Who can talk about the relationship between aerospace technology and mechanics?

Aerospace technology is divided into three parts: launch technology, operation measurement and control, and recovery technology. In recent years, China has launched manned spaceflight and Chang'e projects, which will be even more complicated.

The above technology is most closely integrated with physics and computer software technology. The relationship with physical mechanics is obvious, and since it involves a large amount of real-time data processing, it cannot be realized without corresponding processing technology.

Aerospace technology is a comprehensive engineering technology that sends artificial celestial bodies into space to explore, develop, and utilize space and celestial bodies beyond the earth. It is also called space technology. Below, we introduce aerospace technology in four aspects:

1. Overview of the development of aerospace technology;

2. Basic knowledge of aerospace technology;

3. Military Aerospace technology;

4. my country’s aerospace technology.

1. Overview of the development of aerospace technology

This is a sketch of the development of aerospace technology. From this picture, we can see that the former Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth in 1957. Satellite, from then to now, 42 years have passed. 42 years is just a blink of an eye, but aerospace technology (also known as space technology) has developed by leaps and bounds. By the end of 1998, countries around the world had launched nearly 5,300 spacecraft, including the former Soviet Union and later Russia and The United States accounts for the vast majority of launches. Military satellites account for two-thirds of these spacecraft, and they play an extremely important role in the military. At present, reconnaissance satellites have not only become an important means of large-scale reconnaissance, but also can provide reconnaissance services within the scope of battle tactics; military communication satellites can provide reliable communication means for the army, navy and air force; navigation satellites can provide various attack platforms (attack carriers) and strike means such as ships, aircraft, missiles, etc. for precise navigation; geodetic satellites can measure the precise geographical locations of various military targets, thereby greatly improving the hit accuracy of weapons; meteorological satellites can provide more accurate global or Meteorological information in local areas provides a more sufficient basis for formulating operational plans. The development of these military satellites has led to the emergence of anti-satellite weapons (also known as interceptor satellites). Therefore, the traditional three-dimensional battlefield of sea, land, and air will evolve into a five-dimensional battlefield of sea, land, air, space, and electricity. Soon, a new military branch will appear - the "Space Army." Currently, the United States and Russia have established aerospace commands, and the United States has an astronaut division and a space school. Therefore, it can be said that in just 42 years, aerospace technology has made dazzling achievements. In the middle, it is worth mentioning the manned lunar landing, the establishment of the space station, the launch of the space shuttle and the current construction of the Alpha International Space Station. Only the United States has accomplished a manned mission to the moon. In 1969, the first American astronaut landed on the moon for the first time. Since then, 12 astronauts have landed on the moon nine times. We will introduce more about the space station and space shuttle later.

2. Basic knowledge of aerospace

(1) Conditions for satellites to orbit the earth

(2) How do satellites get into the sky?

(1) Conditions for satellites to orbit the earth

Speaking of satellites, then, what are satellites? What is an artificial earth satellite? The so-called satellites are celestial bodies that orbit planets. The moon is a satellite of the earth. Such satellites are called natural satellites. An artificial earth satellite refers to an artificial celestial body that orbits the earth in a certain orbit and completes a certain mission. It is also called an artificial satellite. Satellites must meet certain conditions to orbit the earth: one is the speed condition; the other is the altitude condition.

1. Speed ??condition

Everyone has learned the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion in middle school physics. These theorems tell us that when an object makes uniform circular motion around the earth, it will inevitably produce outward inertial centrifugal force. If the centrifugal force is exactly equal to the centripetal force (i.e. gravity), the object will orbit the Earth in a circular orbit without falling back to the ground. In this case, the speed of the object is called orbital velocity. This is approximately equal to 7.9 kilometers per second. This is commonly known as the first cosmic velocity. : You may think that the speed is not fast enough. This is measured in seconds. If calculated in hours, the speed is 26800Km/hour, which takes less than 1.5 hours to circle the earth in outer space.

The following introduces several concepts: Aviation: Generally, flight activities (such as the flight of airplanes and balloons) within the dense atmosphere around the earth are called aviation;

Aerospace: Aviation Flight activities outside the atmosphere and within the solar system (such as the flight of artificial satellites and manned spacecraft) are called aerospace;

Aerospace: Flight activities outside the solar system are called aerospace.

