The use and origin of Nostoc flagelliforme

black moss

Nostoc commune var. Nostoc commune, also known as Nostoc commune, is a common Nostoc commune algae of Cyanophyta, which is widely distributed in deserts and poor soils all over the world (such as China, Russian, Somali, USA, etc. ). It is named for its deep and slender color, resembling human hair and being edible. Cantonese people take the homonym of "fa" (fa 1) and write it as "making a fortune", which means making a fortune. After the simplified characters are widely used in Guangdong, they are all simplified to "Fa", which makes them interoperable and more common in Cantonese cuisine during the Lunar New Year. But in fact, Nostoc flagelliforme is not a vegetable, but a fungus.

It is a national key protected wild plant (approved by the State Council on August 4th, 1999).

Chinese name:

Black moss

Latin scientific name:

NostoCCommunevar。 Flag oval (Burke. ExCurtis) was born. exFlah。

Nickname:

Dictyophora dictyophora, Dictyophora dictyophora, ceramide, Dictyophora dictyophora, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Trichophyton.

Boundary:

Cyanobacteria community

Door:

cyanophyta

summary

[Botany] Cyanophyta

eye

Nostoc order

The branch of academic or vocational research.

nostocaceae

belong to

Nostoc commune

grow

Black moss

Distribution area

around the world

English name

black moss

catalogue

1 history

2 morphological characteristics

3 origin

4. Present situation of environmental protection

Protection state

Ecological destruction

5 cultivation techniques

6 main value

nutrition

sensitive

cook

officinal

Avoid the crowd

Value dispute

7 identification

Eight Species of Algae in Gracilaria of Gracilariaceae

history

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Nostoc flagelliforme was first recorded in Li Yu's Essays in Qing Dynasty (161-about 1679). "The most peculiar dishes in hue are not recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica and Food Records, so the Nostoc flagelliforme produced by Western Qin Dynasty is also soaked in boiling water and mixed with ginger. It is said that Nostoc flagelliforme was exported during the Tang and Song Dynasties. Another legend is that in the Han Dynasty, when Su Wu was herding sheep on the North Shore, he used seaweed to satisfy his hunger. If this statement was justified, the Han Dynasty ate it. Since the Han Dynasty, dignitaries have often presented Nostoc flagelliforme as a tribute to the emperor. It is said that there is also a "assorted seaweed" on the menu of Empress Dowager Cixi. According to legend, Su Wu defected to Xiongnu in BC 100 and was detained in Beihai (now Minqin County, Gansu Province) 19. He went through a lot of hardships, and it is recorded that he is thirsty for snow and hungry for food, which is the seaweed in wild vegetables.

Nostoc flagelliforme is black and looks like hair. Li Yu, a drama theorist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, called it "the first product in Hexi". Nostoc flagelliforme is widely distributed and grows in Shandan County, Zhangye City, Gansu Province. People have long had eating habits. After the reform and opening up, with the development of trade circulation, Shandan Nostoc flagelliforme has gradually stepped out of Shandan, enjoying a good reputation in the north and south of the country and becoming a treasure of Shandan. Natural Nostoc flagelliforme has the functions of detoxicating, clearing away heat, regulating lung and resolving phlegm, and regulating stomach and intestines, especially has the unique effect of lowering blood pressure. Nostoc flagelliforme is homophonic for "getting rich", and it is better to cook with sweets, which is deeply loved by Cantonese people. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was bought in Shandan in large quantities, and its processing and packaging became the top grade for cooking delicacies and giving them to relatives and friends, and also became a business card for Shandan products.

morphological character

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Nostoc flagelliforme (asparagus)

Nostoc flagelliforme, a terrestrial algae of Nostoc in Cyanophyta. Cells are all black and blue. Edible Nostoc flagelliforme adheres to the bottom of desert plants. Because of its messy hair and dark color, it is named Nostoc flagelliforme, also known as "ground hair". The algae are hairy, straight or curved, brown, and brown-black after drying. Many algae are often wound into a ball with a maximum diameter of 0. 5 meters. The width of a single algae body is 0. When dried, it is 3 ~ 0.5 1mm, and after absorbing water, it is sticky and elastic, with a diameter of1.2mm. The filaments in algae are straight or curved, and many filaments are arranged almost vertically in parallel in a thick and obviously layered colloidal coating; The sheath of a single filament is thin, inconspicuous and colorless. The cells are spherical or slightly rectangular, with a diameter of 4 ~ 5 (~ 6) microns and blue-green inclusions. Idioblast is terminal or metaplastic, spherical, with a diameter of 5 ~ 6 (~ 7) microns, belonging to prokaryotes.

