What do you mean by the difficulty of Jingkang and the shame of Jingkang?

What does the shame of Jingkang mean? A famous event in the history of China took place during the Jingkang period of the Northern Song Emperor Song Qinzong. What exactly is the shame of Jingkang?

What is "the difficulty of Jing Kang"? 1 127 years, after four months of occupation of Kaifeng, the nomads from Shanxi captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong, and then returned to the north. At this point, the Northern Song Dynasty officially perished. This is the famous "difficulty in getting well-being" in history. The change of Jingkang led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, which deeply hurt the heart of * * *. Yue Fei later said in "Man Jiang Hong": "Jingkang is shameful, but it is still snowing, and courtiers hate it. When will it go out! " What kind of heartache and helplessness this is!

What is the difficulty of Jingkang? After the battle of Kaifeng, the capitulators in the northern part of 8 Jin Army and Song Ting became rampant again. With the support of Zhao Huan, they successively banished Xu Chu-ren, Wu Min and Han Xu, who advocated the use of force against 8 Jin-jun, from the imperial court. Li Gang was also accused of "focusing on the main battle and wasting money" and was demoted. A group of peace-minded bureaucrats, represented by Assistant Minister Zhongshu, Assistant Minister You of Ritual Department, Assistant Minister Chen of Kaifeng House, Assistant Minister Yin of Kaifeng House and Assistant Minister Cheng of Kaifeng House, were successively promoted to the imperial court.

At this time, another important surrenderer, Evonne, also returned to Kaifeng from Jiangnan, and Song Ting resumed the situation of "Tian Wenwu Xi". Zhao Huan and his gang tried their best to whitewash the peace and abandoned the "strategy of defending the border against the enemy". They didn't actively organize troops to stop the invasion of 8 jin j, but ordered the "Wang Qin" reinforcements in Kaifengfu to withdraw to their original headquarters, which made the defense more empty. Taiyuan City (present-day Shanxi Province), which was besieged by 8 Jin Army for several months in a row, was not seriously rescued, but was led by Wang Bing, the general who led the army and people in the city to fight against the siege of 8 Jin Army, under the command of the Guards, and Ma Jun, the deputy commander, and Zhenxi Army were appointed as our ambassadors to Jianwu Army to "record the achievements of Taiyuan". The corruption of the Song court made people of insight in the ruling and opposition feel sad, and the people also lost confidence in fighting against Jin. "Weisheng, Longde, Fen, Jin, Ze and Jiangdu cross the river to the south, and all counties are empty."

Song Ting's weakness encouraged Jin Ting's arrogance. In August of the first year of Song Jingkang (1 126), Wan (Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty) issued a imperial edict, and the western and eastern armies were still divided and headed south from Datong Prefecture (now Datong, Shanxi Province) and Baozhou (now Baoding, Hebei Province) with the goal of Kaifeng.

Since the seventh year of Song Xuanhe (1 125), Taiyuan City was besieged by 8 Jin Army. Under the leadership of Wang Bing, the soldiers and civilians in the city repelled several attacks by 8 Jin Army, but they still resisted Zhao Huan's edict to stop resisting and offer the city for delivery, and held on to the city. After Han Zong, commander-in-chief of the 8 Jin Army, arrived in the suburbs of Taiyuan, he also directed the 8 Jin Army to step up the siege and launch a more violent attack. He ordered 8 jin j to build a fortress outside the city, surround the city, and completely block the communication and traffic inside and outside Taiyuan. The soldiers and civilians in the city had no food, so they used crossbow tendons, leather armor, bark and grass roots to satisfy their hunger. During months of fierce fighting, many soldiers and civilians in the city were killed or starved to death, and the survivors were exhausted. On the third day of September, Taiyuan City, which had held on for nearly nine months, was finally breached by the Jin Army. Wang Bing also led Taiyuan soldiers and civilians to fight with 8 Jin Army in the street. He was shot dozens of times and then drowned. Most of the soldiers and civilians in the city died heroically.

