History, Culture and Folklore of Hunan Province

Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, bordering Hubei Province, Guizhou Province and Chongqing City, with an area of 15486 square kilometers. Tujia, Miao, Hui, Yao, Dong, Bai and other ethnic minorities live in the territory, with a population of 2.66 million, including Tujia 654.38+0.05 million and Miao 860,000, accounting for 72.9% of the total population. It has jurisdiction over Jishou City and seven counties including Longshan, Yongshun, Baojing, Huayuan, Guzhang, Fenghuang and Luxi.

Xiangxi has been the throat of Xiangchuan since ancient times, with a long history, peculiar landscapes and simple folk customs. The natural landscape in the territory is colorful, and the human landscape is unique and magical. There are many peaks and peaks in Xiangxi, with towering trees, rivers, caves and fascinating places of interest. There are not only quicksand waterfalls with the largest drop in the country, but also ancient buildings with exquisite craftsmanship and unique style-Laosicheng Ancestral Temple. Nature's uncanny workmanship created this paradise.

The beauty of Xiangxi lies in the mountains. The majestic Wuling is the backbone of Xiangxi. The towering Bamian Mountain presents the "scenery beyond the Great Wall" of "seeing cattle and sheep at the wind and grass"; In the vast and desolate world, the forest is endless, the sun is covered by the shade of the sky, and rare birds and animals in the wild emerge one after another; South Huashan Mountain has a charming green season, just like a golden phoenix living in the mountainous area of western Hunan.

The beauty of Xiangxi lies in the water. Beautiful scenery and surging rivers are the eternal blood of Xiangxi. On both sides of the strait, Qingfeng confronts each other, and the beautiful Mengdong River enjoys the reputation of "the first drift in the world"; Quietly crossing the Pidu River, trimming bamboo and sandwiching the shore, and painting a screen on the ten-mile corridor; The vast Qifeng Lake is a bright pearl in western Hunan.

The beauty of Xiangxi lies in people. "Wise people like water, benevolent people like water", and strange mountains and strange waters endow Xiangxi people with this charm. Xiangxi people not only have the splendid art of "thousands of lights and thousands of people", but also have warm and simple feelings and loyalty.

The magical land has its own magical products. Precious tree species such as ginkgo, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Phoebe bournei grow here; Tung oil, raw lacquer and other specialties are well known; Guzhang Maojian tea and Baojing orchid needle tea are fragrant everywhere; Coptidis Rhizoma, Eucommiae Cortex. , Cortex Phellodendri, Rhizoma Gastrodiae, etc. Make Xiangxi a famous natural drug storehouse in Central China. More than 60 kinds of underground mineral deposits have cast a "golden rice bowl" for Xiangxi. Huayuan is known as "Manganese Capital". Xiangquan, a famous alcoholic in Xiangxi, is famous all over the country and has a great reputation overseas.

physical geography

Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture is located in the northwest of Hunan, bordering Changde in the east, Huaihua in the south, Sichuan and Guizhou in the west and Hubei in the north. It is located at10911'-10 55' east longitude and 27 44'-29 47 north latitude.

Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture is located at the junction of the northeast side of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the southwest end of western Hubei Mountains. Wuling Mountain runs through the whole territory obliquely from northeast to southwest, and its terrain is low in the southeast and high in the northwest, belonging to the eastern edge of the second ladder that gradually descends from west to east in China. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west, mountains in western Hubei in the north, Xuefeng Mountain as the barrier in the southeast, and Wuling Mountain winding in the territory. The terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, with an average elevation of 800- 1200m, and the northwest boundary of Dalingshanhai 1736.5m is the highest point in the whole state. The riverbed at the outlet of Dalongxi in Shangbao Township, luxi county is 97. 1 m above sea level, which is the lowest point in the whole state.

