How long did Song and Jin maintain peace after Shaoxing peace talks?

How long did Song and Jin maintain peace after Shaoxing peace talks? How did Qin Gui and Zhao Gou "recuperate" the Southern Song Dynasty?

(A) Shaoxing ten years (1 140) before and after the changes in the strength of Song and Jin.

Generally speaking, from the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 130) to the eleventh year of Shaoxing before Yue Fei's murder (1 14 1), the national strength and military strength between Song and Jin gradually changed in favor of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty became stronger, while the Jin State changed from prosperity to prosperity.

After four years of advice (1 130), Jin Jun was forced to withdraw from Jiangnan. In the following years, through the joint efforts of the ruling and opposition parties and Qi Xin, the social economy of the Southern Song Dynasty gradually got rid of the turbulent state and entered the stage of recovery and development. In the early years of Shaoxing (1131~137), during the reign of Lv Yihao, Zhu Shengfei, Zhao Ding and others, the court in the Southern Song Dynasty adopted a series of reforms in order to stabilize the situation, recuperate, resume the development of production, reform the tax system and broaden the sources of profits. Among them, the financial reform and economic reform carried out by Lv Yihao, a famous figure in the Southern Song Dynasty, had the greatest effect and the most far-reaching influence.

With the efforts of famous ministers Li Gang, Lv Yihao, Zhu Shengfei and Zhao Ding in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation in the Southern Song Dynasty improved day by day, the politics tended to be stable, the economy resumed development, the national strength of the Southern Song Dynasty was obviously enhanced, and the fiscal revenue increased year by year, which laid a solid material foundation for the confrontation between the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty and the long-term stability of the Southern Song regime.

In addition, in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to stabilize the internal affairs, consolidate the rear areas and relieve worries, Song generals Han Shizhong, Yue Fei, Zhang Jun and others led the troops to annihilate the bandits of various armies such as Fan, Li Cheng and other local armed separatist forces represented by Yang Yao. In a few years, the Southern Song Dynasty had a stable rear area. Therefore, when fighting against the 8 Jin Army, the Southern Song Army had no worries.

During this period, several new Song Jun (including the world-famous Yue Jiajun) gradually developed and expanded on the battlefield. Moreover, by pacifying civil strife and fighting against foreign enemies, it ensured peace and stability in the south of the Yangtze River and created a stable social environment for the economic and social recovery and development in the south of the Yangtze River.

In the early Southern Song Dynasty, a number of outstanding generals (including Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Wu Jue and Liu Yong) emerged in the anti-Jin War. This is because the Southern Song Dynasty court was unable to limit the development of military commanders themselves shortly after the reconstruction of Jiangnan, and also because of the development of the anti-Jin War and the need of the Southern Song Dynasty court to rebuild political power. Some junior generals who are still junior and unknown can give full play to their talents and gradually become brilliant and dazzling generals. Wu Jun and Yue Fei are outstanding among these young generals, and they are also two generals with the most outstanding military achievements in Southern Song Dynasty.

In the struggle against gold in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the military and civilians in the Song Dynasty were United as one. Several main forces in the Southern Song Dynasty experienced the baptism of blood and fire and gradually developed and expanded. Among them, Yue Jiajun, headed by Yue Fei, was the most powerful and famous.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Jiajun, who was brought out by the patriotic general Yue Fei, withstood the severe tests of previous wars and gradually grew up in frequent wars. In the fourth year of Jianyan (1 130), when Yue Fei became an independent army, there were less than 10,000 regular troops. Since then, after a series of campaigns and incorporation, Yue Jiajun's strength has increased to more than 35,000 by the time Yue Fei recovered six counties of Han Xiang in Shaoxing for four years (1 134). In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), after Yue Fei led the troops to pacify the regime of Yang Yao, some local troops were merged at the same time, which greatly increased the strength of Yue Jiajun from 40,000 to about100000.

At the end of the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), the court of the Southern Song Dynasty ordered the change of the military names of five soldiers stationed in the camp and named them "going to the camp to protect the army". Zhang Junjun said he was in the camp, Han Shizhong said he was in front of the camp, Yue Feijun said he was in the camp, Liu Guangshi said he was in the camp left, and Wu Jun said he was in the camp right. All the Song armies add up to more than 400,000 troops.