Under the command of Wang Zong, East Road 8 Jin Army once again passed Zhongshan House (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province) and went straight to Calm House (now Zhengding, Hebei Province). When Calm House invaded the south for the first time, the whole city's soldiers and civilians, led by garrison commander Liu Zhong, rose up and fought, but failed to break the city. After the withdrawal of 8 jin j from the north, most of the troops in the city went with Liu Ying to rescue Taiyuan, so when 8 jin j besieged again, there were less than 2,000 defenders in the city. Li Miao, the magistrate of the Calm House, and the viceroy (Jing and Jing Shuo) still led the soldiers and civilians in the city to resist stubbornly and wrote to Song Ting for help. More than 30 requests were ignored by the court. After more than 40 days of persistence, the Calm House fell. Liu Yi led the soldiers and civilians to fight the nomads from the street, exhausting his own strength. Li Miao was caught in Jin Yanjing House (now southwest of Beijing) and refused to be killed.

Taiyuan, calm down one after another, 8 jin j east and west two straight. Seed Dao, who was appointed as the Privy Council of Tongzhi in Song Dynasty, immediately called the General Affairs Department of Sidaodu, which was set up by Fang, and asked the Shaanxi ambassador under the General Affairs Department of Nandaodu and Xidaodu to quickly lead the "Qin Wang" soldiers to Kaifeng. Last week, Zhao Huan pointed out that the army of nomads from the Golden Army would invade again on a large scale, and asked the imperial court to prepare for defending the enemy as soon as possible. When he saw Shu, he thought Zhongshidao was making a mountain out of a molehill, so he recalled him to Kaifeng in the name of consultation. The seed teacher rushed back to Beijing for illness and died soon.

At this time, the West Road Jin Jun was trapped in Fenzhou (now Fenyang, Shanxi), and the rulers of that year, Zhang Kejian and Jia Zhi, were killed and captured the Pingding Army (now Pingding, Shanxi). Song Ting also wanted to make peace with the rulers by paying taxes from the three towns, so that Wang Yun was sent to 8 Jin Army. Wang Yun reported that the Jin army insisted on ceding Taiyuan, Zhongshan and Hejian (now Hejian, Hebei Province) before accepting the peace talks. Zhao Huan convened officials to discuss in Shangshu Province. Shaozai, Zhongshu Assistant Minister Tang Ke, Geng Nanzhong and others insisted on ceding the three towns in order to make peace with 8 Jin Jun, and Fan Zongyin, the right remonstrator, even cried and begged. Send businessmen to follow Kang Wang to negotiate with the army. Wang Yu immediately resigned, and Zhao Huan demoted him and replaced him with Feng Xiu who knew about the Privy Council. While Jin Jun continued to attack south, Jin Jun of West Road successively captured Pingyang House (now Linfen, Shanxi Province), Weisheng Army (now Qinxian South, Shanxi Province), Longde House (now Changzhi, Shanxi Province) and Zezhou (now Jincheng, Shanxi Province). East Road Jin Jun has also advanced to the north bank of the Yellow River. Song's deputy envoy Zhe led120,000 troops to intercept the attack and was defeated by 8 Jin Army. Zhiyang and Xijing stayed in Wang Xiang and fled. Kang's Gou and Feng Pai returned to Kaifeng before they arrived in 8 Jin Army. Very angry, he dismissed Feng Pai, and then ordered Wang Yun, the minister of punishments, to accompany him to the army, agreeing to give up three towns, give him a crown and a chariot, and treat him as an uncle. Jin Jun crossed the Yellow River again, and Xu Gao, the provincial judge, was defeated one after another. Jin sent messengers to Kaifeng, demanding that Song Ting cede the land of Hebei. Feng Yi and Li Ruoshui were sent to make peace with the army and cede the land.

In mid-November, Song Dong Road ceded land and invited Zhao Gou and Wang Yun and his party to Cizhou (now Cixian County, Hebei Province). Zong Ze, the general of Zhizhizhou, led the army and people to repel the attack of 8 Jin Army. The soldiers and civilians in the city told Zhao Gou that 8 Jin Jun had crossed the Yellow River from the neighboring county to the south, asking them not to go north for peace, but to send troops to the capital. Wang Yun was found to have a handkerchief in his bag and accused of being a spy. People were so angry that they killed him. Zhao Gou is alone and can only stay in Cizhou. Wang Boyan, the magistrate of Xiangzhou, heard the news and invited him to our state. Zhao Gou returned to Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan). In order to meet the requirements of the escalating 8 jin j, Zhao Huan made peace as soon as possible, so that 8 jin j could retreat. After the first batch of land in the East and West Road was ceded to Jin Jun, Geng Nanzhong was appointed as the army and sent as the army, agreeing to delimit the Yellow River with the rulers, and the land in Hebei was owned by Jin. However, Song Ting's series of peace-seeking activities did not stop Jin Jun from advancing to Kaifeng. At the end of November, the East and West Jin armies arrived at the gates of Kaifeng successively.