Theoretically, it is possible to fly out of the solar system at the third cosmic speed. But at this speed, it would take 100,000 years to sail outside the solar system, even to the nearest star to the solar system, 2 Centauri. Obviously, this is moot. Therefore, in order to achieve navigation between stars, it must travel at a speed close to that of light, that is, 300,000 kilometers per second. This requires a revolutionary leap in delivery technology. This is the first technology to turn off the speed sufficiently.

The so-called first cosmic speed refers to the spacecraft must have to orbit the earth without falling back to the ground. When the speed reaches 11.2 kilometers per second, the object will break away from the earth's gravitational field and become an artificial satellite orbiting the sun.

The speed at this time is the second cosmic speed (also known as the escape speed).

The so-called second cosmic speed is the speed required for satellites to escape from the earth's gravitational field and orbit the sun. If the speed of the object increases to 16.7 kilometers per second, the gravity of the sun will no longer be able to hold it, and it will become an artificial celestial body in the Milky Way. The speed at this time is called the third cosmic speed. The so-called third cosmic speed is the minimum speed required for an object launched from the ground to escape the gravitational field of the solar system.

Generally speaking, flight activities within the dense atmosphere around the earth (such as the flight of airplanes and balloons) are called aviation; flight activities outside the dense atmosphere and within the solar system (such as the flight of artificial satellites and manned spacecrafts) are generally called aviation. Flight) is called aerospace, or interstellar navigation; and flight activities outside the solar system are called aerospace.

2. Altitude conditions

The altitude is above 100-120Km. Why do satellites choose altitudes above 100Km? The resolution of the 53rd Barcelona International Aviation Conference in 1960 stipulated that "the space above 100Km on the earth's surface is aerospace space and the international public domain, and the space below 100Km is the aviation space domain." This is why satellites must choose space above 100Km. high. Why do satellite orbits need to be operated at altitudes above 120Km? The main reason is to consider meteorological factors. As we all know, the earth has an atmosphere. 90% of the atmospheric mass is below 30Km, and it gradually becomes thinner above 30Km. As altitude increases, the air density drops sharply. At an altitude of 100km above the ground, the air density is one millionth that of sea level; at an altitude of 120km, the air density is one millionth of that of sea level. At an altitude of 200Km, the density of air is only one 500 millionth of that at sea level. Everyone wants to ask what will happen if the height cannot be reached above 120Km? It will fall if it does not reach a height of more than 120Km. The United States launched a satellite in 1959, which was 69 miles away from the lowest point on the earth. 1 mile = 1.609Km, 69 miles = 112Km. The satellite was successfully launched. It circled the earth once and then fell down. Why? This is due to the influence of air resistance. It did not really escape the environment of resistance-free flight, so it fell. Strictly speaking, the orbit of the satellite must be selected in a space above 120Km so that it will not fall.

Since the satellite flies at a speed of 7.9 kilometers per second, it will encounter a lot of resistance, and friction with the air will generate high temperatures of thousands or even tens of thousands of degrees, thus burning the satellite. Therefore, the orbit of the satellite must be selected outside the dense atmosphere, that is, at an altitude of 120 kilometers, when the air density is only tens of millions of times that on the ground.

The atmosphere is divided into many layers. The closer to the earth, the denser the air. On the contrary, it drops sharply. At an altitude of 120 kilometers, the air density is only tens of millions of times that on the ground.

So, satellites usually fly in space more than 120 kilometers above the ground.

(2) How do satellites get into the sky?

Satellites are launched into the sky. There are currently three methods of launching satellites:

The first is to launch through a multi-stage rocket; the second is to launch using a space shuttle; the third is to launch using an airplane .

First, launch through a multi-stage rocket

The so-called multi-stage rocket is a launch vehicle composed of several single-stage rockets

In current technology Under these conditions, the final speed of a single-stage rocket can only reach 4-7 kilometers/second. Therefore, countries around the world use multi-stage rockets to launch satellites. Theoretically, the more stages a rocket has, the greater the speed it can achieve. But the more stages, the more complex the structure and the lower the reliability. Therefore, under the condition of meeting the speed requirements, try to minimize the number of stages. According to the current situation, two-stage or three-stage rockets are generally used to launch low-orbit artificial earth satellites, while three-stage or four-stage rockets are usually used to launch large elliptical orbit satellites and geosynchronous satellites.

