returned [Note: the northern depression was 7007 meters before, and the exact height calculated by China mountaineering team 1975 was 7050 meters]. 8. 1938, the British Everest team composed of seven people (captain Ge Dielmann) still climbed from the northern slope of China, but failed after reaching an altitude of 8,290 meters. 9. 1947, climbing Mount Everest for the first time after World War II, Canadian Le Dian Man hired some local mountain residents as porters, and still walked on the northern slope of China, not exceeding 6,400 meters above sea level, and finally failed to return.

The above nine activities to climb Mount Qomolangma all started from Tibet, China, and were unsuccessful. After 1950, Tibet is liberated, and Tibet, located in the southwest frontier, will no longer allow foreign mountaineering teams to carry out mountaineering activities at will. Since then, foreign mountaineering teams have changed to climb Mount Everest from the southern slope of Nepal. 10, 1950, the mountaineering team composed of American Dick Houston and others tried to climb Mount Everest from the southern slope of Nepal for the first time, and only reached the vicinity of the ice explosion area on the Kampot Glacier at an altitude of 6 100 meters, and then returned. 1 1, 1950, a five-member British mountaineering team (captain Ge Dielmann) claimed in advance that it was a reconnaissance team that climbed Mount Qomolangma from the south slope and returned after reaching the vicinity of Kumbu Glacier at an altitude of 5,480 meters. At 12, 195 1, the British mountaineering team headed by Shipton consisted of seven people. They only climbed a section of Kambu Glacier and returned at an altitude of 6450 meters. 13 years, 195 1 year, a Dane named Kebeka Larsen illegally and secretly crossed the border into Tibet. He planned to climb Mount Qomolangma from the north slope, but he failed without crossing 6500 meters above sea level. 14, 1952 In May, a ten-member Swiss mountaineering team led by captain Le dietmar climbed Mount Everest from the southern slope of Nepal. After reaching an altitude of 8540 meters above sea level, team member Le ranbir and their hired porter Tengxin from Nepal failed due to bad weather, but they created a route from the south slope of Mount Everest to the summit. 15, 1952, 10 In June, the Swiss mountaineering team climbed Mount Everest from the south slope for the first time in autumn, that is, after the rainy season in the Himalayas. In the spring of the same year, player Le ranbir was a member of the Swiss team. Team members En Gyllenfort and Nepalese teng letter, who were employed in the spring, reached an altitude of 8 100 meters, and failed again due to bad weather. 16 and 1953, two members of the British mountaineering team (composed of ten people) climbed to the top of Mount Everest. Members of the summit are Yi Hilary (New Zealander) and Fujisin Norguet (namely 1952 Nepalese who climbed 8000m with Swiss mountaineering team twice in spring and autumn). Team members Evans and Bulguelang reached an altitude of 8720 meters. The height of Mount Everest used by the British this time is 8840 meters. At 17 and 1956, the Swiss mountaineering team (captain Arbel eger) consisted of five members, including E Schmidt, You Malmet, A Leis and g E Qin Gong. With the support of a large number of Nepalese porters and guides, they climbed Mount Everest in two groups on May 23rd. The route they used was pioneered by Swiss athletes at 1952, and was first adopted and succeeded by the British team. That is, starting from the empty glacier on the south slope of Mount Everest, it reaches the mountain depression (commonly known as the south depression) between Mount Everest and its sister peak Luoze (850 1 m above sea level), and then climbs to the top along the southeast ridge. The elevation of Mount Everest used is 8848 meters. 18,1In the early morning of May 25th, 960, the China Everest Mountaineering Team (commander-in-chief Han Fudong, captain Shi Zhanchun) led by commandos Wang Fuzhou climbed the highest mountain in the world for the first time from the northern slope of China, and the three members of the summit were Wang Fuzhou, Kampot (Tibetan) and Qu. At that time, international imperialists clamored against China. After three years of natural and man-made disasters, Chinese and Soviet mountaineers unilaterally withdrew from the activities of climbing Mount Everest together. This time, China mountaineers successfully climbed Mount Everest from the northern slope for the first time, which fully demonstrated the revolutionary heroism of the China people under the leadership of the China Production Party and Chairman Mao.