There are three sources of the 5th Division of the Garrison Army in the early Southern Song Dynasty: one is the forbidden army in the early Southern Song Dynasty, the other is the left-behind division army in Tokyo, Zong Ze, and the third is the Shaanxi Army. Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong and Liu Guangshi belong to the Royal Battalion System, which is the lineal of Song Gaozong. Yue Fei belongs to the left-behind military department in Tokyo, and Wu Jun belongs to the Shaanxi military department. Neither of them is a clique. Yue Fei and Wu Junjun are both generals who started out with meritorious military service.

In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1 136), from July to August, Yue Fei made a second northern expedition, and Yue Jiajun made a surprise attack, driving straight into Ilo, attacking the city and hitting Luoyang all the way. A brilliant victory was achieved, and a large number of trophies were seized in succession, and more than 15,000 war horses were also seized. More than 15,000 horses captured, together with the horses captured by Yue Jiajun in previous battles and some horses allocated by the Southern Song Dynasty court, laid the foundation for Yue Jiajun to form a powerful cavalry unit.

By the ninth year of Shaoxing (1 139), the total strength of Yue Jiajun had increased to more than 100,000, including 22 control officers and 252 general officers, including 84 prefects, 84 lieutenants and 84 reserve officers. More importantly, Yue Jiajun had more than 20,000 elite cavalry at that time, and after long-term rigorous training and combat training, the overall quality and combat effectiveness of Yue Jiajun were good. Yue Jiajun's soldiers have withstood the severe tests and exercises of previous wars. Coupled with strict requirements at ordinary times, well-trained, strong combat effectiveness, all brave and good at fighting, can be called "one when ten."

Before the Northern Expedition in Shaoxing for ten years (1 140), Yue Jiajun had become a powerful military group with complete infantry, cavalry and sailors, ranking first among all the troops in the Southern Song Dynasty, with the strongest overall quality and fighting capacity.

During the period from the 5th year of Shaoxing (1 135) to the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), the battalion guards were the basic military forces in the Southern Song Dynasty, among which Yuefei and Wu Jun were the strongest, with gradually increasing strength and well-equipped.

Obviously, on the whole, before the Song and Jin Dynasties fought again in Shaoxing for ten years (1 140), the overall strength of Shaoxing had grown unprecedentedly! Although the development of Song Jun in the early Southern Song Dynasty was uneven, its overall strength was still greatly improved compared with that in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and it had the military capital to confront the Jin Army.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to prepare for the war, all the generals in Song Jun paid attention to building a solid strategic base in the rear, among which Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Wu Jun and others made the most outstanding achievements.

Han Shizhong was ordered to lead a good soldier to be stationed in Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu), a strategic place, and be responsible for building Huaidong into a solid military base. Wu Jun brothers have been stationed in Sichuan for a long time, strengthened border crossings and recruited troops, making Sichuan an important fortress against gold.

In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1 134), after Yue Fei regained the six counties of Hanxiang, he took the six counties of Hanxiang as the strategic base and Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei) as the military base, and began the construction of the strategic base. The six counties in Xiangyang are connected to Sichuan and Shaanxi in the west, Huaibei in the east, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in Nanping and Kaifeng and Luoyang in the north. As for Ezhou, it has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. Yue Fei realized: "Xiangyang six counties, the land is dangerous, and it is basic to return to the Central Plains."

Yue Fei set up an official division in six counties of Hanxiang, and stationed troops in key places. After conquering the six counties in Xiangyang, Yue Fei "exercised the power of making poor officials and repairing state affairs" and selected talented civil and military officials to govern Fusui. Part of the troops, stationed in key states. At the same time, these state and county officials were ordered to rectify the walls and buildings in the recovered areas, repair the city defense facilities and strengthen the garrison. Yue Fei also practiced benevolent policies, recruited talents and resumed production. Yue Fei ordered the implementation of preferential policies in six counties of Hanxiang, lending cattle, seeds and other means of production to farmers who have resumed business, exempting ordinary people from taxes for three years, and exempting all official and private debts owed before, and asked state and county officials to "complain with their hearts, persuade farmers to appease the people, and pardon the punishment." Yue Fei successively took a series of effective measures, spent several years, and finally built six counties of Hanxiang into a strategic base and springboard for counterattacking the Central Plains through painstaking efforts.