Second, launch with a space shuttle

The space shuttle is a vehicle that can carry people to and from space. It can take off vertically like a rocket, run in orbit like a satellite, and land horizontally like an ordinary airplane. A space shuttle can be reused more than 100 times. Therefore, it can greatly reduce launch costs ($1.5 million/ton), simplify satellite design, and can launch, recover and repair various failed satellites into low-Earth orbit. For example, on November 24, 1991, only 6 hours after the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis took off, a 2,335-kilogram missile early warning satellite was sent into space; the United States originally had five space shuttles. In 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after takeoff. There are now four space shuttles left: Space Shuttle Columbia; Space Shuttle Discovery; Space Shuttle Atlantis; and Space Shuttle Endeavor.

On March 23, 1961, the Soviet Union Bondarenko was the first person to devote his life to the manned space industry. By the end of 2003, humankind had conducted more than 400 manned space flights, including more than 280 by the United States and more than 130 by the Soviet Union (Russia). Among these more than 400 manned space activities, 18 people sacrificed their precious lives for the manned space industry.

The most heroic one was the crash of the US "Challenger" on January 28, 1986. The manned space shuttle just took off 73 seconds and exploded in the air in less than a minute and a half. At that time, the space shuttle carried seven astronauts, including a female astronaut named McAuliffe, who was a teacher. However, she failed to write the history of the first teacher astronaut. At that time, McAuliffe was completing the space program for American teachers. She went to space with two tasks: the first was to teach tens of millions of middle school students around the world a "space experience" through television broadcasts; The previous lesson was "Why do humans go to space?" It is a pity that she dedicated her young life to the manned space industry before she even went into space. Everyone read in the newspaper and learned that NASA also wants to launch a program to send teachers into space. Barbara Morgan, 54 years old (54 years old in 2004), was selected as a teacher representative candidate to participate in the space flight program in 1985. Now 54 years old, she is a mother of two children. NASA plans to let Barbara Morgan enter space on the "Columbia" space shuttle on November 13, 2003, for an 11-day space journey, to realize what McAuliffe has accomplished. It is very regrettable that on February 1, 2003, when the "Columbia" was returning from its 16-day mission, it exploded about 60 kilometers from the earth and died. All seven astronauts were killed. Among these seven people, six are Americans and one is Israeli.

Third, launch by aircraft

Only the United States can do this. In April 1990, the United States launched a 200-kilogram satellite from a B-52 bomber for the first time. The three-stage "Pegasus" rocket was successfully launched at high altitude. Obviously, this is very economical.

3. Military aerospace technology

The so-called military aerospace technology refers to the application of aerospace technology in the military field, and its specific results are various military spacecraft. First, let’s take a look at the classification of military spacecraft: it includes:

(1) Carrier system; (2) Manned space system; (3) Military satellite system; (4) Space weapon system

(1) Delivery system refers to a transportation system that can transport payloads such as military spacecraft, astronauts, or supplies from the ground to a predetermined orbit in space, or that can bring payloads back to the ground.

The currently available military space transportation systems mainly include:

Disposable transportation rockets;

Reusable space shuttles.

(1) American launch vehicle

(2) Russian launch vehicle

(3) European and Japanese launch vehicle

(2) Manned space system;

1. Spacecraft (United States, Russia)

2. Space station (Russia, United States, International Space Station)

3. Space Shuttle (U.S., Russia)

4. Aerospace Plane

(3) Military Satellite System

Military satellite system includes: reconnaissance satellites, communications Satellites, geodesic satellites, navigation satellites, meteorological satellites.

1. Reconnaissance satellites refer to artificial earth satellites equipped with reconnaissance equipment such as photoelectric remote sensors, radars or radio receivers, used to obtain enemy military information.

(1) Classification of reconnaissance satellites: Reconnaissance satellites have the largest number and are the most widely used. It mainly includes photographic reconnaissance satellites, electronic reconnaissance satellites, missile early warning satellites, ocean surveillance satellites and nuclear explosion detection satellites.

