A brief introduction to "Tian Dan", the general of Zhao State during the Warring States Period, and why Tian Dan went to Zhao State

In 314 BC when the characters retreated to Jimo, Zizhi launched a rebellion. King Yan Zhao, who was the prince at that time, and Jiangjunshi were attacked by Zizhi. The two sides fought in a melee for several months. King Xuan of Qi saw an opportunity and took the opportunity to launch an attack. , captured Ji, the capital of Yan, beheaded Zizhi and King Kuai of Yan, in an attempt to destroy Yan. But later the Qi army was forced to retreat.

In 286 BC, the Song Dynasty was attacked and destroyed by the army of King Qi Tiandi, and was hated by the other six countries. In 285 BC, Meng Wu of Qin State led an army to attack Qi State and captured nine cities.

In 284 BC, the King of Qi was resented internally by the people and hated externally by the Qin State for his power (because Qi State was so powerful at that time that many countries that were ready to surrender to Qin changed their attitude and surrendered to Qi State). The state sent troops to attack Qi, defeated the Qi army in Jixi, and killed Qi general Han Nie. The other four countries retreated one after another. General Le Yi of the State of Yan sent troops to capture Linzi, the capital of Qi (now northeast of Zibo, Shandong). Within half a year, he successively captured more than 70 cities in the State of Qi, destroying the State of Qi. Only Ju (now Ju County, Shandong) and Jimo (now Shandong) were left. The two isolated cities of Qi State (southeast of Pingdu City) failed to be conquered. Then the Chu State sent troops again, which was called aid but was actually an attack. The Chu general Nao Chi brutally killed the King of Qi, and Nao Chi was killed by the Qi people. Dr. Jimo was killed in battle. Tian Dan led his tribe to flee to Jimo with iron sheets to protect the axles, and was elected as the city guard. Tian Dan led the entire army and people in Jimo to resist, and the two sides fought for five years. Le Yi failed to attack by force, so he adopted an encirclement strategy. Anti-Jianlian Lian

Jimo, located in the prosperous Jiaodong, is a larger city in Qi State with abundant supplies, a large population, and certain defensive conditions. Not long after Jimo was besieged, the guard general died in battle, and the army and civilians promoted Tian Dan as general. Tian Dan took advantage of the stalemate between the two armies to gather more than 7,000 soldiers, reorganize and expand them, and build more forts to strengthen defense. He shared the joys and sorrows of the army and the people, "sitting down weaving grass utensils, standing up working with a spade" (Volume 4 of "Zizhi Tongjian", 36th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty), He personally inspected the city defenses, made concubines and concubines into the army, and distributed food and drinks to the soldiers, winning the trust of the soldiers and the people. While Tian Dan was stabilizing his internal affairs, in order to get rid of his most difficult opponent Le Yi, he also sent people to the Yan line to create a alienation plan. He falsely claimed that Le Yi was attacking Qi, but he actually wanted to claim the king of Qi. He deliberately delayed the attack on Jimo, which was like Yan's. Another general will be dispatched, and Jimo will be ready soon. King Yan Hui originally complained that Le Yi had been unable to attack Jimo for a long time, but he fell into the trap and sent a horseman to replace Le Yi. Le Yi defected to Zhao. Fire Bull Defeats the Enemy