Limestone is widely distributed in southwest China, with full karst development, many caves and surging undercurrents. At that time, the sandstone in the northwest is densely covered, and small peaks are formed due to crustal movement, especially around Huayuan Paiwu Township. The east and west are hilly areas with an average elevation of 200-500 meters, with criss-crossing streams and rivers and alluvial plains on both sides. The general outline of the landform is an arc mountain landform which is dominated by mountain plains, supplemented by hills and small plains and protrudes to the northwest.

The main mountain ranges in western Hunan are Wuyishan branch at the junction of Guangdong and Fujian and Lianhua Mountain at the junction of Chaomei and Fenghuang Mountain. Fenghuang Daji, the main peak of Fenghuang Mountain, is 1497.8 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the city.

Hill phoenix

Located 40 kilometers north of Xiangxi City, the main peak of Fenghuang Daban is 1497.8 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Xiangxi. The main peak stands tall, the clouds are lingering, and the silver waterfalls are magnificent; The mountains are full of exotic flowers and herbs, and there are many pines and cypresses. Standing at the top of the mountain, the mountains are curled up at the foot, and the scenery of Xiangxi city is panoramic, which is refreshing.

Wu Tong is the second peak of Phoenix Mountain, with an altitude of 139 1 m. Tianchi, on the west side of the peak of Wuyi Mountain, is the most charming place in Fenghuang Mountain Scenic Area. Tianchi Lake is formed by an ancient crater, with an area of about 40,000 square meters (60 mu). Spring water gushes all the year round. In the windless season, the waves are as flat as a mirror, and the green mountains, blue sky and white clouds are reflected in the water, which is particularly beautiful. Rare quadruped fish (scientific name salamander, amphibian), soft-shelled snails, frogs and alpine butterflies breed in the pool. In summer, the mountains are as cool as autumn, and the Tianchi blue waves are rippling; In winter, the water in the pool is very cold, and there are several inches of ice on the water in severe cold. There are sometimes snowflakes floating on the mountains, which have quite a northern winter scenery and are a must in eastern Guangdong. There are many stone scenes on Wutai Mountain, and the strange stones with strange shapes are dizzying and imaginative.

Phoenix Mountain is the birthplace of She nationality, with dragons and dogs as totems and many beautiful folklore. Shiguping Village in Fenghuang Mountain is now the settlement of She nationality. Phoenix Mountain is one of the famous tea-producing areas in China, with more than 20,000 tea plantations. The varieties are Shiguping Oolong Tea, Minghua Tea, Lan Qi Tea, Huang Dan Tea, Tieguanyin Tea, Benshan Tea and Dahonggui Tea, among which the most famous one is Fenghuang Dan Cong, and 1982 was rated as one of the 32 famous teas in China.

The main water system in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture is Yuanjiang River in the south, Youshui River and Wushui River cross east and west, and the middle and upper reaches of Huayuan Xixiang River enter the territory from south to north through tea caves.

The total length of Yuanjiang River is 1.033km, and the drainage area is 891.63km2.. It originated in Jiguanling, Wu Yun, Duyun County, Guizhou Province, and flowed into Dongting Lake at Yudeshan. The main stream enters the territory from the upper reaches of Xiaoshuping in Pushi Town, Luxi County, about 1.0 km, flows through the fog water in Pushi Town, Baisha Town and Wuxi Town, and flows downstream to Dalongxi. The transit mileage is about/10 km, and the state drainage area is 1, 158.8 km2.