(2) Characteristics and uses of reconnaissance satellites

Characteristics of reconnaissance satellites:

① Fast speed. For example, at an altitude of 150 kilometers, it only takes one and a half hours to circle the earth at a speed of 8 kilometers per second, less than 20 seconds from Beijing to Tianjin, and only 5 minutes to Guangzhou;

② High efficiency . Due to the high orbit of reconnaissance satellites, the reconnaissance area is large and the scope is wide. If you use an airplane to take pictures of our country, you need to take 1 million pictures, which takes 10 years, while using satellites only takes 500 pictures (one picture can cover thousands or even tens of thousands of square meters). kilometers), it can be completed in a few days;

③The effect is good. Due to the high ground resolution, accurate interception and timely information transmission, the effect is good. There is a concept here, ground resolution. The so-called ground resolution refers to the minimum size of ground objects that a satellite can display. Here is an example to illustrate the role of reconnaissance satellites. For example, the death of Duraev, the head of the Russian Chechen armed forces, was a masterpiece of reconnaissance satellites. The situation is like this: when Dulayv made a satellite phone call, the Russian reconnaissance satellite immediately captured the electromagnetic signal emitted by the satellite phone, and based on the electromagnetic signal, quickly measured the precise geographical location of Dulayv at that time, and then transferred this The information was reported to the Russian Air Force in real time and guided the Russian pilots to carry out the attack, killing Duraev.

④ Widely applicable. It is not restricted by national boundaries or geographical environment. There is no problem of infringement of territorial sea or airspace. Mountains, rivers and seas cannot stop it.

The purpose of reconnaissance satellites:

First, to conduct detailed reconnaissance of various strategic targets of the opponent. For example, missile and nuclear weapons bases, naval and air force bases, command and control centers, various weapons production bases, airports, ports, transportation hubs, important cities, and industrial production bases are all strategic targets and can be reconnoitred.

During the Gulf War, the United States used various satellites (15 electronic reconnaissance satellites, 5 photographic reconnaissance satellites, a radar imaging satellite, and 3 early warning satellites.

) monitors every move in Iraq 24 hours a day and night. Before Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States obtained highly clear photos of Iraq's heavy troop concentration on the border through imaging reconnaissance satellites and discovered Iraq's aggressive intentions. After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States discovered that Iraq was trying to attack Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia also became suspicious. Only after seeing satellite photos did it agree to the US sending troops to Saudi Arabia.

Second, conduct accurate mapping of enemy territory. In this way, on the one hand, it can provide our own commanders with maps used in combat; on the other hand, it can also provide our own strategic missiles and nuclear weapons with the accurate locations of various strike targets. For example, before the Gulf War, the United States had unknown topography of Iraq and Kuwait. The original maps were from 20 to 30 years ago, so it focused on reconnaissance and geodesic satellites to quickly produce accurate and detailed maps.

Third, detect the quantity and quality of enemy strategic missile systems

For example, in 1961, Khrushchev told a big lie and boasted that the Soviet Union had 400 nuclear missiles , already has comprehensive nuclear superiority, thereby engaging in nuclear blackmail against the United States and Western countries. However, the United States quickly discovered through photographic reconnaissance satellites that the Soviet Union's intercontinental missiles by the autumn of 1961 were far from 400, but only 14. This turned disadvantages into advantages, and in turn implemented nuclear deterrence against the other side.

Fourth, detect the deployment and deployment of enemy ground troops.

Since the 1960s, whenever major international events occurred, the Soviet Union and the United States have launched some special reconnaissance satellites to monitor the relevant areas. For example, during the Fourth Middle East War, the Soviet Union and the United States used reconnaissance satellites to continuously provide intelligence to Egypt and Israel. At 14:05 pm on October 6, 1973, Cairo time, the Fourth Middle East War broke out. The Egyptian 2nd and 3rd Army Corps forcibly crossed the canal and overcame the "Barlev Line of Defense" that the Israeli army had built for 4 years in one fell swoop. The army was retreating steadily. The Egyptian army is ready to take advantage of the victory and advance to expand the results. At this moment, the US military reconnaissance satellite discovered that there was a 7-12 kilometers wide gap at the junction of the two Egyptian army corps. The defense was weak and the rear was empty. After receiving this information, the Israeli army was overjoyed. They immediately organized their troops, secretly inserted into the junction, smuggled across the canal, quickly launched a fierce attack to the west and south, and surrounded the Egyptian Third Army, thus turning defeat into victory and seizing the initiative. Due to the intervention of the Soviet Union and the United States, the two sides shook hands and made peace. This situation was unimaginable in World War II. Therefore, today's strategic campaign commanders must consider the important factor of reconnaissance satellites. The intelligence provided by military satellites can even change the course and outcome of the war.