8 jin j Enemy at the Gates. On the one hand, a group appointed Fan, the ambassador of Beijing Zhaofu Road, as the fifth ambassador of Shaanxi, to urge the "King of Qin" to help Kaifeng. He also sent people to secretly go through the customs to recruit soldiers, and asked Zhao Gou, the king of Kang, and the local governor of Hebei to lead troops to Kaifengfu. At the same time, he was afraid that a large number of Song Jun would gather at the gate, which would anger the Jin people and affect the negotiation of cede territory. So he ordered Zhang Shuye, the commander-in-chief of the South Island, and Qian Gai, the commander-in-chief of Shaanxi, who led the troops to Kaifeng, to stay still and return to their headquarters. Regarding the Jin Army's proposal to take the Yellow River as the boundary, Zhao Huan said: "One by one, I am resigned to my fate and dare not violate it." And sent court officials to all parts of Hebei to handle transportation matters with the gold envoy.

Song Ting's surrender once again aroused the opposition and * * * emotions of the military and civilians in Hebei and Hedong areas. Nie Chang and Jin Shi were killed by local people while transporting goods in Jiangzhou (now Xinjiang, Shaanxi). When Geng Nanzhong and Jin Shi delivered goods in yu zhou (now Jixian County, Hebei Province), they were also treated by "village soldiers". Kim fled hastily, and Geng Nanzhong also fled to the state overnight, afraid to mention the matter of dividing the field again. Kaifeng soldiers and civilians also hate capitulationists. Tang Ke, the prime minister, was almost beaten by the people on his way to inspect the Yugoslav capital, so Zhao Huan had to dismiss the official and take it out on the people, taking the assistant minister who advocated resisting gold as the assistant minister of Shangshu and the assistant minister of Zhongshu respectively. And sent a wax book to Xiangzhou, appointed Zhao Kangguo as the marshal of all military forces in the world, knowing that Chen Hengbo of Zhongshan House was the marshal, and Wang Boyan and Zong Ze were the deputy marshals, and ordered all soldiers in Hebei to help Kaifeng, and also ordered all military forces to rush to the capital. However, when Jin Jun went to Enemy at the Gates, it was too late for Zhao Huan to take these measures.

1 1 On 25th, the Jin army began to attack Kaifeng City, and Tongjinmen, Shanlimen and Xuanhuamen were successively attacked by the Jin army. Defenders Fan Qiong and Yao led the soldiers to stubbornly repel the attack of 8 Jin Army. Fan Qiongfen fought back, burning 8 8 Jin Army camps, and the soldiers guarding the city even killed and burned, burning the enemy's gun racks, goose carts and other ordnance. For this reason, it also paid a huge price, and many soldiers, such as senior officials, were killed. Zhao Huan went to town in the rain and snow, dressed in armor, provided royal meals to ten soldiers and ate their own food. But in the leap November, the weather suddenly turned cold, with rain and snow, dripping into ice, and the soldiers could not hold their weapons, and some even froze to death. However, the division of the "diligent king" has not arrived, and the available troops in the city are only 30,000, and nine times out of ten, it has also lost 50% to 60%. Fan Qiong led thousands of soldiers out of the city to meet Jin's more urgent attack. When crossing the river, more than 500 people drowned because the ice broke, and their morale was greatly reduced. Zhao Huan listened to the myth of Cheng Zhonglang Guo Jing and led him to attack the "magic weapon". 25, Guo Jing opened the door of Xuanhua, "magic weapon" out of the city, and was defeated. Guo Jing also claimed to enter the city, but led the rest of the soldiers to escape from Kaesong, and 8 Jin J took the opportunity to attack the city wall.