Youshui is the largest first-class tributary of Yuanjiang River, which has been called the north-south source since ancient times. Beiyuan is the main stream, originating from Youyuan Mountain in Xuanen County, Hubei Province, and winding southward to Xuanen and Laifeng in Hubei Province, Longshan in Hunan Province, Xiushan and Youyang in Chongqing, of which 56 kilometers have become the dividing line among Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan provinces. The main stream flows southward through Tang Wan Hydropower Station in Longshan County, Xichou Town in Youyang County and Shidi Town in Xiushan County, and flows into Xiushan River. Nanyuan is called Xiushan River, which originated in Shanyangxi, Songtao County, Guizhou Province. After meeting the north and south sources of Xiushan Stone Embankment, it flows into the state through Daqiao Village, with a total length of10km, left to Longtou Car Wash River, right to Xiahekou Garden River, left to Sixi River, Mengdong River and Rongshi River, right to Baojing County, Baixi River and Guzhang River, and flows out of the state from Fengtan Hydropower Station Dam and into Yuanjiang River through Yuanling County. The main stream of Youshui River is 477 kilometers long with a drainage area of 18530 square kilometers, of which the main stream owned by the state is 222.5 kilometers long with a drainage area of 9098 square kilometers. The theoretical reserve of hydropower resources is 1 18000 kilowatts, and the possible development amount is 748,300 kilowatts.

Wushui is a first-class tributary of Yuanjiang River, which originates from Laorenshan and Huoyan Cave in Huayuan County and flows 6 kilometers eastward to Xiaoshuituo, Liubao Township, Fenghuang County. Most of the water flows into the underground river and flows out from the mouth of Dalongdong Waterfall. Another part of the water flows13km along Niujiao River and joins Dalongdong Waterfall, which is called Cave River. After Aizhai in Jishou City, it reaches Wanrong River in Zhangpaizhai and Tuojiang River in Hexi, which is called dancing water. After that, it flows into Luxi County via Huanglian River and flows into Yuanjiang River from Wuxi Town. The main stream of Wushui River 14 1 km, with a drainage area of 3,676 square kilometers, including 3,624 square kilometers in the state. The theoretical reserve of hydropower resources is 2 1 10,000 kilowatts, and the possible development amount is 6. 940 kilowatts.

Tuojiang River, the largest river in Fenghuang County, is a first-class tributary of Wushui River, with two sources: Wu Chao in the north, which originates from Nanshan Gorge in Dushan, Heku. The beach is dangerous and fast, and the rain is rising, making it difficult to travel. Tuojiang River runs through the central part of Fenghuang County from west to east, and flows through 9 towns including La 'ershan, Machong, Luochaojing, Li Du, Nanhuashan, Tuojiang Town, Guanzhuang, Qiaoxikou and Mujiangping. To Wuxi, luxi county, the river meets the dancing water and flows into Yuanjiang in Wuxi Town. Total length of main stream 13 1 km. In Fenghuang County, the territory is 96.9 kilometers long and the drainage area is 732.42 square kilometers. The annual average flow 1 1.89 cubic meters per second, and the natural height difference is 533 meters.

The highest water level of the Tuojiang River is 1974 305.9 meters, and the lowest is 1962 300.39 meters, with an average of 300.93 meters. Maximum flow1896 m3/s on June 30th, 974, and minimum flow14m3/s on June 30th, 0966, with an average of11.89m3/s. ..

Mengdong River originates in Bajiatian County, Sangzhi County, and flows through Mengbi of Longshan, such as Ruchi, Wu Jiabao, Shaoha and Yongshun County, to the foot of Xiadong Mountain, and then flows into Pike. Mengdong River, with its colorful, magnificent and magical natural scenery and human landscape, constitutes a beautiful picture that makes people feel relaxed and happy. Shimentian chisel "no second gate" and Mengdong River "floating first in the world" are all unique in the world.

Huayuan River is the largest tributary of Youshui, which originates from Yizishan in Xiushan County, Chongqing and Muerxi in Songtao County, Guizhou Province, flows through Songtao County, enters Quanzhou from Tea Cave in Huayuan County, and flows to the estuary of Baojing County to meet Youshui after passing through Xionghui River in the county. The total length of the main stream is 187 km, and the drainage area is 2797 square kilometers, of which the mileage of Hunan and Guizhou provinces is 22. Km, the main stream is 53.5km in Quanzhou, and the drainage area is1.07km2..