Country of origin

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It is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi and other provinces, with an annual rainfall of 80-250 mm and tertiary red soil as its parent material.

Russia, the People's Republic of Mongolia, Czechoslovakia, France, the United States, Mexico, Morocco, Somalia and Algeria also have them.

Nostoc flagelliforme is a photosynthetic prokaryote that can fix nitrogen. There are mainly two kinds of cells in its filamentous body: one is vegetative cell, which is green and carries out photosynthesis-absorbing, releasing and synthesizing organic matter; The other is heteroembryonic cells, which are larger in size, thicker in cell wall and lighter in color. It mainly carries out nitrogen fixation-reducing nitrogen in the air to ammonia and synthesizing amino acids. Nostoc flagelliforme can synthesize organic carbon and organic nitrogen from inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen, which is of great significance for improving desert soil and breeding other organisms. Nostoc flagelliforme is known as "the pioneer of developing desert".

Nostoc flagelliforme is a wild terrestrial algae endemic to plateau. It is named after it looks like human hair, and it is as slender as hair, commonly known as Nostoc flagelliforme. Mountain slopes, gullies and grasslands are widely distributed in Huangshui, Qinghai and the valley pastoral areas in the east of the Yellow River. Nostoc flagelliforme is abundant in late summer and early autumn every year, and it is also produced in March and April. Whenever it rains in the spring rain at night and the sun shines in the morning, on the tidal hillside, clouds of black and messy things are either entangled in the grass roots or cling to the ground, shining with black oil. Usually in the morning and after the rain, pick vegetables with a line rake or a bamboo rake. After collecting, pat it gently, shake off the clods, pick out impurities, dry it and comb it into locks, which is the finished product. It can be said that rainy weather is the best climate for Nostoc flagelliforme growth, and humidity is the condition for high yield of Nostoc flagelliforme.

Environmental protection status

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Environmental problems caused by Nostoc flagelliforme

Nostoc flagelliforme collection

Nostoc flagelliforme is very harmful. According to the investigation and calculation, 1. 5-2.5 Nostoc flagelliforme production needs 10 mu of grassland and income 1. 5-2.5 Nostoc flagelliforme 40-50 yuan, that is, "40-50 yuan Nostoc flagelliforme income, loss 10 mu. In addition, the influx of a large number of people into the grassland caused economic losses such as food, shelter and burning, which caused environmental and economic losses of nearly 10 billion yuan every year, while the income of Nostoc flagelliforme was only tens of millions. The cost is too great, not worth the loss.

From the early 1980s to the present, the problem of indiscriminate collection of seaweed, indiscriminate digging of licorice and ephedra has become more and more serious, which has caused great harm to the ecological environment and social stability:

Grassland vegetation has been destroyed in a large area, and the fragile ecological environment has further deteriorated, accelerating grassland desertification and the extinction of some rare species. According to the investigation of the State Environmental Protection Administration, a large number of farmers from Ningxia and other places flock to Inner Mongolia grassland every year, covering an area of 220 million mu, of which 6.5438+0.9 million mu of grassland has been seriously damaged, accounting for 654.38+0.8% of the available grassland area in Inner Mongolia, and 60 million mu of grassland has been completely destroyed and basically desertified. In Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, due to the indiscriminate digging of licorice, the total area of grassland destroyed exceeds 8 million mu. Due to the indiscriminate mining of seaweed, licorice and ephedra, the degree of grassland wind disaster and drought and sandstorm has been aggravated, which has had a serious negative impact on the environmental security in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and even the whole country.

It is forbidden to collect and sell Nostoc flagelliforme.

On June 4th, 2000, the State Council issued a document (Guo Fa [2000] 13) "Notice of the State Council on Prohibiting the Collection and Sale of Nostoc flagelliforme and Preventing the Illegal Mining of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch and Ephedra Ephedra".

Initiative: Eating less and tasting more is good for the environment.

Protection state

In China, Nostoc flagelliforme is widely distributed in northern provinces, and the main producing areas are Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Ningxia, Hebei and other places. Nostoc flagelliforme has high temperature resistance, cold resistance and drought tolerance, and grows on arid and barren land at an altitude of 1000 to 2800 meters. When the environment is not suitable, it can dehydrate and sleep, but in the morning, it can use its own colloid to absorb dew expansion and absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, but its growth is slow, and it can only increase by 6% a year in the wild. Nostoc flagelliforme has the ability of nitrogen fixation and can provide natural nitrogen fertilizer for soil. Because the origin of Nostoc flagelliforme is usually quite poor, some farmers dig Nostoc flagelliforme and sell it for a living. However, due to the over-exploitation of Nostoc flagelliforme for many years, its wild resources have been seriously damaged, resulting in large-scale grassland degradation and land desertification. The distribution of Nostoc flagelliforme has also been greatly reduced with the development of land.