"Before the soldiers and horses move, food and grass come first", leading troops to fight and whether the logistics supply is sufficient are one of the important factors that affect the success or failure of the war. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to reduce the burden on the people and ensure the logistics safety of grain and grass in Song Jun, all walks of life in Song Jun settled in their respective garrisons. During the truce, people were sent to take charge of production and business activities, which continuously increased the income of the army, reduced the financial burden of the country, and prepared enough food and grass for the follow-up war.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Jun from all walks of life also cultivated land in succession, storing food and clothing, Song Jun saved enough food and grass, and Song Jun's logistics supply improved significantly.

In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1 134), after Yue Jiajun regained six counties in Xiang Han, Yue Fei said, "Xiangyang, Sui and Ying are all rich, but the people are weak. Insist on farming, and the income is thick. However, it will be July, and it will not be cultivated. You can take pictures next spring. " In ancient China, people used to cultivate the wasteland of the government, which was called farming; Using soldiers to reclaim government wasteland is called reclamation. But in fact, it is difficult to strictly distinguish between reclamation and aquaculture. Yue Fei tried to recruit people, borrow cattle, borrow seeds, borrow farm tools and so on, and farm land. After the harvest in the Song Dynasty, according to the usual practice, in addition to keeping enough seeds for the coming year, the government either charged 40% rent or sublet it. Sometimes, in order to encourage reclamation, the rent per mu is only charged once or twice, or even five times.

In February of the sixth year of Shaoxing (1 136), in order to resume production, the Southern Song Dynasty court officially announced that it would take all-round measures to organize farming, and appointed Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, Liu Guangshi, Yue Fei and Wu Jun as agricultural ambassadors or ambassadors. Yue Fei was also Ambassador Ying Tian at that time.

Thanks to the hard work of farmers and the proper management of local officials, Yue Jiajun's rice income can finally reach more than/kloc-0.8 million stone, which can supply military food for about two and a half months. This does not include the "miscellaneous tax on farming" as a monetary rent. Wu Yun, the general of Yue Jiajun, and others contributed a lot to farm management, and Yue Fei also gave a special promotion. In addition, Yue Fei "is also a method of land reclamation, so that when Wu Rong attacked the war, he tried his best to go south and no one came and went." There is a clue to its system of managing rivers and valleys in Xinjiang. "Yue Fei reclaimed farmland in Daxing and achieved remarkable results." After two or three years, the refugees have all returned home, and the fields have been reclaimed day by day, and the number of deliveries per year has been reduced by half. "

In order to increase the income of the army and reduce the economic burden of the country and the people, Yue Jiajun also opened up other "profit sources". According to the statistics of volume 144, the annual income of various businesses at that time was as high as 1.7 million yuan. According to Yue Jiajun's monthly expenditure of 560,000 yuan, these incomes are close to three months' expenditure, which not only makes up for the shortage of military expenditure, but also greatly reduces the financial burden of the Southern Song Dynasty court.

Through the above efforts, it is said that Yue Jiajun "can save half the number of deliveries every year". After all kinds of financing, Yue Jiajun was more fully prepared for the Northern Expedition and the conditions were more mature. Yue Jiajun's whole army "moved at the sound of gold drums", "sat in armor wrapped in food and sought after by the enemy", and waited wholeheartedly for the commander-in-chief's marching orders.

More importantly, since the founding of the People's Republic of China four years ago (1 130), all walks of life in Song Jun have successively defeated the 8 Jin Army and won a series of key victories. Song Jun gradually began to grasp the strategic initiative and turned the tide.

Generally speaking, from the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 130) to the eleventh year of Shaoxing before Yue Fei's murder (1 14 1), the comparison of military strength between Song and Jin gradually changed in favor of the Southern Song Dynasty. Song Jun became stronger from weakness, and Jin Jun turned from prosperity to decline.