Small water systems flowing to Chenshuimian River include Suma River, Chatian River, Xindixi River and Baini River in Fenghuang County, Tahuxi River and Taipingxi River in luxi county, with a total drainage area of 802. Square kilometers. Among them, it is 340.26 square kilometers away from Nijiang River and 0/96 square kilometers away from Taipingxi/KLOC.

The downstream of the dam of Fengtan Hydropower Station flows Mingxi River in Yongshun County, Caotang River in Guzhang County and Youxi River in Luxi County, with a total drainage area of 875 square kilometers. Among them, Mingxi 2 10 square kilometers, Caotang River 388 square kilometers and Youxi River 377 square kilometers.

The main small water systems flowing to Lishui are Cunninghamia lanceolata River and Hehuxi River in Yongshun County, with a total drainage area of 1, 246.7 square kilometers. Among them, Sam River 1.070.7 square kilometers, and rivers and lakes 176 square kilometers.

Xiangxi belongs to the subtropical monsoon humid climate with obvious continental climate characteristics. Summer half year is controlled by summer monsoon, with abundant precipitation and warm and humid climate, and winter half year is controlled by winter wind, with little precipitation and cold and dry climate. Water and heat in the same season, warm and wet and rainy, warm in winter and cool in summer, four distinct seasons, abundant precipitation and less light and heat; Light and hot water are basically in the same season, with good coordination in the early stage, frequent imbalance in the later stage, diverse climate types and obvious three-dimensional climate.

First, it is warm in winter and cool in summer, with four distinct seasons.

In the main agricultural areas of 8 counties (cities) in the state (below 500 meters above sea level, the same below), although the annual average temperature and accumulated temperature ≥O℃ are lower than those in the lakeside areas of the same latitude in the province, the average temperature in 5438+ 10 is higher. According to the meteorological data of 196 1 ~ 1990, it is the highest in Leng Yue.

The days are 10 ~ 17 days, and the cold duration is 16 ~ 32 days. Summer is affected by topographic precipitation, but the temperature is low in summer, and there is little high temperature weather. The average temperature in July in the hottest month is lower than that in the lakeside area at the same latitude 1. 8 ℃~2.0℃, the number of days with the highest temperature above 35℃ is 8 ~ 15 days less.

According to the statistics of meteorological data from 196L to 1990 in 8 counties and cities, spring begins in the middle and late March and lasts for about 75 days. Summer begins from late May to mid-June, and the time is about 1 10 days. Autumn starts from the middle of September to the beginning of 10, with a time of about 65 days, and winter starts from the middle and late of 10, with a time of about15 days. Winter and summer and autumn in Changchun are very short. Among them, there is usually more rain and less rain in spring, and the temperature gradually rises. Autumn is crisp in the first half of the year, and autumn rain in the second half. With the increase of altitude, the duration of the four seasons is shortened in summer and prolonged in winter.

Second, the precipitation is abundant, and the total amount of light and heat is small.

The state is located in the area with more precipitation in China, and the precipitation concentration period is from April to June (commonly known as rainy season), and the precipitation accounts for about 4 1-47% of the whole year. The rainy season starts from south to north in early April and ends from south to north in early July. Generally, the rainy season basically ends in mid-July.

Compared with the whole country and the whole province, the total amount of light and heat in Quanzhou is obviously lower than that in the eastern region of the same latitude. The annual average temperature is 0.7℃ lower (for example, compared with the north latitude of 28 41'in Baojing and 28 42' in Pingjiang), the accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ is 250℃ less, and the active accumulated temperature of ≥ 100℃ is about 185℃ less. Longshan is relatively lower than Huarong and Yongshun is lower than Changde. Sunshine hours, because eight counties and cities in the state are located in mountainous areas, sunshine hours are much less than those in Binhu District. For example, Baojing is 520 hours less than Pingjiang's annual sunshine hours, and other counties and cities are also less than Binhu District at the same latitude.

Third, the light and hot water are basically in the same season, and the cooperation in the early stage is not bad, and the imbalance often occurs in the later stage.