In this mountaineering campaign, * * * 29 members of the China mountaineering team climbed to the height of Mount Everest above 8 100 meters above sea level, and 13 members climbed to the height of 8500 meters above sea level. This is also the first time in the history of world mountaineering. 19, 1960 In May, while the China mountaineering team launched an attack from the northern slope to Mount Everest, an Indian mountaineering team led by Indian major Ji Singh was also climbing from the southern slope of Nepal to Mount Everest. When they reached the height of 8625 meters on the south slope, they announced that they would give up the summit because of the strong wind. 20. 1962, India's second Everest mountaineering team, led by its captain, Lieutenant Colonel Jedias of the Indian Army, climbed Mount Everest from the southern slope of Nepal again, but failed again for fear of strong winds. Two of its members climbed to an altitude of 87 17 meters. 2 1, 1963, the American Everest team (Captain En Dilinfes) succeeded in climbing from the south slope of Mount Everest in Nepal along the southwest ridge. The American team made two raids every 2 1 day. On may 1 day, two people reached the summit for the first time, and on may 22nd, four people reached the summit for the second time, and six people reached the summit twice. This is the fourth mountaineering team to climb Mount Everest. 22. 1965. On May 20th, 22nd, 24th and 29th, the Indian mountaineering team (led by Indian Navy Major Lee) successively climbed Mount Everest from the southern slope of Nepal with four ladders, with nine people reaching the summit four times. The team members and vice captains are all selected from Indian active servicemen. 23. 1969 In the spring, the Japanese mountaineering team made the first exploratory mountaineering from the south slope of Mount Everest. After reaching the Kampot Glacier area at an altitude of 6,450 meters, they left behind some glaciers and meteorological observers. They stayed on Mount Everest for a whole year and observed the meteorology and glaciers for a long time, which laid the necessary foundation for the Japanese team to officially climb Mount Everest on 1970. 24.1in the autumn of 969, the Japanese Everest mountaineering team (captain Hiroshi Fujita) tried to capture Mount Everest from the south slope on the basis of mountaineering reconnaissance that spring, but after reaching an altitude of 8,000 meters, it announced that it had completed the autumn mountaineering reconnaissance mission and returned. 25. 1970 In the spring, the Japanese Everest climbing team was led by Saburo Matsumoto, a 70-year-old captain (who is an old Japanese climber). Although he participated in this mountaineering, he spent all his time in the base camp, neither taking part in the adaptive March nor taking part in the summit activities. His participation shows that the Japanese mountaineering community attaches great importance to this activity), and he attacked Mount Everest in two groups:

A group of people went straight to the summit of Mount Everest from the south along an 800-meter-long steep rock wall. This is a difficult route chosen by the Japanese themselves, because they dare to "technically climb" above 8000 meters above sea level, that is, climb a steep rock wall, which has never been done by other mountaineering teams in the past. The other group is still the traditional old route, that is, the route from the south slope along the southeast ridge through the south depression to the top of the mountain.

The reason why the Japanese team split up and dared to challenge the front rock wall of the south slope of Mount Everest was inseparable from the world mountaineering trend at that time. Because climbing along the traditional route from the south slope and taking the road that others have taken is of little significance to the rapidly developing alpine mountaineering. The Japanese team's frontal summit route on the south hillside really rose by about150m (calculated by the vertical height of the slope) and failed. Finally, they had to rely on the traditional route of the second group. On May 1970, 1 1, 12, the team was divided into two echelons, and four people successfully climbed from the traditional route. These climbers are Takeo Matsuura, Naoko Uemura, Ping Linming and Nepali porter Chatali. 26. 197 1 In the spring of, the "International Everest Mountaineering Team" composed of climbers from eleven European countries, such as Britain, France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and India, led by the team leader and Swiss mountaineer En Keelunfoot, reached the summit along the southwest ridge route of the south slope of Mount Everest (basically 65,438+). 27. 1972 In the spring, a "European Everest Climbing Team" was composed of climbers from eight European countries (Britain, France, Italy, Austria, West Germany, Switzerland, etc.). ), led by Sedek Lihai Kaufer, climbed from the south slope along the traditional route and failed after reaching an altitude of 8200 meters. 28.1autumn of 972 (September-165438+1October), the British military mountaineering team (captain Bonington) climbed Mount Everest along the traditional route on the south slope. After setting up an assault camp at an altitude of 8230 meters, it was forced to fail due to bad weather. 29. 1973 In the spring (February-May), the Italian military mountaineering team led by Guido Monzino, president of the Italian Military Mountaineering School, set up a large-scale Everest mountaineering team including Italian army, navy and air force, police force, customs officials, medical and meteorological military researchers. It was held twice on May 5 and May 7 of that year, each time in a group. There are about 60 Italian soldiers in the team, which is the largest number of climbers in Nepal among foreign mountaineering teams so far. They hired more than 300 Nepalese porters and guides, and mobilized various means of transportation, including military helicopters and tractors on sloping fields.