Fifth, reconnoiter the opponent’s battlefield intelligence.

Through reconnaissance and surveillance, exploring and collecting unknown intelligence, to know yourself and the enemy, and thereby defeat your opponent, this is a general principle of military affairs.

For example, during the Falklands War, Argentina fought a few beautiful battles and ate a few dumplings at the beginning of the war. One of the important reasons for this is that the former Soviet Union's reconnaissance satellites played a huge role. One of the famous battle examples was the Argentine Air Force's sinking of the British destroyer HMS Sheffield. On May 4, 1982, the British Empire's ace warship, the destroyer "Sheffield", fully loaded with sophisticated armaments, leisurely shuttled through the waters of the Falklands, carrying out blockade operations. Unexpectedly, the former Soviet Union's "Lightning" reconnaissance satellite quietly stared at it in the vast depths of space. In this way, thanks to the help of the former Soviet Union, every move of "Sheffield" was always under Argentina's control. As soon as the "Sheffield" entered the strike range against the Argentine Air Force, the "Super Etendard" bomber took off, flew close to the waves, and flew towards the target at ultra-low altitude. When it was 48 kilometers away from "Sheffield", the "Super Etendard" immediately climbed up and jumped up. Then, the "Flying Fish" was unsheathed and kept flying at a height of 2 meters above the waves. It soon hit the "Sheffield" and burned immediately. Thick flames broke out, and the "Sheffield" suffered fatal wounds, and a large hole was penetrated in the hull. Soon, "Sheffield" sank in the vast sea. And an "Exocet" missile, worth only 200,000 US dollars, sank the "Sheffield" destroyer worth up to 200 million US dollars. It can be seen that the strike effect of various offensive weapons can be drastically improved under the influence of reconnaissance satellites. enlarge.

This battle example tells us that when we conduct military operations on the surface of the earth, we must not forget that there are reconnaissance satellites watching eagerly above our heads. Otherwise, you will have to pay a heavy price

2. Military communication satellites

Military communication satellites refer to communication satellites designed for military services.

Communication satellite is an emerging technology that came out in the early 1960s. It is the product of the combination of space technology and communication technology. It is like a microwave relay station and relay station suspended in the sky, receiving signals from the ground or other The radio signal sent by the satellite is amplified by the transponder and then sent back to another place on the ground or to other satellites at another frequency.

It has the following characteristics:

(1) Long communication distance. A geostationary satellite can cover one-third of the earth's surface and can provide direct communications for two ground stations 19,000 kilometers apart. If three synchronous satellites are equally spaced above the equator, global communications can basically be achieved.

Second, the communication capacity is large.

The working band of satellite communication is microwave, with a wavelength between 1 meter and 1 mm, and a frequency of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The available frequency band is very wide, so there are many communication channels. At present, a communication satellite can transmit tens of thousands of voice channels, plus several TV channels, and can also transmit high-resolution images and other data.

Third, the transmission quality is high. Because satellite communications cannot be blocked by mountains or separated by the sea, they can operate in all weathers, day and night. Unlike terrestrial microwave communications, they are not affected by geographical and meteorological conditions, communication distance and other factors. . Therefore, information transmission is stable and reliable.

Fourth, good maneuverability. Satellite communications can provide long-distance communications between large ground sites and can also provide communications for small mobile terminal stations on airborne, shipboard and ground forces. In this way, communication terminals can be established anytime and anywhere, which provides conditions for quickly establishing communication lines in wartime emergencies. This emergency communication capability is extremely important in the military.

Fifth, strong survivability. Generally speaking, geostationary satellites are less vulnerable to damage from nuclear explosions and other means of attack.

It is precisely because of these advantages that military communication satellites have been widely used.

3. Meteorological satellites

It is a satellite specially used to observe weather changes on the earth and atmosphere. It is equivalent to an unmanned high-altitude weather station. Compared with previous ground observation methods, it is global, predictive and accurate.

Meteorological satellites originated from reconnaissance satellites, and their basic principles are similar to photographic reconnaissance satellites. The difference is that the objects it observes are clouds, air, fog, rain, wind, waves, tides, and temperature.