In 8 counties and cities in Quanzhou, the proportion of light and hot water from April to September was 68.9%, 765,438+0. % and 73.0%. From April to June, the combination of light and heat is good, the temperature rises month by month, the sunshine increases month by month and the precipitation increases month by month. From the middle and late July, as the rainy season moved northward, the subtropical high extended westward and lifted northward, and the precipitation decreased significantly. The sunshine hours from July to September are 550 hours, accounting for 43% of the whole year. The accumulated temperature is 2350℃, accounting for 40% of the whole year, but the precipitation only accounts for 29% of the whole year. The precipitation is often strong, ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, the combination of light and hot water is poor in the later period, which is prone to summer and autumn drought.

Fourth, the climate types are diverse and the three-dimensional characteristics are obvious.

In the vertical direction, the elevation increases by 100m, the annual average temperature decreases by 0.55℃ ~ 0.60℃, the rainfall increases by 30 ~ 50mm, the sunshine decreases, the frost-free period shortens by 5 days, and the growth period of warm-loving crops shortens by 6. 5 days, forming different levels of climate types.

In the horizontal direction, due to the different topography and slope direction, the amount of solar radiation received is different, and the incoming airflow is also different, so there is a great difference between light and hot water. Generally, the light intensity is on the south slope or open terrain, and the air is dry when the temperature is high, but the opposite is true on the north slope or canyon stream. There are many mountain basins in this state. Due to the influence of cold air in winter or reverse radiation cooling at night, a certain layer is prone to inversion, resulting in a warm area, and many areas produce small "warm areas." In the case of unusually low temperature in winter, the temperature in the warm area is 2℃ ~ 9℃ higher than that in the general area, and the temperature in the warm area is 2℃ ~ 8℃ higher than that in the lower layer.

Land resources:

The total land area of Xiangxi 15462274 hectares. Among them, there are 35,000 hectares of cultivated land, 39,627 hectares of construction land, unused land 16 and 6 10/00000 hectares, and about 40,000 hectares of land development and reserve resources.

Water resources:

Most areas in Quanzhou are rich in surface water and groundwater resources, and the water quality is good. Surface water and groundwater are transformed into each other, forming a pattern of comprehensive utilization of surface water and groundwater. The domestic accounting water avoidance is 265.438+0.37 billion cubic meters, and the regional average runoff for many years is 65.438+0.328 billion cubic meters; There are ***444 rivers with the length of the main stream exceeding 5 kilometers and the basin area exceeding 10 square kilometers. The main rivers are Yuanjiang, Youshui, Wushui and Mengdong River. The reserve of hydropower resources is 1.68 million kilowatts, which can be developed by 6.5438+0.08 million kilowatts, and now only 6.5438+0.80 million kilowatts are developed.

Biological resources:

Xiangxi Prefecture is a natural treasure house of wildlife resources and a gene bank for biological research. * * * There are more than 2,206 species of vascular plants belonging to 897 genera and 209 families. The world-famous Metasequoia glyptostroboides, duckweed, ginkgo biloba, Taxus mairei, Bole, gooseberry and fragrant fruit trees are all preserved among the remaining plants. 985 species of medicinal plants, including Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. , ginkgo biloba, gastrodia elata, camphor, turmeric, etc. 19 kinds of precious medicinal materials protected by the state; There are more than 230 kinds of oil plants with oil content above 10%. Ornamental plants 9 1 family 2 16 belong to 383 species; More than 60 kinds of vitamin plants; 12 kinds of pigment plants. China is an important producer of tung oil, camellia oleifera, raw lacquer and Chinese herbal medicines. There are many kinds of wild animals, including vertebrates belonging to 28 orders and 64 families, which belong to 20 1 species under special protection by the state and provincial governments. Among them, one kind of rare animals is clouded leopard, leopard, white crane and white-necked pheasant, the other is macaque, otter and giant salamander, and the third is Acacia crassipes.

