Where do Manchu people come from?

Manchu is mainly distributed in three northeastern provinces of China, with Liaoning being the largest. In addition, there are a few Manchu scattered in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and other provinces and large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, Baiyin and Xi 'an. The population is 9821180,000 (the fourth population census 1990). Among the 55 ethnic minorities in China, it ranks second only to the Zhuang nationality.

Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen people more than two thousand years ago. Their descendants have been living in the northern Changbai Mountain, the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the Wusuli River basin. Heishui Mohong is the direct ancestor of Manchu, and later developed into Jurchen. /kloc-in the 0/2nd century, akuta established the Jin Dynasty. 1483, Nurhachi unified the Nuzhen tribe and established the Eight Banners system of military and political integration. 1635 10 June 13, Huang taiji ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, changing his country name to Qing, abolishing the old name of Nuzhen and changing his surname to Manchuria. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs, unified China, and formed a situation in which Manchu and Han lived together for a long time. 19 1 1 After the Revolution of 1911, Manchu was renamed Manchu.

Manchu originally had its own language and writing, belonging to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu was founded at the end of 16, borrowing Mongolian letters. 17 In the 1940s, after a large number of Manchu entered the customs, Chinese was widely used. Only Aihui Town and Fuyu County in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province can speak Manchu. Early Manchu works include Manchu old files, Manchukuo annals and foreign annals. Manchu people have loved singing and dancing since ancient times, and ancient dance evolved from hunting and fighting activities. Manchu people's favorite recreational activities include vault, camel jumping and skating. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, "Children of the Eight Banners" created a new drum word, which was called "Yin Qing Zidishu" when it was sung with drums and three strings.

Historically, Manchu men like to wear blue robes and jackets, with hair and braids behind their heads, domes and trousers. Women, on the other hand, like to wear cheongsam, bow or "bun", ring and handkerchief around their waist. After Manchu entered the customs, the dress tended to be consistent with that of Han nationality, but the cheongsam was handed down with its unique charm and became the traditional dress of women in China.

Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the lower room in the east. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang.

Manchu people honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet elders on the road, they should bow sideways and wait for them to pass by. Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands to say hello, some people will also say hello. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of 30th, once on the New Year's Day, which is called welcoming the new year. Indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Guests who don't wear a dog skin hat or a dog skin mattress are forbidden to wear a dog skin hat or a dog skin sleeve.

Daily diet customs Manchu people eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple foods are mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried bean rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating plain rice, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn (rice+rice), wash it with clear water, then soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer. This kind of cake is made of sticky sorghum, sticky corn and yellow rice. , including bean flour cake, glutinous rice cake, soybean leaf cake, pineapple leaf cake, beef tongue cake, rice cake, boiled cake (jiaozi, China) and so on. Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Saqima, a Manchu dim sum, has also become a famous pastry in China. The famous ones are the cakes of Qing Dongling, also known as the cakes of Qing Dongling, the cakes of Beijing snacks, the cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and the cakes of lard snacks in Jingzhou, Hubei.

It is cold in winter in the north, and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often eat sauerkraut (pickles) as their staple food in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of preserving vegetables began in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Boiled white meat vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter. Sauerkraut can be cooked, stewed, fried and eaten cold. Sauerkraut used in hot pot is unique. Side dishes can also be used to serve jiaozi. In Manchuria in the northeast, pickled sauerkraut can be eaten by every household until the next spring. In addition, daily vegetables include radishes and beans. Manchu people love to eat pork and often cook it in white. The restaurant in Shenyang, Liaoning Province is a Manchu restaurant with a history of 100 years. Its white meat and blood sausage is known as authentic Manchu flavor.

Festivals, sacrifices, etiquette, and eating customs Many festivals in Manchu are the same as those in Han nationality. Pigs should be killed on holidays, and two or three pigs should be killed in every family during the Spring Festival. On the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month (Laba Festival), eight kinds of food such as sticky sorghum and red beans are used to cook porridge, which is called Laba porridge. Eat jiaozi on New Year's Eve and put a white thread in the jiaozi. Whoever eats the white thread will live a long life. Some people put a copper coin in the jiaozi, which means they have money to spend in the new year. Besides, we should eat handmade meat and special snack Shaqima. Manchu used to believe in Shamanism. Every year, according to different festivals, they worship heaven, gods and ancestors, mainly pigs and pig heads. When offering sacrifices to ancestors, pigs should be killed, especially when offering sacrifices to ancestors. Black pigs should not have miscellaneous hairs (some must choose black pigs), and wine should be injected into pigs' ears before slaughter. If the pig's ears shake, it is considered that God has collected it and can kill it. This move is commonly known as the "collar sacrifice." In some places, pig intestines and pig bladders should be put in barrels and hung on poles for crows to eat. It will be lucky if they are eaten within three days. Then cut the whole pig into eight pieces, put it in a square plate as it is, and put it under the ancestral tablet on the western hill wall in the house. The family kowtowed bareheaded three times according to their generations, then chopped the meat and cooked it in a pot. The family sat together and ate it with salt. At this time, if there are guests, as long as they kowtow three times in front of the ancestral tablet, they can sit down and have dinner together. You're welcome after eating. Manchu people also have the habit of inviting neighbors and friends to taste the first bite of pork when they kill pigs. In the past, when the crops were ripe, Manchu people still had the habit of "recommending new crops" for sacrifice. Now it has been replaced by the custom of "tofu on the field, cake on the field", that is, when the grain is in the field, new beans are used to make tofu, and when the field is finished, new beans are used to make rhubarb rice or bean noodles to celebrate the bumper harvest. When young Manchu men and women get married, the bride must sit on Nankang first, which is also called "sitting on the blessing". It was not until the evening that a table was placed on the ground. The bride and groom walked around the table hand in hand for three times and then had a drink.

Typical food Manchu people live in scattered places, and there are representative typical foods everywhere, mainly including: ① white meat and blood sausage. ② Hot pot. Traditional Manchu dishes. Sour soup. Features of Manchu cuisine in Xiuyan, Liaoning. ④ Qing Dongling Pastry. Also known as Dongqing Tomb. It was first used as an offering by the Qing emperor when he went to Dongling to worship his ancestors, so it was also called "sacrificial cake". When making sacrifices, there are dozens of cakes filled with fruit, such as fish cakes, spoon cakes, chrysanthemum cakes, batter cakes, fried Korean cakes, glutinous rice cakes, yellow rice cakes, seven-star cakes, egg cakes, buttermilk cakes, wild grape cakes and sorbet cakes. After the introduction of folk cakes, they are generally divided into two types: large and small. The pie is eight pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling; Cookies are sixteen pieces per catty, commonly known as eight pieces of Qing Dongling. The varieties of large and small cakes mainly include Taishi cake, muffin, rose cake, Longfeng cake, hawthorn peach and so on. There are also stuffing-free seven-star ideas, eight-point cakes, walnut cakes and mouth cakes.

Traditional festivals mainly include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Yule Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

The Golden Festival is a day of "national celebration" for Manchu people. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity.

1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".