On disasters

All natural and social events that endanger the natural ecological environment, the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization of human society, especially the safety of people's lives and property, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, windstorms, fires, floods, droughts, air crashes, shipwrecks, hail, snowstorms, mudslides and epidemics.

The causes of disasters are natural factors and social factors. ① Natural factors include the destruction of the biological chain that is most closely related to human beings or the development away from balance, the large-scale or local movement of the atmosphere and hydrosphere away from balance in the process of evolution, and the large-scale sudden fracture of the lithosphere during the movement, which will bring human beings natural disasters such as insect disasters, droughts, floods and earthquakes. ② Social factors include: excessive felling and destruction of forests, vegetation and grasslands by human beings, pollution of surface environment by human activities, species extinction, population explosion and so on.

The social consequences are: ① A large number of people died. For a long time, human beings have often been seriously hurt by various disasters. According to the statistics of the US Overseas Disaster Relief Agency, the global death toll increased sixfold in the 1960s and 1970s. According to the statistics of the United Nations, in the past 70 years, about 4.58 million people around the world have died from various disasters. The death caused by the earthquake is particularly serious. There have been four major earthquakes and the death toll has exceeded 200,000. ② Damage to social economy. In the 1970s, it was estimated that about 5% of the wealth created by human society every year was swallowed up by various disasters. ③ causing social instability. The disaster forced the victims to move, which brought difficulties to social management and unstable social order.

In the process of resisting disasters, mankind has accumulated a lot of experience in disaster prevention and relief. Mainly carry out disaster prediction and implement disaster prevention countermeasures; Legislation on disaster prevention and relief; Implement disaster insurance; Publicity and popularization of disaster prevention and relief knowledge, to carry out disaster prevention and relief exercises and training.

Attachment: List of the greatest disasters in China in recent 40 years.

According to the analysis of natural disasters in China in recent 40 years, the top ten disasters can be roughly arranged as follows:

1July, 950, the Huaihe River flooded. Due to siltation and river bed elevation during the Huai Hai Campaign, the Kuomintang troops wantonly destroyed the dams along the Huaihe River. This year, the Huaihe River basin was in a comprehensive emergency, and many places in Henan and northern Anhui were flooded, with more than 34 million mu of land and130,000 victims. Huaibei area was seriously affected, which is rare for a hundred years.

1July, 954, the Yangtze River and Huaihe River flooded. The precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River basin is generally more than twice as much as normal, which leads to the surge of river water level. The water level of the Yangtze River in Hankou is as high as 29.73 meters, which is 19 and 3 1 year higher than the highest water level in history. Although the people along the Yangtze River made great efforts to defend the Jingjiang levee, thus ensuring the safety of Wuhan and Nanjing, 47.55 million mu of farmland was flooded,18.88 million people were affected, and the property loss was 10 billion yuan. Due to the reduction of agricultural products, the people's life and industrial production of 1955 have also been affected.

1959- 196 1 year, three years of economic difficulties. From 65438 to 0959, the national drought was extensive and severe; 1960 drought has a wide range, a long duration, a heavy feeling in the early stage, and a late spring cold again in spring; 196 1 year, the drought is serious, winter wheat suffers from "neck drought", and the northern winter wheat area is also hit hard by hot air. As a result, agricultural output has dropped sharply, the national economic plan has not been completed for two consecutive years, the market supply is very tight, and people's lives are quite difficult. Coupled with long-term labor stress and illness, the abnormal death of the population has increased. According to the statistics of 1960, the total population of China has decreased by100000. Economic difficulties are caused by many factors, and natural disasters are one of them.

1August, 963, Haihe River flooded. In early August, there were five rainstorms in Hebei Province for seven consecutive days. Among them, the precipitation of Zhang Hu Commune in Neiqiu County is 2050 mm, and the rainstorm area is large. The total rainfall in the process exceeded 1000 mm, covering an area of 5,560 square kilometers, and flooded more than 72.94 million mu of cultivated land in 104 counties and cities. The reservoir collapsed, the bridge was destroyed and the Beijing-Guangzhou line was interrupted. Tianjin is in an emergency, with more than 22 million.

On March 8, 1966, Xingtai earthquake. 8 182 people died, 5 1395 people were injured, and 5.08 million houses collapsed.

1970 65438+1October 5, Tonghai earthquake. Death 1562 1 person, 26,783 people were injured and 338,456 houses collapsed.

August 1975, Dashui, Henan. Typhoon No.7503 landed in Fujian, passing through Jiangxi and southern Hubei, and stayed at the foot of Funiu Mountain in Henan for more than 20 hours from May 5 to 7, with the maximum precipitation of 1.605 mm, which caused the tributaries of Ruhe River, Sha Ying River and Tangbaihe River to skyrocket, and the levees, Banqiao River and Shimantan Reservoir burst, causing catastrophic floods, broken houses and roads and drowning people and animals.

On July 28th, 1976, Tangshan earthquake. 242,000 people died,1640,000 people were seriously injured, 5.3 million houses collapsed, and the direct economic loss 100 billion yuan. Due to the interference of the Gang of Four during the "Cultural Revolution" and the serious damage caused by the Tangshan earthquake, China's national economic income dropped by 2.7% in 1976 compared with the previous year, which made the national economy on the verge of collapse.

1978- 1983, there is a persistent drought in the north. From 65438 to 0978, there was a large-scale drought in China, which affected 603 million mu and caused 269 million mu of disasters. 1979 has a large drought range in autumn and winter; 1980 Summer, severe summer drought occurred in parts of North China, Northeast China and Northwest China, with 392 million mu of drought nationwide, resulting in disaster1870,000 mu. 198 1 The rainfall in the northern winter wheat area in spring is 50-70% less, and the number of people lacking water is 22.97 million, and the rainfall in autumn is 40-90% less. There are 385 million mu of drought in China, resulting in 654.38+82 million mu of disasters. 1982 National drought 31100000 mu, disaster1500000 mu; 1983 The country suffered from drought of 24 1 100 million mu, resulting in disaster10.40 million mu. There has been a long-lasting, wide-ranging and severe drought in many areas, which is a rare drought after the founding of New China. Water shortage has also become a major problem in the north, seriously affecting people's normal life and the sustainable development of the national economy.

1August, 985, Liaohe River flooded. Typhoons No.8507, No.8508 and No.8509 hit the northeast with continuous heavy rain. In addition, the river has been in disrepair for a long time and the flood discharge is not smooth. The original flood discharge capacity of Liaohe River is 5,000 cubic meters, but in fact the flood volume is only 2,000 cubic meters, but it has caused more than 4,000 breaches of small and medium-sized rivers in the province, resulting in more than 60 cities and counties, with a population of120,000. To sum up, in recent 40 years, floods ranked first in China, with 5 times, 3 earthquakes and 2 droughts.