Mineral resources:

485 mineral deposits of 63 kinds have been discovered in Quanzhou. The main proven minerals are lead, zinc, mercury, manganese, phosphorus, aluminum, coal, purple clay, potassium-bearing shale and so on. Among them, manganese, mercury, aluminum and purple clay mines rank first in Hunan Province, industrial reserve of manganese ranks second in China with 3 106570 tons, and the prospective reserves of mercury rank fourth in China.

Tourism resources:

Xiangxi Prefecture has profound historical and cultural heritage and wonderful natural scenery, which integrates human landscape and natural landscape. The mysterious world of Xiangxi is singing all over the country and going to the world. Famous scenic spots include Fenghuang Ancient City, China Southern Great Wall, Liye Ancient City, Mengdong River Rafting, Wangcun (furong town), Dehang Miao Village in Jishou, Qifeng Lake, Longshan Fire Cave, Tawo Township, and the ruins of Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou revolutionary base areas. And Liye Qin Bamboo Slips, Yongshun County, Laosi City, the ancient capital of Tujia nationality for thousands of years, and Huangsiqiao Castle, an ancient building in Ming Dynasty in Fenghuang County, which ranks first in the country.

The development of history

The territory of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture belonged to the county between Chu and Qian during the Warring States Period. The Western Han Dynasty belongs to Wuling County. The Three Kingdoms belonged to Shu at first, and then to Wu. Both the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty belong to Wuling County, Jingzhou. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties belong to Guizhou Middle Road. The Song Dynasty was Chenzhou and Lizhou on Jinghu North Road. Yuan Wei 'en Shi Xuanwei Department, Chenzhou Road, Huguang Road Lizhou Road, Sichuan Yongshun Xuanwei Department, newly added Geman appeasement Department. Ming set up Yongshun Xuanwei Department, Baojing Xuanwei Department, and the rest set up Yue and Chen. Yongshun House in Qing Dynasty and Zhili Hall in Fenghuang, Ganzhou and Yongsui are advantageous to the northeast. 19 14- 1922 is Chen Yuan Road. 1938- 1949 is the eighth and ninth administrative supervision areas.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the policy of regional ethnic autonomy was implemented in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. 1952, 1 In August, Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, governing Gancheng, Fenghuang, Huayuan, Luxi, Guzhang and Baojing. April 28th 1955, changed to Xiangxi Miao Autonomous Prefecture. 1957 On September 6th, the 57th plenary meeting in the State Council adopted the Decision of Hunan Provincial People's Committee on Establishing Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province. On September 20th, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was formally established. The state capital has Jishou, which governs Jishou, Luxi, Fenghuang, Huayuan, Baojing, Guzhang, Yongshun, Longshan, Sangzhi, Dayong 10 counties. 1 988 65438+February 3 1, Sangzhi and Dayong were included in Zhangjiajie City, and Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was reduced from 8 counties and 2 cities to 7 counties1city, namely Jishou City, Luxi, Fenghuang, Huayuan, Baojing, Guzhang, Yongshun and Longshan County.

The territory of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture belonged to the county between Chu and Guizhou during the Warring States Period, and the county is now Changde City. In the 30th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 285 years), Chuzhong County, Qianzhong County and Jiangnan County were established in central Guizhou, and the county ruled 20 miles west of Yuanling County.

In the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (the first 22 years1), the whole country was divided into 36 counties, and then 4 counties ***40 counties were added. Hunan Province belongs to two counties, namely, central Guizhou and Changsha, while western Hunan belongs to central Guizhou, and the county is located in the west of Yuanling County.

The Western Han Dynasty was divided into 13 departments nationwide, with a secretariat and the capital of Zhili. Most of Hunan belongs to Jingzhou, and a small part belongs to Jiaozhou. Jingzhou has jurisdiction over 6 counties 1 country, with Lingling, Guiyang, Wuling and Changsha countries in Hunan Province and Wuling County in Xiangxi.