Although the Jin army captured the city wall, the soldiers and civilians in the city did not stop fighting against Jin. They killed the gold emissary who came to "make peace" and spontaneously organized themselves against the 8 Jin Army. As many as 300,000 people only ask the government for armor and weapons. 8 jin j ordered arson massacre, what table led people in the street to fight with it, 8 jin j hurriedly built internal fortifications on the city, dare not go on. Although the soldiers and civilians in Kaifeng City are still fighting hard with 8 Jin Army, Zhao Huan has been scared out of her wits. When Jin Jun's daughter asked for peace, he accepted it immediately. 8 jin j please emperor's father Evonne to 8 jin j camp to discuss surrender, Zhao Huan proposed to the emperor's father "care about the country and the people". Soon after his return from 8 Jin Army, he went up and down again, sending, Geng Nanzhong and Chen to Hedong and Hebei to make contact with the rulers. The people in Lianghe area resolutely opposed Song Ting's surrender and ceded territory for peace. In addition to Shizhou (now Lishi, Shanxi), people and troops in other areas clung to the city and refused to carry out the imperial edict of offering the city to surrender. Zhao Huan had to send another imperial edict to let the people of the two rivers "open the door and surrender", but the effect was still very small.

Wang Zong and Han Zong further proposed that Song Ting should collect weapons from the people. They also invited the Song Dynasty to collect fees for teachers: silk 100,000 taels, gold ingots 100 taels and silver ingots100 taels. Satin100000. Song Ting tried his best to collect in the city, but everything except silk was "very short of one". Wang Zong, Han Zong and others were very dissatisfied with this. In the first month of the second year of Jingkang (1 127), they once again asked Zhao Huan to go to 8 Jin Army Camp, and was immediately detained, claiming that he could not be released without paying the full amount. Song Ting searched desperately for gold and silver in the whole city, and when the hairpin was more than two baht, all of them were forcibly taken away. At that time, the whole city was sad and the people were miserable.

The people asked the government to issue weapons, but they were rejected, so they took risks, built weapons privately and killed the nomads from lower town in the dark. Nomads from the army "cover up and kill a lot for the people", and Song Ting was very frightened. He ordered a ban on "making weapons on stoves in the name of protection" and beheaded those who violated the ban to prevent the people in the city from resisting gold.

On the sixth day of February, He Ming Song recommended changing his surname to Emperor, and he was abolished. On the seventh day, 8 jin j asked the emperor's father to go to the Golden Camp. According to the list of Zhao's imperial clan provided by the chamberlain Deng Shu, all the kings and their descendants were taken into the Golden Camp. 1 1 day, and forced Zhao to call the queen and crown prince to jinying, and at the same time chased them as puppets. When they saw that the amount of gold and silver found was still insufficient, they thought that Song Ting's officials could not find it, and even the ministers of finance Mei Zhili and Chen, assistant minister of finance Cheng Zhen and assistant minister of justice all killed them.

On March 7th, with the support of Jin people, Zhang Bangchang officially proclaimed himself emperor and established the regime of puppet Chu. Soon, 8 jin j will collect Zhao Zongshi members according to the personnel list, so that they can all be taken to Jin Ying. Yin Xu Bingzhe, the Kaifeng government, actually ordered the people to guarantee each other and not to hide members of the imperial clan and their children. At the end of March, Jin Jun led Zhao Ji to the north and returned to the rulers.

On the first day of April,, with the Empress, the Crown Prince, and more than 3,000 people from Zhao's imperial clan and ministers, they plundered gold and silver treasures, cars, crown clothes, ritual vessels, ritual vessels, music, musical instruments, ritual vessels, eight treasures, Jiuding, ghosts and meat. The accumulation of Song Tingfu's treasury is empty. The Northern Song Dynasty also perished.

In the 5th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 135), Evonne died in the Jin Dynasty, and in the 31st year (1 16 1), Zhao Huan also died in the Jin Dynasty.

What is the shame of Jingkang in history? The change of Jingkang refers to a historical event in which the Jin Dynasty took Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, to the south in the second year of Jingkang (the fifth year of Jintianhui, 1 127) and took away the Hui and Qin emperors, which led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Also known as Jingkang Rebellion, Jingkang Disaster and Jingkang Disaster.