Because the exploitation of Nostoc flagelliforme has caused serious damage to the ecology, in 2000, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the State Council issued the Notice of the State Council on Prohibiting the Collection and Sale of Nostoc flagelliforme and Preventing the Illegal Mining of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch and Ephedra, which adjusted the protection level of Nostoc flagelliforme in the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants in China from Grade II to Grade I, requiring that the collection, collection, processing, sale and export of Nostoc flagelliforme be strictly prohibited.

Ecological destruction

Molecular and cell biologists point out that every two or two pieces of Nostoc flagelliforme are collected, the grassland equivalent to 16 football field will be destroyed, leaving this grassland barren for at least 10 years. Moreover, because Nostoc flagelliforme is mainly distributed in the grasslands of northern China, collecting Nostoc flagelliforme has also become one of the main causes of sandstorms in China.

cultivation techniques

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Nostoc flagelliforme is an edible wild species of Nostoc in Cyanophyta, which is also called clay and clear-winged grass. It is named because it is dark green, slender as silk and like a messy hair. 100g Nostoc flagelliforme contains 13.8g of water, 20.3g of protein, 57g of carbohydrates, 0.3g of fat, 200mg of iron, 2560mg of calcium, 45mg of phosphorus and various minerals needed by human body. It has obvious curative effect on hypertension and various gynecological diseases, and also has the functions of quickly healing wounds, helping digestion, relieving fatigue and regulating nerves. Nostoc flagelliforme is distributed in Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai in China. Its natural growth is slow and its output is very low, which can't meet the demand. Someone tried artificial cultivation. The method is: 1, land selection and soil preparation. Nostoc flagelliforme is an algae, which likes warm environmental conditions (avoiding stagnant water). It is suitable to use sandy soil and alkaline earth with good permeability, and the vegetable field with high fertility is best the previous crop. Make a flat bed before sowing and cover it with a thin layer of fine sand, which will grow faster. 2. Cultivate Nostoc flagelliforme and propagate with broken algae. Cut the cut seaweed into 3cm pieces, one end of which is buried in the soil about 0.2cm, and the density is about 200-300 pieces /m2. It can also be planted in nests, with 0.1-0.3g of air-dried Nostoc flagelliforme as the seed source and sowing at the density of 25-30 nests/m2. Cover with a layer of fine sand after sowing. 3. Manage and collect water twice a day after sowing, keep the air moist and fertilize regularly. After 50 days of growth, the body weight can be increased by 2.5-4.5 times. When the filaments grow into lumps, they can be harvested, especially in early spring and late autumn, usually in the early morning. 4. Breeding Nostoc flagelliforme is generally propagated in a nutrient bowl. A filament can be divided into several small segments, and each small segment is a chain. Heteroembryonic cells occur between the two chains to separate them, and each chain becomes a new filament. This new kind of silk can be divided into several linked individuals, and between them, a heterozygote is produced to separate them from each other, making them a new kind of silk. In this way, the algae filaments keep increasing and finally become a ball.

Main value

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nutrition

Packaged Nostoc flagelliforme

With the appearance of birds and the creation of environment, protein in guano protein calcium is activated by guano protein after many years of metabolism, wind and rain, sun exposure. At the same time, protein calcium and protein are metabolized, and constantly exchange substances and energy with the surrounding environment, so that protein calcium actively grows and develops into a plurality of mature individual cells, and a single cell can be discharged. Single cells in algae separate to form new colonies and develop into algae; The reproduction and separation of chlamydospores produce new algae.

Knowledge introduction of Nostoc flagelliforme (dried product);

Nostoc flagelliforme is the algae body of Nostoc flagelliforme. Nostoc flagelliforme paste is located under desert plants. Nostoc flagelliforme is named after its messy hair and dark color, also known as "ground hair". It is a very precious food and is known as the "treasure of Gobi". Nostoc flagelliforme is a kind of algae, slender, dark green and hairy, which is formed by most single-celled individuals connected in a string and buried in colloidal substances. Mainly distributed in the streams of Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai. What you see in the market is its dry goods.

