What are the characteristics of Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo buildings?

Dai villages are all near the water's edge of Pingba, on both sides of the river by the stream and around lakes and swamps. Where there are bamboo and green trees, there must be Dai villages. There are two or three hundred families living in the big stockade, and there are only a dozen people in the small village. Houses are single buildings, surrounded by open spaces, and each family has its own yard. There are many earth-walled bungalows on the border of Longteng, and each house has three rooms, which are divided into bedroom and living room. This is obviously influenced by the Han people, and it is no longer an inherent form of the Dai people. The boundary of Sipu is all bamboo buildings and wooden frames, where people live above and livestock live below. The style is similar to a big tent, which is completely consistent with the situation of "nesting in South Vietnam" recorded in Huainanzi, and it is also the "dry column" residence of the ancient Liao people who lived by trees and building blocks recorded in historical books. This is a typical Dai architecture. This bamboo building is about seven or eight feet high, with four uncovered columns with horses and cattle tied to them. There is a terrace on the upper floor near the ladder, which has become a long big room, and one corner is separated by a bamboo fence, which is used as the bedroom of the host and the storage place of important money; The rest is a big bay with a low roof and sloping sides. The eaves are on the floor, so there are no windows. If the eaves are slightly higher, there are small windows on both sides and doors at the back. In the center of the building is a fire pool. Whether in winter or summer, making tea and cooking day and night, it is on this fire, and the host and guest get together and talk or squat or sit around the stove. The roof is covered with thatch and the floors of beams, columns, doors and windows are all made of bamboo. This kind of house is extremely easy to build. Cut down the big bamboo, call the neighbors to help each other, and it will be built in a few days. But it is also easy to rot, and it needs to be repaired after the rainy season every year. Toastmasters' houses are mostly made of wood instead of bamboo, and the style is still like bamboo buildings, only a little higher, and instead of thatched roofs, they use tile roofs. In Xishuangbanna, Dai people can burn their own tiles, which are like fish scales, three inches square and only two or three minutes thin. There are hooks on one side of each tile, and bamboo strips are nailed horizontally on the rafters of the roof, with an interval of about two inches. Tiles are hung on bamboo strips like fish scales, and the roofs of Dai people can't climb up. If you need to replace the tiles, just put your hand under the rafters and break the tiles. Anyone who lives in this kind of house is a big family in the village, that is, Xuanwei yamen in the car. There are so many architectural styles, but the area is much larger than the common Dai folk wooden buildings. The whole building consists of 120 large wooden columns, which are more than ten meters long and seven or eight feet wide. The upstairs is divided into several rooms, surrounded by walkways, but no windows are opened, and it is dark. The downstairs is empty and there is no shelter. Only one hundred and twenty big wooden pillars are arranged neatly. This kind of houses where people live above and cattle and horses are raised below are common in southwest frontier areas, such as Hani, Jingpo, Yi, Miao, Yao and Li, and so are residential buildings, but the lower floors are mostly made of stone or mud. The bamboo building of the Dai nationality is empty on all sides of the lower floor. Every morning, when the cows and horses come out of the cowshed, they will remove the feces, so that people living in the upper floors will not be smoked by the dirty air.

The furniture at home is very simple, and most of it is made of bamboo. All the tables, chairs, beds, boxes, cages and baskets are made of bamboo. Every family has simple quilts and tents, and occasionally blankets, lead iron, farm tools and pot knives imported from Myanmar are only used, which are rare and redundant. Pottery tools are also very common, and the patterns of water tanks are all local.

Dai people have lived in Zhulou for more than 1000 years, which is caused by the hot and humid climate in South Asia. There is a brief description in the book Schumann by Zhuo Fan in the Tang Dynasty: "Mang Man tribe ... lives in a building without battlements and painted teeth. They are all wearing blue cloth pants, vines wrapped around their waists, and red cloth wrapped in buns ... women report five-color women. " The Muman tribe referred to here is the area around Xishuangbanna today.