In the seventh year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (the third year of Jintianhui, 1 125), the Jin army attacked the Song Dynasty from both east and west. On the East Road, Gan led the troops, but he did not lead the troops to attack Yanjing. West Road starts from the Korean War and goes straight to Taiyuan. Jinbing East Road broke Yanjing, crossed the Yellow River and went south to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). Song Huizong saw the danger, but Zen was located in Prince Zhao Huan, Song Qinzong.

In the first month of the first year of Jingkang (the fourth year of Jintianhui, 1 126), Wan Yanhuan led the Jinbing East Road Army to Bianjingmen, forcing Song Yihe to retreat. The Jin people demanded five million and two thousand gold and five thousand and two hundred silver coins, and ceded Zhongshan, Hejian and Taiyuan. In August of the same year, 8 jin j attacked Song in two ways; Leap in November, Jin Lianglu army stationed to conquer Bianjing. Song Qinzong went to Jin people's camp to make peace and was detained by Jin people.

In addition, there are a large number of more than 3000 people, including Zhao's royal family, harem concubines, Guiqing, courtiers and so on. Going north to Guo Xu and Tokyo, public and private savings have been exhausted. The change of Jingkang led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Extended data:

The effects of war:

Ideological change

China's theory of women's chastity has always been valued by Taoists in Song Dynasty since the change of Jingkang. Because the concubines and maids in the northern song dynasty were taken to the north to be slaves and prostitutes. This sense of shame made Taoism give up the idea of emphasizing survival over chastity in the Northern Song Dynasty, and instead strongly advocated that women give their lives to protect chastity.

Because of the environment at that time, this concept was gradually accepted by scholars. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were more and more memorial archways for women's martyrdom. Between survival and chastity, women can only choose the latter.

The destruction of the northern region

The textile industry in the Northern Song Dynasty was mainly silk, followed by hemp.

As the "silk" category of the two taxes, there are four products: silk, cloth, silk floss and silk floss. Among them, silk is the most abundant, and JD.COM in the north is the concentrated area of silk production. "Silk-producing area in Lingzhou District of Qidan" accounts for more than 16% of the national total, but these two areas are precisely the areas that suffered the most in the two southward invasions of Jin Jun, which is a great loss to the textile industry in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The scale and internal division of labor of various handicraft workshops in the Northern Song Dynasty exceeded that of the previous generation. Production technology has made remarkable progress, and the variety, quantity and quality of products have been greatly increased and improved. The most prominent is all kinds of porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, kiln households burned porcelain all over the country, and the porcelain produced had their own characteristics.

However, with Jin Jun's two invasions to the south, most of the porcelain factories were destroyed, and most of the precious and exquisite porcelain was brought to the Jin Dynasty, and the skilled porcelain makers also suffered heavy losses. Coin industry, mining industry and smelting industry in the Northern Song Dynasty were not only restricted by natural conditions, but also influenced by the policy of * *, but * * could not operate normally before and after the Jingkang Revolution.

"In exchange for orders, the States earn less copper and iron money than in the past." In the process of Jin Jun's two invasions to the south, the mutual trade between the Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia and other countries can be said to have been hit or even unable to continue. "Foreign businessmen and ships rarely come."

After the change of Jingkang, Jin Bing invaded the Song Dynasty on a large scale, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Instead, it was the Southern Song Dynasty, with a narrow ruling area, just south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, and its land area was only two-thirds of that of the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River completely lost the traditional farming areas, and the income from land tax was greatly reduced, so the finance began to rely on non-agricultural industries.

The economic center of gravity moved south.

The change of Jingkang objectively strengthened the integration of northern minorities and Han nationality. With Jin Jun's two invasions to the south, the homes of people of all ethnic groups in the north were destroyed, and the general public had to leave their homes, which led to another wave of southward migration in history. After the change of Jingkang, the economic center in the north was greatly affected, and countless refugees moved south, which inevitably led to the economic center moving south.

At the same time, the economic center of gravity shifted to the south, and the northern minorities continued to integrate into the living areas of the Han nationality. The production technologies of the North and South ethnic groups learn from each other, and their living habits and national cultures are constantly merging.

In a word, a large number of northern minorities moved to the south, which not only supplemented the labor force in the south, but also brought advanced production technology and culture, increased the military strength of the south, promoted the integration of northern minorities and Han nationality, and completed the process of economic center shifting to the south.