Nutritional analysis of Nostoc flagelliforme (dried);

1. Nostoc flagelliforme is rich in protein, calcium and iron, which is higher than that of pigs, cattle, mutton and eggs.

2. It is rich in protein, higher than chicken and pork, and contains nutrients such as sugar, calcium, iron, iodine, alginate and phycoerythrin. And its fat content is very small, so it is called "thin thing".

3. Nostoc flagelliforme has the effects of clearing away heat and relieving depression, softening and resolving phlegm, clearing intestine and stopping dysentery.

4. Nostoc flagelliforme also has the function of regulating nerves, and can be used as an ideal food for adjuvant dietotherapy of diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and chronic bronchitis.

Nostoc flagelliforme (dried) is suitable for people: most people can eat it.

1. It is suitable for patients with cough due to lung heat and excessive phlegm due to internal heat, including senile chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess with yellow pus, cough with phlegm, hypertension, obesity, rickets, etc.

2. It is also very suitable for women with irregular menstruation and malnutrition, postoperative patients and trauma patients in healing period.

The dietotherapy function of Nostoc flagelliforme (dried product): Nostoc flagelliforme is sweet, cold and nontoxic. Liver, kidney and bladder meridian. Has the effects of clearing away heat, resolving hard mass, softening hard mass, resolving phlegm, moistening intestine, relaxing bowels, removing dirt and toxic materials, nourishing and relaxing bowels, promoting diuresis, removing dampness, resolving food stagnation and lowering blood pressure.

sensitive

Li Daiweng recorded in his "Leisure Collection and Drinking Department": "Dishes have the most peculiar hue, and those who don't enter the book of materia medica are the hairs produced by the Western Qin Dynasty. Give it to Qin Ke and pass it on to the princes in the fortress. One day, the fat car will be delivered. When I see something in the pit, I will send a roll casually, saying that the servant's comb has been left behind, and I will want to stay. It's ridiculous. The servant said otherwise, so did the things paid by the group office. Inquiring about the natives, called Nostoc flagelliforme, soaked in boiling water and mixed with ginger vinegar, is twice as delicious as lotus root silk, antlers and other dishes, and brought back to the guests, all of which means Jane has never seen anything wrong. "

Nostoc flagelliforme is a traditional non-staple food in China, especially in the south, such as Nostoc flagelliforme balls in Fujian, Nostoc flagelliforme brewed in Beijing and Nostoc flagelliforme mixed in Shaanxi and Gansu. Because Nostoc flagelliforme is homophonic with "making a fortune", compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese like it very much, and they spend a lot of money to buy gifts for relatives and friends or make delicious food. Overseas, it is often regarded as the first dish, symbolizing the prosperity of the four seasons and the prosperous business. Therefore, it is regarded as a delicacy given to relatives and friends on holidays. "Brewing and making seaweed" began in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. According to legend, Wang Yuanbao, a businessman from Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, was addicted to Nostoc flagelliforme, and every meal was accompanied by a dish of Nostoc flagelliforme. Later, Wang Yuanbao became a rich man in China, and businessmen in China believed that Wang Yuanbao's prosperity was due to eating Nostoc flagelliforme. So they follow the example of eating and let the chef make it into the shape of money, which means "getting rich". Since then, "making money to send food" has been passed down from generation to generation. Until the liberation of Xi, some wealthy businessmen held banquets, and the first course was "making money to send food". Of course, it is nothing more than seeking good luck. I wish you a fortune.

The ingredients of "Fermented Nostoc flagelliforme" are: two Nostoc flagelliforme as main ingredients, two egg skins, three chicken breasts, three egg whites and a little yellow cake as ingredients. First soak Nostoc flagelliforme in warm water, wash it, blanch it in boiling water, take it out, add salt, monosodium glutamate and Shaoxing wine and mix well. Then chop the chicken breast into paste, add water, egg white and wet starch, mix well, add salt and monosodium glutamate and stir vigorously until it is pushed out; Then pour in one or two pieces of cooked lard (the temperature is below 40 degrees) and stir evenly to make a "stuffed pig". Then spread out the egg skin, first spread a layer of "stuffed rice", then spread a layer of Nostoc flagelliforme, then spread a layer of chicken "stuffed rice" on Nostoc flagelliforme, then add a layer of yellow cake on the stuffed rice, roll it up and put it in a cage. Steam for about two to three minutes, take it out, cut it into seven or eight millimeters thick money pieces, put it in a soup bowl, and pour in chicken soup.