Notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography

Facing the geography of the eighth grade, you should learn to take notes at the beginning of the first book. The following are my notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography, welcome to browse.

Notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography: chapter one

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

Judging from the location of the mainland and the ocean, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 15 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries across the sea from China: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

8. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

9. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, the total population of China is129.5 billion, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

12, in order to make population growth adapt to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the Chinese government regards the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy.

13, the population distribution in China is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

14, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, the most populous province in China and the largest Xinjiang province.

16. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

18 residential distribution has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography: chapter 2

1. Basic characteristics of four plateaus in China:

There are continuous snow-capped mountains and extensive glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. From a distance, it is a mountain, and from a close look, it is Sichuan; There are many lakes, vast grasslands and rich water resources. Inner Mongolia Plateau-Ma Pingchuan, endless; The sky is wild, and the wind and grass move to see cattle and sheep. The loess plateau is criss-crossed and fragmented;

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged and karst terrain is widely distributed.

2. The basic characteristics of China four great basin:

Tarim Basin is the largest basin in China, and deserts are widely distributed (the largest desert: Taklimakan Desert). Junggar basin is the highest latitude basin in China.

Qaidam Basin is the highest basin in China, which is rich in mineral resources and is known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin is the fourth great basin in China, with the lowest elevation and abundant products. It is known as "Land of Abundance" and "Purple Basin".

3. The basic characteristics of China's three major plains:

Northeast Plain is the largest plain in China, where black soil is widely distributed, mountains are surrounded by water, and fertile fields are thousands of miles away. Including Sanjiang, Songnen and Liaohe Plain.

The North China Plain, also known as the "Huanghuaihai Plain", has a flat terrain.

The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is low and flat, with dense river networks. It is called "water town" and "land of fish and rice"

The three mountains in China are Liaodong Mountain, Shandong Mountain and Southeast Mountain, and the largest mountain is Southeast Mountain.

5. The main features of China climate: the climate types are diverse, and the monsoon climate is remarkable. (1) The climate is complex and diverse.

Climate types: tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau mountain climate. (2) The monsoon climate is remarkable.

① The area affected by summer monsoon is called monsoon area, and other areas are called non-monsoon area.

② The dividing line between monsoon region and non-monsoon region in China: Daxinganling? Yinshan? Helan Mountain? Bayan Kara? Gandise, mt

6. Temperature

① Characteristics of winter temperature distribution: There is a big difference between north and south in winter, and the farther north, the lower the temperature. (Latitude factor)

② Characteristics of summer temperature distribution: Except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the temperature in the whole country is generally high, with little difference between the north and the south.

③ The hottest place in China in winter: Hainan Island; The coldest place in winter: Mohe, Heilongjiang;

The hottest place in summer: Turpan, Xinjiang; The coldest place in summer: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Step 7 precipitate

① The spatial distribution of precipitation in China is characterized by decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland; ② Time distribution features are more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring.

③ The main factor affecting precipitation in China is summer monsoon.

④ The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province; The least place is Toksun, Xinjiang. In August, there was another "summer drought" here.

8. Qinling? Important geographical dividing line of Huaihe River

(1) 1 the place where the 0℃ isotherm passes.

(2) The dividing line between subtropical zone and warm temperate zone.

(3) 800 mm annual precipitation line

(4) the dividing line between humid and semi-humid areas

5] The dividing line between subtropical monsoon climate zone and temperate monsoon climate zone.

[6] The dividing line between paddy field and dry land

(7) North-South dividing line

Whether the river is frozen or not.

Levies the dividing line between subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest.

9. Major disastrous weather: cold wave, typhoon, drought, flood, etc. Among them, drought is the most common, widely distributed and has the greatest impact on China's agricultural production.

10. Classification and distribution characteristics of lakes: the western part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is relatively concentrated, mostly in salty Hunan; The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east are the most concentrated, all of which are freshwater lakes.