The method is to use 2-3 geosynchronous orbit and near-Earth sun-synchronous orbit satellites to continuously send data to the ground. After comprehensive analysis and processing, accurate weather forecasts are obtained to provide guidance for the operations of the army, navy and air force. Serve.

4. Geodesic satellites

Man-made earth satellites used to measure the gravity distribution, shape, and precise geographical coordinates of the earth from space are called geodesic satellites. Compared with conventional surveying methods, it has the characteristics of short cycle and high accuracy, and is an important and effective means of geodetic surveying.

Working principle: The influence of the earth's non-roundness and uneven gravity distribution makes the orbit of the satellite irregular. The satellite continuously moves up and down, left and right in waves. Through the measurement of the ground tracking station, The shape and gravity of the Earth, as well as the precise coordinates of points on the Earth's surface, can be accurately inferred to provide accurate target data for strategic weapons. Objects on the earth's surface can be obtained using remote sensing technology.

5. Navigation satellites

Just imagine, ships sailing in the vast sea, vehicles running on the vast land, planes shuttled in the blue sky, flying in the nine heavens If satellites, missiles and other moving objects cannot accurately know their location, what will be the consequences? This is really hard to imagine, and perhaps what awaits it will be a disaster.

For example, in the early 1990s, Peng Jiamu, a scientist with great influence in our country, lost his way while investigating the desert. Although he also carried some navigation instruments, he lost his way due to the limitations of the performance of these instruments. Despite many efforts to find him, he was still missing and sacrificed in the end. If Peng Jiamu's expedition had happened today, with global satellite navigation and positioning technology booming, this kind of tragedy might never happen again.

This is because navigation satellites, like beacons, send navigation signals to the ground at fixed frequencies and at prescribed time intervals every day. Ground users receive and process these signals to determine their location. So, its purpose is navigation. Currently, countries around the world are vigorously developing this technology.

For example, in 1994, the United States built "Navigation Star" - a global satellite navigation and positioning system. It is composed of 24 satellites, operating on six orbital planes, with four satellites distributed in each plane. The positioning accuracy is approximately 16 meters.

So, what is the military use of the global satellite navigation and positioning system? In short, it can not only provide precise navigation and positioning for aircraft, ships, tanks, etc. and reduce navigation errors; it can also be used for weapon guidance, which can greatly improve the hit accuracy of weapons. For example, on May 8 last year, the United States dispatched B-2 stealth bombers and brutally attacked the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia. The main technology it used was global satellite navigation and positioning technology.

This guy is the murderer who bombed my embassy - a B-2 bomber. It has a range of 115,000 kilometers. This is a joint direct attack munition used in air strikes. Although, from a strategic point of view, the United States is our main enemy, the technology used by its B-2 bombers is advanced. Due to the use of global satellite navigation and positioning technology, the B-2 bomber can carry out global bombing and precision strikes. The strike accuracy of the Joint Direct Attack Munition has also been increased from the original 30 meters to 3 meters. During the air strike, the U.S. military launched five joint direct attack munitions, which penetrated from five different locations, causing severe damage to our building and serious casualties.

The above is the military role played by the United States’ global satellite navigation and positioning system.

In addition to the United States, Russia built a global satellite navigation and positioning system in 1995. It is also composed of 24 satellites. The difference is that the satellites operate on 3 orbital planes, with 8 satellites distributed in each plane, and the positioning accuracy is slightly worse. One point, about 30-100 meters.

(3) Space weapon system

Aerospace technology is widely used in the military and is causing fundamental changes in combat methods. It not only makes the near-real-time transmission and control of information a reality, but also Provided technical support for the increasingly approaching space war. The prototype of space warfare is anti-satellite warfare and missile offensive and defensive operations. There is a concept of "real-time" here. To put it more simply, "real-time" is like a live broadcast on television. The time when people hear and see the information and the time of what is happening are at the same moment. This is called real-time. Below we will introduce the space weapon system in two aspects: one is the anti-satellite system; the other is the anti-missile system. First let’s look at anti-satellite systems.