The Italian military mountaineering team's summit route was originally two plans. One is to climb the summit along the southwest ridge (1963 route used by the US team), and the other is the backup plan, that is, to climb the summit along the traditional route of the southeast ridge. As a result, the first scheme was blocked, and finally the backup scheme reached its peak. 30.1in the autumn of 973, the Japanese Everest mountaineering team (captain Masataro of Mizuno) began to enter Mount Everest in August of that year. At first, it tried to climb from the route just south of Mount Everest, but the Japanese team failed at 1970. In advance, it tried to improve the equipment, such as oxygen equipment suitable for altitude above 8000 meters, but it still failed to cross the big rock wall above 8000 meters. 654381October 26th, two team members, Ishiguro Kazuo and Kato Yasuo, climbed the summit of Mount Everest. This is the first time in the history of Everest climbing that it was successful in autumn. 3 1,1In the spring of 974, the Spanish Everest mountaineering team (captain Lorant Zugarza, physiologist) composed of 16 people used the traditional route on the south slope. When the commandos arrived at Camp 6 (8600 meters) on May 19, they failed because of the strong wind. 32. 1974 In the autumn, the French Everest team headed by the mayor of Schamoni (a small mountain city in the Alps), composed of ten French people, hired 390 Nepalese porters and guides, and chose the route of 1963 to let the American team climb the summit along the southwest ridge. One of the main purposes of this mountaineering is to test the physiological changes of the human body at high altitude. They specially made a remote electrocardiograph for each climber, and prepared to make a systematic observation of all electrocardiograms of athletes from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. However, on the night of September in 19, an avalanche occurred at an altitude of 6,400 ~ 6,900 meters, resulting in the death of the captain and five Nepalese porters, and the mountaineering activities of the whole team failed. 33. 1975 In the spring, the Japanese women's Mount Everest Climbing Team (team Nagano Eiko) composed of 15 Japanese women, accompanied by a Japanese male reporter, set up a base camp on the south slope of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,350 meters on March 16. Junko Tanabei, vice captain (36 years old), accompanied by Nepalese guide Ann Lin Ze (27 years old), climbed the summit of Mount Everest at noon on May 6th at 1975 along the traditional route on the south slope, and stayed for 25 minutes.

The Japanese women's team encountered great difficulties in this mountaineering. They set out from Japan to the base camp at the foot of the mountain and lost a lot of equipment and food; On the night of May 3~4, a big avalanche suddenly occurred in the camp at an altitude of 6450 meters. Seven female players and 23 Nepalese guides were attacked by avalanches, and the whole camp at 6450 meters was completely swallowed up by avalanches. The situation is very dangerous. However, after timely rescue, all the people in distress escaped, and Toshiko Tanabe was one of the players buried by the avalanche. After reaching the peak, she said, "Later, 34. 1975 China Everest Climbing Team (Wang Fuzhou, Party Secretary, and Shi Zhanchun, Team Leader) consists of members from seven fraternal nationalities, including Han, Tibetan, Hui, Mongolia, North Korea, Tu and Ewenki, with a total of 434 people, including athletes 179, including 36 women.

The whole team entered the mountain in early March and withdrew from the camp in early June. After several marches (the first three were adaptive marches, and the last two were peak assaults), at 2: 30 pm on May 27th, Beijing time, 1975, the female player Pando and eight male players Sonan Luobu, Hou, Sangzhu, Dapingcuo, Gongyi Basang, Tsering Duoji and Abqin followed 65438+.