1 1, special Jianghu

(1) The Yangtze River, the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest basin in China, the Pearl River with the longest flood season, the Yellow River with the largest sediment concentration, the Heilongjiang River with the longest ice age, the Tarim River, the largest inland river, and the only river that flows into the Arctic Ocean.

(2) The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the earliest and longest man-made river in the world. Total length 1800 km, running through five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

(3) Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in China, is also a saltwater lake; The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake in Jiangxi.

① The flood season of the river is getting shorter and shorter from south to north, and the river north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains is frozen in winter.

(2) Inland rivers are distributed in the northwest inland, with small water volume and great seasonal changes. Rivers mainly come from mountain precipitation and melting water of snow and ice.

③ Boundary between inflow area and outflow area: Yinshan Mountain, Helan Mountain and Bayan Karagandis Mountain in Daxing 'anling.

12, the first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, and is known as the roof of the world.

13, the dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

14, the four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin; The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

15. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, there is no vegetation cover here, soil erosion is serious, ravines are criss-crossing, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

16. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas include collapse, landslide and debris flow.

17. To develop mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment.

18. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about 2/3 of the national territory.

19. In winter, the temperature in the south and the north of China is quite different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

20. The isotherm of 65438 0℃ in1October is generally distributed along the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.

Notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography: chapter three

1. For renewable resources, if we use them rationally and pay attention to protection and cultivation, we can realize sustainable utilization. We should cherish and economize on the use of non-renewable resources.

2. China's natural resources are characterized by rich total amount and insufficient per capita.

3. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to the land use and land use status.

4. China's per capita land resources are few, and the proportion of all kinds of land resources is not reasonable, which is mainly manifested in less cultivated land, more forest land and insufficient land that is difficult to use, especially the contradiction between reserve land resources and people and cultivated land is particularly prominent.

5. Cultivated land and forest land in China are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

6. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

7. Cherishing and rationally utilizing every inch of land and effectively protecting cultivated land is a basic national policy of land and resources.

8. The water on the earth is 97% seawater and 2.5% fresh water.

9. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are polar and alpine glaciers, and the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

10, China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russia, Canada, the United States and Indonesia, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

1 1. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Take measures to effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity and build reservoirs;

12. From the perspective of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and lacking in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.

13, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, which are seriously short of water.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

15, the "pioneer" of economic development is transportation.

16. The four famous rice markets in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

17. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway crossing Tibet is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

18. A small amount of valuable or urgently needed goods are mostly transported by air.

19. Goods that are easily damaged or deteriorated are mostly transported by road.

20, bulk heavy goods, long-distance transportation, generally choose waterway transportation, railway transportation.

Notes on the first volume of eighth grade geography: chapter four

1. Agriculture is the basic industry of national economic construction and development, and belongs to the primary industry. Agriculture in a broad sense includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, while agriculture in a narrow sense only refers to planting.

2. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy and belongs to the secondary industry, which is divided into heavy industry and light industry.

3. China's industrial distribution, along the coast: four industrial bases, five special economic zones, 14 coastal open cities are concentrated in the most developed economic core areas. Along the Yangtze River: The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing and other cities have been formed. Along the Yangtze River: The Yellow River Basin is an important industrial belt for energy development. Along the railway: There are many industrial bases along the railways such as Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and Harbin-Dalian.

4. China's major high-tech development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration. China Silicon Valley? Zhongguancun.

5. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

6. The four famous rice markets in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway crossing Tibet is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

8. Small quantities of valuable or urgently needed goods are mostly transported by air.

9. Most goods that are prone to death or deterioration are transported by road.

10, bulk heavy goods, long-distance transportation, generally choose water transportation and railway transportation.

1 1. Agricultural production sectors include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

12, agriculture is the basic industry to support national economic construction and develop people.

13. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region. China has four pastoral areas, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

14. Forestry is concentrated in the northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most accessible areas for freshwater fisheries in China.

15, rice and wheat in grain crops are released, showing a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

16, oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

17, sugar crops showed obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

18, cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton areas: southern Xinjiang, Yellow River basin and Yangtze River basin.

19. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

20. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

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