Since the Song-Jin War, Song Jun has won five major victories, namely, Shanchayuan, Xianrenguan, Shunchang, Yancheng and Yingchang, all of which defeated the main force of 8 Jin Army led by Commander-in-Chief Yan Zongbi (Wu Shu).

In autumn and winter, cavalry can gallop freely in the plain wilderness area, which is most conducive to the combat of Jurchen cavalry. But the Jurchen cavalry can't stand the hot and rainy weather, and they need to retreat to the north in summer. The Battle of Monk Source in 1 13 1 year and the Battle of Xianrenguan in 1 134 year were both mountain wars. Song Jun, led by Wu Jun, can confront the Jin Army with its steep terrain, and the Jin Army failed mainly because of losing land. However, from the end of May to the beginning of June in A.D. 1 140 (Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty was ten years, and Jin Guotian was almost three years), Liu Kun, the general of the Song Dynasty, made full use of the hot summer weather and waited for an opportunity in Shunchang County (Yingzhou, now Fuyang, Anhui Province), defeating the Jin Army with less blows, winning a great victory in Shunchang and containing the Jin Army.

If there were women in Shunchang War who really couldn't stand the hot summer days, and there were some unfavorable factors, such as Jin Jun had to travel hard and come from a long distance, and Song Jun could rely on the city to stick to it, then Yue Jiajun's massive northern expedition in AD 1 140 (Shaoxing Decade) took place in July after June, and was carried out in the plain wilderness area.

In early and middle July of A.D. 1 140 (Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty was ten years, and Jin Guotian was three years), under the most favorable weather and geographical conditions, Yue Jiajun won the field battle in the plain wilderness with fewer soldiers, and defeated the main forces of eight 8 Jin armies in the battles of Yancheng and Yingchang, which marked a fundamental change in the situation of the Song and Jin wars.

Looking at the history of the Song-Jin War from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the second Song-Jin Peace Conference in A.D.11year (the eleventh year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty), as a basic historical fact, the overall situation is getting stronger and stronger, while the Jin army is getting weaker and weaker.

Ten years later (1 140), Shaoxing won an unprecedented victory, which marked a fundamental change in the situation of strengthening Jin and weakening Song, and even the peace that has always been afraid of the enemy was clearly seen. For example, at the beginning of the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Song Gaozong and Zhao Gou thought: "There are many discussions at home and abroad, and the enemy is worried about crossing the river. The present situation is different from making suggestions. Between sword inflammation and sword inflammation, all our troops surrendered to Jiangnan. Du Chong scholar sent some generals to fight lightly with the enemy, so the enemy had to take advantage of the cabin. Today Han Shizhong is in Huaidong, Liu Kun is in Huaixi, Yue Fei is in the upper reaches, and Zhang Jun is advancing from Jiankang. Before crossing the river to spy on the enemy, our soldiers all walked behind. Today, all the way to Zhenjiang, I dare not call the enemy to cross the river "(Annals of Jianyan calendar 139).

The reason why the Southern Song Dynasty did not perish was mainly due to the resistance of heroes such as Yue Fei, and the reason why the State of Jin wanted to negotiate peace with the Southern Song Dynasty was mainly due to the changes in the power contrast between Song and Jin. Yue Fei's Northern Expedition defeated the main force of the State of Jin, which made the people of the State of Jin realize the difficulty of destroying the Song Dynasty by force, and the Southern Song Dynasty had the capital to negotiate with the State of Jin.

In the past, Wu Shu, commander-in-chief of Xu Jin, looked down on the military power of the Southern Song Dynasty and thought that it could be destroyed by force. That's why he was "determined to defeat the League and dispatch troops conquered the south". However, as a result of the invasion, the Jin army was "defeated by Shunchang and Yancheng", and the Jin army was defeated again and again, which made it impossible to see that J had lost its military superiority and killed Song by force. Xu Jin's warring factions were frustrated, so Wu Shu, commander-in-chief of Xu Jinguo, changed his strategy and proposed to make peace with the Southern Song Dynasty again, thus starting the situation of "making peace first, and nothing happened between the north and the south". Obviously, if Jin Bing can win on the battlefield, then the Jin ruling group, which has always despised the Southern Song Dynasty, will not make peace with the Southern Song Dynasty.