Le Yi was afraid of being killed and did not dare to return to Yan State, so he returned to his home country of Zhao State. The officers and soldiers of Yan State were angry because of this. So Tian Dan ordered the people in the city to put out meals in the courtyard to worship their ancestors when eating. The birds were attracted to hover over the city and fly down to peck at the food. The people of Yan were surprised by this, so Tian Dan threatened to say: "There is a god coming down to teach me." So he ordered the people in the city: "A god will come to teach me." A soldier said: "I can Be a teacher?" Then he turned around and ran away. Tian Dan then got up, pulled the soldier back, asked him to sit facing east, and served him as a teacher. The soldier said: "I deceived you. I really have no ability." Tian Dan said: "Don't tell me." So he became his teacher. Whenever an order is issued to restrain the military and civilians, it must be claimed to be the will of the divine master. So he threatened to say: "I am only afraid that the Yan army will cut off the noses of the captured Qi soldiers and put them in front of the Yan army to fight against the Qi army. Jimo will be attacked because of this." The Yan people heard that After it, do what Tian Dan spreads. The people in the city were angry when they saw that those who surrendered to the Yan army in Qi had their noses cut off, and they were afraid of being captured alive. Tian Dan used countermeasures and said: "I am afraid that the Yan army will dig up the graves outside our city and insult our ancestors. I will feel sad about this." The Yan army dug up all the graves and burned the dead bodies. When the Jimo people saw this from the city, they all shed tears and gnashed their teeth with hatred. They all begged Tian Dan and vowed to fight to the death with the Yan army. Tian Dan then paralyzed the Yan army, ordered the strong soldiers to hide in the city, and sent old and weak women to climb the city to keep watch. He also sent an envoy to pretend to surrender, and asked the rich men of Jimo to bribe the generals of Yan with large sums of money, pretending that Jimo was about to surrender, in the hope of preserving his wife and children. The Yan army, which had been besieging the city for more than three years, was eager to cease fighting and return home. Seeing that their great success was about to be accomplished, they only waited for surrender, so they became even more lazy.

Tian Dan saw that the time was right for a counterattack, so he gathered more than a thousand cattle, tied sharp knives to their horns, tied oil-soaked reeds to their tails, and wore colorful dragon-patterned coats. One night, he ordered the cattle tails and reeds to be set on fire. Dozens of pre-dug tunnels at the foot of the city rushed to the Yan camp, followed by five thousand strong warriors. The soldiers and civilians in the city beat drums and beat weapons and cheered. Yan Jun was panicked when he saw countless monsters with flaming swords on their horns rushing towards them in the firelight. The warriors of the Qi army took advantage of the situation and rushed to kill. The soldiers and civilians in the city followed closely to help the battle. The Yan army fought for their lives and trampled on each other. The soldiers were killed in the chaos. Tian Dan led his army to pursue the victory, and the people of Qi State also armed themselves to help. They quickly drove the Yan army out of the country and recovered more than 70 lost cities. This is the famous "Fire Bull Formation" in history.

Later, Ying Fazhang returned to Linzi (now northeast of Zibo, Shandong) and officially ascended the throne as King Qixiang. Tian Dan was granted the title of Lord Anping. Worshiped as Prime Minister of Zhao

According to "Warring States Policy", Empress Tian Dan was appointed as a general of Zhao and was granted the title of Du Ping Jun. Zhao State used three big cities plus some small villages and towns, and fifty-seven of them were given to Qi State in exchange for Tian Dan. Tian Dan captured three small cities in Yan State for Zhao State. Historical evaluation

Xunzi: "Qi's Tiandan, Chu's Zhuang, Qin's Shang Yang, and Yan's Miao Xi are all what the world calls people who are good at using troops.

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Sima Qian: "If the troops are in harmony, they will win by surprise. Those who are kind are astounding. The strange and the right are mutually reinforcing each other, just like a ring without a reason. The husband is like a virgin at the beginning, suitable for opening an account; later he is like a rabbit, unable to reach the distance; his fields are so unlucky that they are evil! "

Liu Xiang: "Chu had Shen Bao Xu, but King Zhao overturned the throne; Qi had Tian Dan, and King Xiang won the country. From this point of view, there are no virtuous people in the country, but there is no one who can establish a reputation through success and continue to be safe. "

Lu Bu: "In the past Leyi attacked Qi and conquered more than seventy cities, but only Ju and Jimo could not be conquered. The reason for this is that Tiandan is among them. "

Liu Yin: "Fu Tian Dan and Bao Xu, the petty officials of Qi and Chu, can still survive the destroyed country and completely lose the country. ”