Dai bamboo houses are dam-shaped. Because of the hot and humid weather, most bamboo houses are surrounded by mountains and waters. Outside the village, banyan trees cover the sky and the air roots hang low; There are rows of bamboo buildings in the village, surrounded by bamboo fences and shaded by trees; Manwell field Village and Ganlan Dam in Jinghong County are the standard types of Dai bamboo buildings in the dam area.

In the past, Dai bamboo houses were divided into official bamboo houses and ordinary bamboo houses according to social class. The official bamboo building is spacious and tall, square, with a triangular pyramid roof, which is quite similar to the western "Gothic" building, with sawdust at the top. The whole bamboo building is supported by 20 to 24 thick wooden columns, which are built on stone piers, and some beams are carved in the shape of dragons or bows, which is the result of Buddhist culture, especially in temples and pavilions in Myanmar. The cross beam in the house passes through the column, and the structure is simple. After climbing the wooden ladder, it is the "palm room". The master room is a guest room, with a fireplace in the middle and two or three rooms on the side, which are the bedrooms of the master, the couple and the children. The official bamboo building guest room covers an area of about 30 square meters and can accommodate 10 to 20 people. The palm room is covered with mats, which is a place for enjoying the cool and spinning for women.

Folk bamboo houses are the same as official bamboo houses, but they are smaller. The roof is covered with thatch, and wooden columns are not allowed to use the feet of stone piers, nor are they allowed to cross columns with beams, nor are they allowed to carve patterns.

Why do Dai people love bamboo houses rather than bungalows? In the Yuan Dynasty, Jing Li had already made a reply in the Annals of Yunnan. The book says: "There are all kinds of gold teeth ... and the weather is hot and humid, and there are many bamboo buildings. I live by the river and take ten baths a day." It turns out that the wonderful use of the bamboo house is that it can keep out the humidity below, keep out the heat above and be close to the river bank, and it can take ten baths a day.

Hakka earth building, also known as Fujian Round Building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, a unique mythical mountain village residential building in the world, and a wonderful flower of ancient architecture in China. With its long history, unique style, huge scale and exquisite structure, it is independent of the world residential architecture art forest. The caste social characteristics and architectural characteristics of Tulou folk houses are closely related to the history of Hakka people. Wherever Hakkas go, their surnames always live together. In addition, most Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas or dense mountainous areas. At that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers and leopards were noisy and people came and went, but Hakka people also created "defensive" castle-style buildings. In this way, the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings-tulou was formed. Tulou is mainly distributed in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas in Fujian Province.

Tulou is a collective building built with soil as the wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, quadrilateral, pentagonal, chair-shaped and dustpan-shaped. , and has its own characteristics. Tulou was square at first, with palace style, mansion style and different postures. It is not only strange, but also full of mystery, solid and firm. Accumulate food and raise livestock in the building; If there is a well and you need to guard against the enemy, you just need to close the gate and keep a few young people guarding it. Tulou is like a solid fortress, and women, children, old and young can sit back and relax. Because the square earth building is directional, the corner is dark, and the ventilation and lighting are different, Hakka people have designed a round earth building with good ventilation and lighting, which has neither beginning nor end. Among the existing earth buildings, the round one is the most striking, and the locals call it round building or round village.

Tulou is a collective building, and its biggest feature lies in its large shape. No matter from a distance or in front of us, the earth building is shocking with its huge single building, and its volume is the largest among the residential buildings. The most common round building in the earth building we visited is about 50 meters in diameter and three or four stories high. There are more than 100 houses, which can accommodate 30 to 40 families and 200 to 300 people. The Dayuan Building can reach 70-80 meters in diameter, with five or six floors and four or five hundred houses, which can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. Earth buildings and residential buildings reflect the folk customs of Hakka people living in compact communities.

From the research of history and architecture, the architectural style of tulou is a self-defense living style for national security. At that time, under the situation of Japanese invasion and civil war every year, Hakkas who moved their families traveled thousands of miles to other places and chose an architectural way conducive to family reunion and defense against war. Descendants of the same ancestor form an independent society in a tulou, with honor and disgrace. Therefore, restraint from the outside and cohesion from the inside are probably the most appropriate induction of tulou.