Therefore, this is not only the wish of Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty who was afraid of military commanders, but also the wish of the Nuzhen rulers of the Jin State to reach a peace agreement as soon as possible.

(2) How long did Song and Jin keep the peace after the Shaoxing peace talks?

Ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, countless bloody lessons tell us that peace does not need treaties to maintain, but needs strength to guarantee. If Xu Jin really has the strength to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, no amount of treaties will be useless. The Southern Song Dynasty needed a foothold in the south of the Yangtze River, and it didn't need a treaty to maintain it. Don't forget when the Southern Dynasties signed a peace treaty with the North during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

In 1005, after the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao reached a "yuan alliance", the peace between Song and Liao countries lasted for 1 17 years, and there was no large-scale war between Song and Liao countries for more than 100 years, until the Northern Song Dynasty unilaterally broke the contract and attacked Liao country.

The Southern Song Dynasty reached two Shaoxing-Xinghe talks with the State of Jin, but it was quickly unilaterally destroyed by the State of Jin. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Song and Jin reached the first peace negotiation, but it was unilaterally destroyed in less than two years. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Song and Jin reached the second peace talks, which were unilaterally destroyed in less than twenty years:

1. As early as the end of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Song and Jin reached the first peace talks. However, only one and a half years later, in early May (1 140), Wu Shu, commander-in-chief of the State of Jin, suddenly tore up the peace treaty and led the Jin army to attack the Song Dynasty on a large scale. At that time, he said helplessly, "People who abandoned Di don't know faith" ("Years since the establishment of Huiji Ziyan", volume 65433).

2. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Song and Jin reached an agreement for the second time, and the Jin State, which was strong in the outside and hollow in the inside, had a great advantage when its national strength was at a disadvantage. However, in the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), in less than twenty years, the State of Jin unilaterally tore up the peace treaty for the second time, and the Emperor Yan Hongliang of the State of Jin led the Jin army to invade the south again. Song Gaozong Zhao Gou was so scared that he peed his pants, so he quickly got his boat ready to escape to the sea. Thanks to the fearless patriotic civil servant Yu, the remnants of the army were based on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River. Later, the infighting occurred, which was killed by his subordinates and plunged into civil strife. The Southern Song Dynasty finally escaped.

-Moreover, the "Yuanmeng" reached between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao State is not as humiliating as the "Shaoxing Peace Conference" reached between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin State!

In A.D. 1005, the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao reached the main contents of the "Yuan Dynasty Alliance":

First, the Liao and Song Dynasties were brotherly countries, and the Emperor Shengzong of Liao was young, calling Song Zhenzong a brother, and later generations were still gnashing their teeth to talk about it.

2. Taking Baigou River as the national border, the two sides withdrew their troops. (Liao belongs to Song Suicheng and Zhu, Ying and Mo states. After that, all thieves and fugitives crossing the border must not stop hiding from each other. The city at the junction of the two dynasties is as usual, and there is no city god to build.

Third, provide100000 silver and 200000 silk to Liao every year. Send it to Xiongzhou

Four, the two sides set up a monopoly market at the border to carry out mutual trade.

In A.D. 1 14 1, the Southern Song Dynasty and the State of Jin reached the main contents of "Shaoxing Peace Talks":

1. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xu Jinli made Zhao Gou emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Second, on the birthday and New Year's Day of Emperor Jin Guo, the Southern Song Dynasty had to send envoys to congratulate him and pay huge gifts.

3. During the Southern Song Dynasty, 252,000 pieces of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk were paid to Jin every year. Since the twelfth year of Shaoxing (1 142), it has been sent to Sizhou every spring to pay.

4. Redefine the Song-Jin boundary, and all the former Northern Song Dynasty areas north of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are owned by the State of Jin. The Southern Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty are bounded by the middle reaches of Huaihe River, with Dasanguan (southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) in the west, Song Dynasty in the south and Jin in the north. The Southern Song Dynasty ceded most areas of Tang (now Tanghe, Henan), Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan), Shang (now Shangxian, Shaanxi) and Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu) to the State of Jin.