1. Anti-satellite system

The anti-satellite system is a weapon system that attacks satellites. It seizes control of information by attacking enemy satellites. It protects one's own hearing and vision while using The enemy becomes deaf and blind. At present, there are three main methods to attack satellites:

The first is to use ground weapon systems, such as laser cannons and kinetic energy weapon systems to destroy enemy satellites;

The second is to intercept satellites Satellites are different from ordinary satellites. They are an offensive weapon in themselves. After maneuvering and changing orbits, after tracking and approaching the target, they can destroy enemy satellites by self-destruction or impact, or use the lasers loaded on the satellites. , particle beam weapons, and rockets to destroy enemy targets;

The third is to use space stations or space shuttles to capture enemy satellites and serve themselves.

The United States and the former Soviet Union still lead the world in research on anti-satellite systems. The former Soviet Union conducted a satellite anti-satellite interception test in 1968, and successfully conducted two comprehensive exercises in the early 1980s. It was ahead of the United States and became the first country in the world to have actual anti-satellite combat capabilities. The laser technology of the former Soviet Union also started earlier than that of the United States. (It is said that in the late 1970s, the Soviet Union used powerful land-based lasers to interfere with the U.S. Air Force’s early warning satellites in geosynchronous orbit over the Marshall Islands in the Pacific, causing them to issue false alarms. In addition, the former Soviet Union had advanced space station technology and was completely A space-based anti-satellite system can be established.) According to estimates by Western countries, the former Soviet Union not only has land-based high-energy anti-satellite lasers, but also has space-based anti-satellite laser prototypes.

The research on anti-satellite technology in the United States is relatively late, but it is making rapid progress. It began developing anti-satellite missiles in 1978 and used it to shoot down a disabled US satellite in 1985. More than 100 missiles have been officially deployed. The U.S. space shuttle is developing very rapidly. It can deploy, recover, and repair satellites in orbit. Naturally, it can also capture enemy satellites.

2. Anti-missile system

The so-called anti-missile system is a system that counterattacks missile attacks and disables missile penetration.

Regarding this content, I will talk about two points:

(1) Anti-missile methods;

(2) The US anti-missile system.

Let’s look at the first point of anti-missile methods. So, what are the anti-missile methods currently available?

There are two anti-missile methods:

One is to use missiles to intercept missiles. This is Russia's C-300 missile, which has successfully conducted interception tests many times;

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The second is to use new concept weapons such as lasers to destroy missiles. The United States has conducted many tests.

Now, the United States is vigorously developing anti-missile systems and is making rapid progress. Let’s introduce the U.S. anti-missile system.

There are two types of anti-missile systems in the United States, one is the national missile defense system; the other is the theater missile defense system. The structures of the two systems are generally similar. The theater missile defense system is introduced below. So, what is the structure of the theater missile defense system? How is it anti-missile?

The theater missile defense system, the English abbreviation is "TMD", which consists of a command automation system and anti-missile missiles It consists of two parts, both of which are indispensable, otherwise TMD will be ineffective. Let’s first introduce the command automation system.

The command automation system is a man-machine system that integrates command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, reconnaissance and surveillance. The English abbreviation is C4ISR, which is a satellite It is the product of the combination of communications, satellite reconnaissance, satellite navigation and other technologies with computer technology. The United States relies on advanced satellite technology and computer technology to establish a global command automation system.

Let’s look at anti-missile missiles. The United States has now developed three types of anti-missile missiles.

One is a theater high-altitude interceptor. On October 2 this year, the United States launched a theater high-altitude interceptor and intercepted a Minuteman III intercontinental missile that simulated an opponent's attack;

< p>The second type is the Arrow 2 anti-missile missile jointly developed by the United States and Israel, which has been successfully tested six times, with an interception distance of 150 kilometers and an interception altitude of 48 kilometers;

The third type is Patriot missiles, during the Gulf War, the "Patriot" fought against the "Scud" and stole the show. Let's take the Patriot interception of the Scud as an example to talk about how TMD is anti-missile?

This is its combat diagram.

First, the Scud is launched, and early warning satellites detect it and calculate the approximate trajectory and impact point of the Scud. Then, the information is transmitted to the ground data center, and the ground data center calculates the accurate trajectory and impact point. , transmit the information to the theater command center through communication satellites, and the command center issues instructions to guide the Patriots to intercept and destroy the Scud. This is the rough anti-missile process of TMD. What needs to be particularly vigilant here is the United States’ attempt to include Taiwan in the TMD in an attempt to hinder China’s reunification process.

Of course, their conspiracy will not happen