The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, there was a major earthquake in 1* year, which occurred during the day and lasted for 20 minutes, and continued to shake at night, but the earth building was intact.

The circular building is the most distinctive building in the local earth building. Generally speaking, it starts from a center and spreads out layer by layer according to different radii, just like water waves in a lake, which is very spectacular. Its center is family ancestral temple, followed by ancestral halls, verandahs and people living in the outermost ring. The whole earth building is the same size, with an area of about 10 square meter. The same staircase, no family has secrets.

There are many types of earth buildings, one of which is the system of upper, middle and lower halls arranged in depth along the central axis. This kind of earth building, the lower hall is generally the entrance and exit, placed in the front; The nave is in the center, which is a place for family gatherings and welcoming guests. Shangtang is the innermost place where ancestral tablets are enshrined.

In addition to the unique structure, the window sill, porch and cornice inside the earth building are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a wonderful work in China residential buildings.

Yongding County has 360 circular buildings and more than 4,000 square buildings. In particular, the strange round earth building is the most traditional Hakka color and the most shocking.

The round earth building is a model of Hakka folk houses and can be called the first building in the world. It is like a "mushroom" emerging from the ground and a "flying saucer" falling from the sky.

This circular building consists of two or three circles, nested from the inside out. The outer ring is more than ten meters high and has four floors. There are one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is the warehouse, and the third and fourth floors are the bedrooms. There are thirty or fifty rooms on the second floor, which are generally guest rooms. One of them is the ancestral hall, which is a public place for hundreds of people living in the building to get married, mourn, celebrate and celebrate. There are also wells, bathrooms, mills and other facilities in the building. The earth building is rammed with local raw soil, without reinforced concrete. The width of the wall foundation is 3m, the thickness of the bottom wall is1.5m, which gradually decreases upwards, and the thickness of the top wall is not less than 0.9m.. Then it is divided into many rooms with wooden boards along the circular outer wall, and there is a corridor inside.

Earth buildings not only have the unique function of defending the enemy, but also have the characteristics of earthquake prevention, fire prevention, theft prevention, good ventilation and lighting. Because of the thick soil wall, it is warm in winter and cool in summer.

Hakka tulou sparkles with the wisdom of Hakka people, and its magnificent structure makes people respect. Hakka folk customs are even more intoxicating. Hakka people have been handed down from generation to generation, living together day and night, being United and friendly, living in harmony, with a unique lifestyle, simple, kind, hospitable and hardworking folk customs; The visibility, contact and perception of traditional culture have attracted more tourists' great interest.

Zhangzhou Tulou is located in mountainous areas such as Nanjing, Hua 'an, Pinghe, Zhao 'an, Xiao Yun and Zhangpu in Zhangzhou City. Because of its peculiar shape and unique style, it is known as "the mythical mountain architecture".

Tulou, the barracks, castles and thatched cottages in Chen Yuanguang in the Tang Dynasty, is the product of the special social environment of "foreign bandits come in and out, thieves fight and kill" in southern Fujian. Zhangzhou tulou is made of raw soil as the main material, with lime, fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. And it is usually three to five stories high. The first floor is the kitchen, the second floor is the warehouse and the third floor is the living room, which can accommodate 200 to 700 people. It has the characteristics of gregarious, anti-theft, earthquake prevention and animal prevention.

The tulou group in Tianluokeng consists of five tulou buildings: 1 square, 3-round and 1 oval * *. The square Buyun Building in the middle and the round Hechang Building in the upper right were built in the first year of Jiaqing (65,438+0,796), and there are Zhenchang Building, Ruiyun Building and Wenchang Building around them. The five earth buildings, surrounded by mountains on all sides, look down from a height, like a blooming plum blossom dotted the earth, and like a flying saucer falling from the sky, which constitute a beautiful landscape of humanities, art and natural environment, and are a wonderful flower in the hundred gardens of residential buildings. In 2001May, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

The leaning tower of Pisa, built at 1350, is world-famous. It is famous for being inclined but not falling down. For more than 600 years, the tower has been slowly tilting to the south, and the speed of tilting seems to have accelerated in the past century, especially after the earthquake of 1972, and its tilt has now reached 8 degrees. The inclination of the leaning tower of Pisa is the inclination of the whole tower. From the tower body alone, every structure is horizontal and vertical, and it is quite satisfactory.