Sima Zhen: “The military law must be upright, and the military must be equipped with extraordinary weapons.” If you break the axis, you will avoid it, and you will go first to counterattack. Birds or cows, five cows raising their flags. After the soldiers defeated the cavalry and robbed them, they all returned to the city. When King Xiang succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of Anping. "

Zhang Sui: "In the past, Tian Shan was a country that was about to be destroyed, and he was sitting on a sure-fire plan to win. He waited for the Yan army on a safe night, and used his flint tail to kill the powerful ox. They will use sudden cavalry and strong soldiers, but they will use dragons and tigers to defeat them. I hope that the heavy siege of Hebei will be defeated at night, and the depth of three defeats will be restored. "

Wang Anshi: "Wang Wan rode together and walked into the dead area. Tian Dan's ink is simple, and he sweeps away the enemy like a whirlwind. The dancing bird monster is unpredictable, and the soaring cow is furious. Piao Leyi left, and Lei's fame spread. Discussing exhumation and surrender is a disgrace to Confucianism. Deep sincerity can stir up the earth. Isn't the king a wise man? "

Hong Mai: "Yan Leyi conquered Qi and conquered more than seventy cities. The only two cities that survived were Ju and Jimo. They relied on Tian Dan's efforts to restore them to Qi. There were no people of any size. lose. "

Xu Jun: "It is also heroic to run with drums and bulls, and one city can pull back all the cities. Unexpectedly, Jimo once cultivated Pi Tu Ming and rewarded him. ”

Chen Yuanliang: “There are always bandits among the generals and princes of various countries. The fate of the country is not lost, but its people will respond. The defeated soldiers still fight, and the bandits are invincible. The military strength is always overwhelming, but the general is prosperous. Jiaojiao Anping, Zhutian Zongying. Qi's land collapsed, and Yan's army marched with drums. It is said that the iron is full of ducks, and the cattle are burned to dig out the city. Looking at them, the salamanders turned into scales. This horse is named Sun and Ying. The city was restored for seventy years and its name will be remembered throughout the ages. "

Huang Daozhou: "The Qi generals have a single field, and the fields are sparse. Hidden in the market, no one knows what it is. The Yan soldiers broke through, and the chariot's axle broke first. The axis is covered with an iron cage, and people laugh at the falcon. When it comes to fighting for the door, those who laugh will be convinced. Jimo is kept in complete order, and the single hub is promoted. I only know the new king, but I am not on good terms with Yi. Cleverly speaking, the robbery is completed. If you make an appointment and let it go, dig it out and touch it. The cattle suddenly set on fire, astonishing as the dragon. Once more than seventy cities are restored and King Xiang is established, his achievements will be worthy of Shizhu. "Status in later generations

In the third year of Jianzhong of the Tang Dynasty (782), Yan Zhenqing, the etiquette envoy, suggested to Tang Dezong that 64 famous ancient generals should be posthumously awarded the title and temples should be built to commemorate them, including "Anping Jun Tian Dan" ". The only ones who were included in the list of temple privileges at the same time were: Sun Bin, Zhao She, Lian Po, Li Mu, and Wang Jian.