In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu (the first 202 years), the county in central Guizhou was changed to Wuling County, and the county ruled Yiling (now Pu Shu County), resulting in 13 county, and now there is 12 county in Hunan Province. Xiangxi Prefecture belongs to Yuanling (including Jishou and Luxi today) and Chenyang (including Fenghuang and the south of Huayuan today), and moved.

The Eastern Han Dynasty was divided into 13 departments with a secretariat, which was later called Zhou Mu and Zhili Shi Jing. Hunan belongs to Jingzhou, which governs Hanshou, namely Suoxian County (now Changde City) in the Western Han Dynasty. There are 7 counties, and there are 4 counties in Hunan today. Xiangxi Prefecture still belongs to Wuling County of Jingzhou. The county moved to Linyuan (now Changde City). Leading 13 counties, there are 12 counties in Hunan and 5 counties in Xiangxi, which are Yuanling, Chenyang, Ganling, Youyou and Chongxian, the same as in the Western Han Dynasty.

In the Three Kingdoms, it belonged to Shu at the beginning, and then to Wu. Wu is divided into five States, with a secretariat in the state and a county in Zhili. Hunan belongs to Jingzhou and governs Nanjun (now jiangling county, Hubei). Leading 14 county, there is 10 county in Hunan today, and Xiangxi Prefecture belongs to Wuling County and Tianmen County in Jingzhou. Wuling County, the same as the old counties in the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties, leads to 12 County, Hunan Province 1 1 County, and five counties in Xiangxi: Qianyang County (now Longshan County), Youyang County (now Yongshun County and Guzhang County), Yuanling County, Chenyang County and Ganling County are the same as those in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Tianmen County is under the rule (now west of Cili County). In the sixth year of Yong 'an (263), Emperor Jingdi was enfeoffed to Wuling County. 3 counties: Chengzhong County (now Yongding County and Cili County of Dayong County), Chongxian County (now planting mulberry fields) and Zero Yang County (now Cili, Shimen, Lixian and Linli).

The Western Jin Dynasty was divided into 20 states, each of which had a secretariat and Zhili Luoyang. Hunan belongs to Jingzhou and Guangzhou. Jingzhou ruled Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), then moved to Jiangling (now jiangling county City, Hubei Province) and led 22 counties. There are 9 counties in Hunan today, and the territory of Xiangxi Prefecture still belongs to Wuling County of Jingzhou. Wuling county, governing the county is the same as Wu in the Three Kingdoms. Han, a native of Wuxian County, leads 10 County. There are five counties in Xiangxi: Kancheng (including Huayuan and Fenghuang), Qianyang, Youyang, Qianling and Yuanling, which are equally famous with Wu in the Three Kingdoms period.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were states such as Yang, Jing, Xiang, Jiang, Liang, Yi, Jiao, Guang, etc. The states set up a secretariat and Zhili built sanitation. Hunan belongs to Beijing, Hunan and Jiangsu. Today there are 13 counties in Hunan. Today, Xiangxi Prefecture still belongs to Wuling County of Jingzhou. Counties and subordinate counties are the same as those in the Western Jin Dynasty.

In the Southern Dynasties, in the Song Dynasty, all the land in Jiangzuo was divided into twenty-two states, each of which set up a secretariat and Zhili Jiankang. Hunan belongs to Beijing, Britain and Hunan. There are 14 counties and townships in Hunan. Xiangxi Prefecture belongs to Tianmen Prefecture of Jingzhou and Wuling Prefecture of Yunzhou.

In the first year of Xiaowu (454), Jingzhou, Hunan, Jiangsu and Yuzhou were partially set up to govern Jiangxia (now Wuhan, Hubei). Wuling County originally belonged to 10 County, which is the same as the Jin Dynasty in Xiangxi. Jingzhou Tianmen satrap, state and county governance with Jin, is now the same as the state and county in western Hunan.

The qi dynasty followed the song system.