Shao Yi made the Song Dynasty permanently lose the original horse farms in Shaanxi and Guanzhong of the Northern Song Dynasty. Since then, Yue Jiajun's shoulder soldiers and tens of thousands of elite cavalry have become the swan song of the Southern Song Dynasty. Until the demise of the Song Dynasty, we had to rely on infantry to fight the nomadic people in the north. Later, the "Longxing Northern Expedition" and "Kathy Northern Expedition" in the Southern Song Dynasty were both defeated by the infantry and heavy riders who attacked the State of Jin. One of the reasons is that the cavalry force in the Southern Song Dynasty is insignificant and cannot be compared with the military strength in the early years of Shaoxing.

Shao Yi confirmed that Wan Yanchang proposed and strongly advocated "south from south, north from north", that is, the Han people who originated in the Southern Song Dynasty as stipulated in Shao Yi belong to the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Han people who originated in the Jin State as stipulated in Shao Yi belong to the Jin State. Since then, the Han people in the north have not only become subjects of the State of Jin in name only, but also cannot flee south, otherwise they will be repatriated. This caused the Han people in the north to become enemy subjects of the Song Dynasty, so that the strength of the Song Dynasty went in and out: 1. Famous soldiers in the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, including Yue Fei, Han Shizhong and Liu Guangshi, as well as Liu Kun, Wu Jun and Yang Yizhong, were all Han people in the north. I received an education loyal to the Song Dynasty since I was a child, and faithfully defended the Song Dynasty. After years of resistance to the Jin Dynasty, I finally had the strength to defeat Wan Yanzong Bi and other warring factions of the Jin Dynasty and recover lost ground. 2. 1279 Zhang Hongfan, the general of the Song Dynasty, and his father Zhang Rou were from Jinhan, Hebei. They never received an education loyal to the Song Dynasty, and defeated the dominant forces of the Southern Song Dynasty all the way. After the destruction of the Song Dynasty by the naval battle in Yashan, Zhang Hongfan wrote on Yashan that "Zhang Hongfan, the general of Zhenguo, destroyed the Song Dynasty here".

In A.D. 1 142, Yue Fei was killed, and the Southern Song Dynasty and the State of Jin reached the second "Shaoxing Peace Conference". In 1 16 1 year, Yan Hongliang, the gold owner, invaded the south again, declaring the humiliating peace policy pursued by Song Gaozong, Zhao Gou and Qin Gui for a long time completely bankrupt. After that, there was a 93-year interval between Song and Jin Dynasties, during which three large-scale wars took place, including 24 years of war. In addition, the wars between Jin and Mongolia in the north are endless, so it is difficult to have a complete statistics.

People cherish peace, but they must never regard peace above everything else. You know, due to the compromise of the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty, China suffered from the split between the North and the South, and its economy and culture were devastated. The vast area from the south of the Yellow River to the north of the Yangtze River has been in a desolate state for a long time because it belongs to the border area of Song and Jin Dynasties.

After the Song and Jin Dynasties reached a peace agreement, the northern people not only suffered from the cruel slavery of the Nuzhen nobles in the Jin Dynasty, but also endured the national oppression and ethnic discrimination policies of the Nuzhen rulers in the Jin Dynasty, and also bore all kinds of burdens brought by the Mongolian War in the Jin Dynasty. A large number of Han Chinese men were forcibly guarded by the Nuzhen rulers of the Jin Dynasty and tragically reduced to cannon fodder in the war between the Jin Dynasty and Mongolia. (Note: Jin has always had a strong policy of ethnic discrimination. At that time, Jin divided the people into five classes, among which Jurchen was the first class and Han people were the fourth class and the fifth class. )

Besides large-scale burning, killing and looting, the Nuzhen rulers of the state of Jin stimulated the national consciousness of the Han people most, forcing them to shave their heads and braid their braids on the one hand, and forcing them to enslave on the other. From the establishment of the Jin State to the early Yuan Dynasty, slavery expanded in northern China, which was of course a serious retrogression. Thirty years after Yue Fei was killed, Fan Chengda, the minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, sent an envoy to the State of Jin. He saw a handmaid tattooed with the word "escape" on her cheek and wrote a poem saying, "Kill a slave official without asking indiscriminately, and be lenient." Fan Chengda, standing at the height of the Han civilization, hated this barbaric act and expressed indignation.