In Nanjing County, Fujian Province, China, there is an ancient building comparable to the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Known as "staggered buildings" in Yuchang Building. Yuchang Building is a round earth building, which was built in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, only ten years later than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Yuchang Building has five floors and 270 rooms. Starting from the third floor, the wooden pillars of the cloister in the building are inclined from left to right, and the maximum inclination reaches 15 degrees. The wooden columns in the corridor on the fourth floor are inclined from right to left, with the same slope and opposite direction. The wooden columns on the second floor look stagger. Although it is skewed, if the wooden column cloister with one to five floors is regarded as a whole, the wooden column at the bottom and the wooden column at the top are kept on the same axis. The inclination of Yuchang Building is the inclination of local structure, just like the new CCTV building today, which is near misses, but not dangerous.

He Jiong Building is located in Pushan Village, Meilin Town, Nanjing County, 53 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Built in the tenth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, it covers an area of 1.547 square meters and is the tallest earth building in Nanjing. This earth building is built on a swamp and is made up of more than 200 pine trees. After more than 200 years, it is still strong and well preserved. In 2001May, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Hekeng Tulou Formation is located in Hekeng Natural Village, Dianjiang Village, Shuyang Town, 58 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Including six square earth buildings such as Chaoshui Building, Zhaoyang Building, Yongsheng Building, Shengqing Building, Yongrong Building and Yonggui Building, six round earth buildings such as Yuchang Building Building, Chungui Building, Dongsheng Building, Xiaochun Building, Yongqing Building and Yuxing Building, and 13 pentagonal Nanxun Building. The earliest tidal building was built in 1549. There are Xianshan Pavilion and Big Dipper in Hekeng Tulou Group.

Zhangzhou has a large number of earth buildings, with more than 800 buildings. The first earthen building listed as a national cultural relic protection is Er Yi Building in Hua 'an Xiandu, which is known as the "king of earthen buildings" and is an outstanding representative of earthen buildings. It is large in scale and well-preserved, and has the reputation of "the king of round buildings" and "the treasure of the country".

The oldest is the Yun Qi Building in Shajian Town, Hua 'an County, which is the earliest earth building with exact date and was built in the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1). The largest earth building is the "Zai Tian Building" in Gongbei Township, Zhao 'an County, with a diameter of 94.5 meters, which is called "Super Earth Building". Tulou has various shapes, such as square, oval, half moon, vertex, umbrella, windmill and gossip. The most peculiar is the tulou in Tianluokeng, Shuyang Township, Nanjing County, which consists of five tulou with an ellipse, three circles. Magnificent and shocking.

At the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, Canada, experts from all over the world had intense deliberations and discussions. Finally, 2 1 member countries, including China, unanimously stated that Fujian Tulou in China was officially listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Fujian Tulou is a unique large-scale residential building in the world, with unique shape, large scale and ingenious structure. It attracts worldwide attention for its rich cultural connotation, unique settlement mode, reasonable layout and site selection concept integrated with the natural environment. 1999, Fujian Tulou "World Heritage Application" started. In April, 2000, the Fujian Provincial Government officially recognized 46 tulou in Yongding, Nanjing and Hua 'an counties, and officially declared the World Cultural Heritage Project in the name of Fujian Tulou. In 2004, Fujian Tulou was included in the preparatory list of world cultural heritage. From June 5 to 10 last year, the International Council of Monuments and Sites conducted an on-site assessment and inspection of the Fujian Tulou Heritage Declaration Project. In the first half of this year, Fujian Tulou successfully passed the formal evaluation and became one of the 47 world heritage projects submitted to the 32nd World Heritage Conference for deliberation and voting, which is also the only cultural heritage evaluation project in China in 2008.