By the fifth year of Xuanhe in the Song Dynasty (1123), the Song Dynasty followed the practice of the Tang Dynasty , built a temple for ancient famous generals, and Tian Dan was among the seventy-two famous generals. We got in the car and were about to go back to Anping City. At this time, there was heavy goose feather snow all over the sky, and the whistling northwest wind was blowing on people, like knives piercing through them. The branches were swaying and making shrill screams. A few jackdaws were flying around. Wings fluttered in the air, whining. It was extremely cold. Tian Dan's car left the east gate of Linzi City and reached the bank of the Zi River. Tian Dan couldn't help but shiver, and he hurriedly wrapped himself up. At this moment, he suddenly saw a person lying in the snow on the roadside not far ahead. Tian Dan quickly asked the driver to stop the car, got out and walked closer, and saw an old man. The old man was hunched over and huddled on the snow. His clothes were tattered and thin, his face was wrinkled, his beard and hair were as white as snow, his face was sallow, and his eyes were tightly closed. Tian Dan hurriedly leaned down and reached out to the old man. After touching it, the old man's limbs were already cold, with only a trace of warmth still remaining in his chest and a slight breath in his nose. Tian Dan understood that the old man was dying, so he couldn't waste a moment and untied his shirt immediately. , and then untied the old man's shirt, quickly picked him up, and hugged him tightly chest to chest. You can imagine the feeling, like holding a piece of ice, freezing to the bone. Tian Dan hugged the old man and got into the car. , asking the driver to speed up and rush to Anping City.

When Tian Dan returned home, he felt that the old man had some warmth, a faint blush appeared on his face, and Tian Dan was busy. The family took good care of him, and the old man was finally saved.

The story of Tian Dan undressing and rescuing people in the snow soon spread throughout Qi, and people all praised the prime minister for his love for the country. He respected Tian Dan even more, and called the bank of the Zi River east of Linzi City "the place where Tian Dan undresses his fur". According to "Warring States Policy", Yan fought with him. Later, Tian Dan had a military discussion with Zhao She. Tian Dan held the opposite opinion to Zhao She, believing that more soldiers was not better, because a large number of soldiers would affect domestic farming and cause difficulties in food supply, which was a "way of self-destruction." , because the ancient emperors could make the world's princes surrender with only thirty thousand troops, but Zhao She believed that they must have one hundred thousand or two hundred thousand troops to "subdue the world" at that time. This is where Tian Dan was not convinced by Zhao She.

However, Zhao She later said that in ancient times, the world was divided into ten thousand kingdoms. The largest city was only three hundred feet long, and the largest population was only three thousand families. It would not be difficult for a general to attack or defend with thirty thousand soldiers.

But at that time, only the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period survived. It can be said that cities with thousands of feet and towns with thousands of families can be found everywhere. There is no guarantee of victory in a field battle with 30,000 soldiers, and there is no hope of siege. He believed that Tian Dan not only did not know how to use troops, but also had a pitiful understanding of the real world. Tian Dan listened and sighed that he didn't think so far.

Later, the King of Yan named Song Rong the Lord of Gaoyang and attacked Zhao. King Zhao planned to follow the example of King Yan and cede the three cities of Jidong, Linglu, Gaotang, and Pingyuanling, and fifty-seven cities to Qi in exchange for Qi's Tiandan leading the Zhao army to attack Yan. Lord Pingyuan also agreed to this approach , but was opposed by Zhao She, who commented that this behavior was like "overturning an army and killing a general." Zhao She believed that the State of Zhao was not without famous generals. He used himself as an example, pointing out that he had served as an official in the State of Yan and was familiar with the geography and situation of the State of Yan. It was more suitable for him to lead the army to attack Yan than Tian Dan. After all, Tian Dan was from the Qi State. Since the successful defeat of Yan would only be beneficial to the Zhao State, and a strong Zhao State would mean the end of Qi State's hegemony, Tian Dan, as a Qi State person, would not do such a stupid thing. However, Lord Pingyuan did not listen to Zhao She's opinion, and in the second year, Tian Dan became the prime minister of Zhao. Tomb Site Protection Tiandan Tomb is located about 700 meters southeast of Huangcheng Camp in today's Huangcheng Town. Slightly square in shape, 5 meters high, 23 meters from north to south, and 33 meters from east to west. In front of the tomb was a stone tablet erected in the seventh year of the Republic of China, with the inscription: "Tomb of Qi Prime Minister Tian Dan", which has been lost. In front of the tomb is the "Tian Dan's Tomb" stone tablet erected by the Linzi District Government, which is a provincial key cultural relic unit.