The number of people who collectively climbed to the top and the achievements of scientific research are unprecedented in the history of mountaineering in the world. Since then, more and more China people have climbed the summit of Mount Everest. With the progress and strength of China, China climbers have gradually become one of the leading forces in Everest climbing in the world. 35,1On September 24th, 975, at 6pm Nepal time, two members of the British mountaineering team, Heston (32 years old) and Scott (33 years old), climbed Mount Everest from the south slope.

The route of the British team was determined by the Japanese team during the inspection tour at 1969, but the Japanese team climbed along this route twice at 1970 and 1973, and both failed on the steep rock wall between 850m and 8m on the south slope of Mount Everest. Later, the international mountaineering team, the European selection team and the British team all climbed Mount Everest one after another along this line. This is the fourth successful route so far and the shortest one among the four routes. It is characterized by a long rocky cliff with an average slope of 75 degrees above sea level. The British adopted special oxygen equipment and carried out special mountaineering training before they succeeded.

According to foreign reports, it took the British mountaineering team 33 days from the establishment of the base camp to the successful summit of Everest. This is the shortest team to climb Mount Everest in 22 years 1 1, which shows that it has done a good job in organizing traffic and grasping the weather opportunity. The British team consists of 18 athletes, with Bonington as the captain. In the raid on the summit, team member Zhu Bourcq died. According to the announcement of the British team, the mountaineering cost * * * 250,000 US dollars.

1975 in spring and autumn, three climbers successfully climbed Mount Everest from three different routes, which is unprecedented in the history of Mount Everest climbing. 36. 1988, mountaineers from China, Japan and Nepal joined hands to challenge Mount Everest and successfully climbed it from the north and south sides. Three members of China successfully climbed Mount Everest, 1 person reached the summit. Tsering Dorje set a world record of 99 minutes of anaerobic summit. 37, 1990, climbers from China, the Soviet Union and the United States gathered on Mount Everest in the name of peace, showing the world their good wishes of loving peace. Seven Tibetan members from China climbed to the top of the mountain. 38, 1993, six mountaineers from both sides of the Taiwan Straits climbed Mount Everest hand in hand for the first time, which wrote a wonderful page in history. Wu became the first Taiwan Province compatriot to climb Mount Everest. 39. In the following 1996 and 1997, China successively carried out joint climbing activities with Slovakia and Pakistan, and four Tibetan team members reached the summit, among which Ziluo became the first university student in China to climb Mount Everest, and Dachimi and Kaicun became the two climbers. 40.1999 On May 27th, a Tibetan mountaineering team 10 climbed Mount Everest at one time, and collected the flame of the 6th National Minority Traditional Sports Meeting at the peak of 8848. 13m. This is a feat full of wisdom and whimsy, and it is a testimony to the confidence of the 65.438+0.2 billion people in China to enter the new century. Gui Sang became the first woman in the world to climb Mount Everest twice from the northern slope, while Naren and Gigi became the first couple in China to climb Mount Everest at the same time. 4 1. The history of China people climbing Mount Everest is not only the patent of professional athletes. In recent years, amateurs have constantly challenged Mount Everest. On May 2, 20001,Yan Genghua, the first private individual in China to challenge Mount Everest, climbed to the top and was unfortunately killed on the way down.

In 2002, another warrior, Wang Tianhan, finally succeeded in challenging Mount Everest alone.

In 2003, 14 members of China Everest Climbing Team and China-Korea Joint Climbing Team successfully reached the summit of Mount Everest on May 26th, 438+0th and May 22nd respectively. They are Xiaomi Zi, Pubu Zhuoga (female), Cang Mula (female), Nima Tsering, Liang Qun (female), Chen Junchi, Awang, Phurbu Dondrub, Tashi Tsering, Wangdui, Galla, Luo Shen, Wang Shi and Liu Jian.

By May, 2003, in the past 43 years, China athletes 14 have reached the "top of the earth" and left footprints on the top of the earth 6 1 time. At the same time, among the many climbers who climbed Mount Everest, many warriors were buried in the clean and white world of Mount Everest, and some people were left with lifelong disabilities. The history of China people climbing Mount Everest is a victorious epic. From March 20th to June 20th, 2005, the China Academy of Sciences and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping will once again conduct a comprehensive scientific investigation on Mount Everest on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and will also join the female climbers from China to climb Mount Everest, and re-measure the height by means of radar and GPS positioning.