Ten years ago (5 1 1), Tian Liang prison was under a neat system. Ten years later, Hunan still belongs to Jing, Britain and Hunan. The territory is in today's Hunan ***20 states (counties) and counties. Today's Xiangxi Prefecture belongs to Yelang County, Luzhou (county level), Wuling County, Nanyang County and Tianmen County in Jingzhou. Yelang County and Zhiyelang (now Jishou City) belong to Yuanling County, and Yelang County 1 (now Jishou City) is the leader. Luzhou (county level) governs western Shandong. Tian Jian is divided into Yuanling County, which governs Huayuan County, Luxi County and Jishou City. Wuling County is the same as Song and Qi. Leading 9 counties, there are 3 counties in Xiangxi: Daxiang County (changed from Qianyang County to Longshan County), Ganling County, Youyang County, Song County and Qi County. Nanyang county, magistrate's field, northwest of Chenxi county today. It is located in Chenyang County, including today's Fenghuang County. Tianmen County is the same as Song and Qi Dynasties.

During the Chen Dynasty, all the land in the south of the Yangtze River was divided into 22 states. State Secretariat. Zhili is healthy. Hunan belongs to Beijing, Yuan and Xiang. Today's Xiangxi Prefecture belongs to Yelang County, Yuanling County, Nanyang County of Yuanzhou and Beihengzhou (county level) of Beiyuan.

After the Sui Dynasty unified China, it was divided into nine countries: Hebei, Yong, Qing, Yan, Xu, Liang, Yu, Yang and Jing. Hunan belongs to Jingzhou, and there are 8 counties in Hunan today, and Yuanling County and Liyang County belong to Xiangxi. Yuanling County under Chen in the Southern Dynasties governed five counties, and there are three counties in Xiangxi today: Yuanling County (now Yuanling, Luxi, Huayuan and Jishou) and Daxiang County (now Yongshun, Guzhang, Baojing and Longshan).

Local customs and practices

Most Tujia houses are built on the mountain, generally rectangular, with three bedrooms and one living room in the middle. Building materials, some with wooden frame houses, roof tiles; Some people use bamboo as walls and thatch as roofs.

The diet is mainly corn, millet and buckwheat, and I like sauerkraut and pepper.

Clothing: men wrap their heads with blue-green or white earthenware handkerchiefs and like to wear double-breasted jackets with multiple buttons; Women wear a collarless skirt with short fat sleeves on the left, embroidered with patterns and patterns, and some wear trousers with two or three laces on their trouser legs. The old man is wearing a big coat.

The uniqueness of the marriage custom is that it takes a long time to cry, and it begins to cry half a month before leaving the family. The content of "Weeping Wedding Song" includes crying parents, crying brothers and sisters, crying ancestors and cursing matchmakers. , mostly telling the feelings of parting. A person cries alone, and his mother and sisters cry together. Funeral: burial. Festivals include Spring Festival, April 8th, June 6th, Dragon Boat Festival and July15th. Catch up with the Spring Festival, celebrate the Spring Festival one day earlier than the Han nationality, with a month of 29 and a month of less than 28.

Etiquette taboo: Tujia people have a fine tradition of unity, mutual assistance and hospitality. There's something at home. Please help. When visiting Tujia people on holidays, the enthusiastic host will take out a few white rice cakes and bake them. When the two sides are golden, he will blow a few times, fill them with sugar or honey, and hold them to the guests with both hands. However, in some remote mountainous areas, after the host delivered the baked Ciba to the guests, they were not allowed to blow the dust, so they took a bite. At this time, the host will take it back, blow it clean, dip it in sugar for the guests to eat, then bake it, pat it clean, dip it in sugar and hand it to the guests one after another. If you don't know the rules, blow and pat when you take it, then you can't eat anything without sugar after eating it. The host also thinks that you don't respect Tujia people.

Don't say unlucky things on holidays; Can't carry hoes, wear hemp fiber, and carry empty barrels into the house; Can't use pedal fire pit and tripod; Don't whistle indoors; Guests cannot sit on a bench with young women.